MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF KHULGAD WATERSHED … · drainage basin (Strahler 1964). Drainage basin...
Transcript of MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF KHULGAD WATERSHED … · drainage basin (Strahler 1964). Drainage basin...
DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2018.5025.GPMKR 162
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF KHULGAD WATERSHED ALMORA,
UTTARAKHAND
Zainab Fatima1
1Interdisciplinary Dept. of Remote Sensing and GIs Application Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh
Abstract-Rivers are the dynamic and increasingly important part of the physical environment Rivers
usually has well-defined spatial boundaries and these are the medium of energy exchange from one
place to another place in external environment. Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical
analysis of earth‟s surface, features, forms and the dimension of the landforms. Morphometric analysis
requires measurement of linear features, aerial aspects and gradient of channel network of the drainage
basin. Morphometric parameters are relevant and useful to identify various hydraulic characteristics of
drainage basin i.e. patterns, shape, stage of stream, permeability of bed rock, health of streams, as well
as help to correlate with lithological characteristics. The study area, is the Khulgad Watershed
(29°34′30.20″– 29°38′48.03″N lat. and 79°32′20.71″–79°37′11.19″E long.) lies 15 km north-west of
Almora township in the Khulgad watershed of Kosi River. The GIS based Morphometric analysis of this
drainage basin revealed that the Khulgad watershed is 6th order drainage basin and drainage pattern
mainly is dendritic type thereby indicates homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control and The
dendritic pattern of drainage indicates that the soil is semi pervious in nature. Total number of streams is
929, in which 711 are first order, 173 are second order, 33 are third order and 9 are fourth order streams
2 are fifth order streams and 1 is sixth order stream. The length of stream segment is maximum for first
order stream and decreases as the stream order increases. The drainage density (Dd) of study area is 0.80
and mean bifurcation ratio is 19.52 .This study would help the local people to utilize the resources for
sustainable development of the basin area.
I. INTRODUCTION
Morphometric analysis of a watershed provides a quantitative description of the drainage system,
which is an important aspect of the characterization of watersheds (Strahler, 1964). Morphometric
descriptors represent relatively simple approaches to describe basin processes and to compare basin
characteristics (Mesa 2006) and enable an enhanced understanding of the geomorphic history of a
drainage basin (Strahler 1964).
Drainage basin morphometric parameters can be used to describe the basin characteristics. These
are basin size (stream order, stream length, stream number, and basin area), bifurcation ratios, drainage
density. The risk factor of flood is indirectly related with the bifurcation ratio (Waugh 1996).
Quantitative expression of drainage basin shape or outline form was made by Horton (1932) through a
form factor.
1.1 Statement of the problem
The study of rivers and their works has an important place in geomorphology, especially in
fluvial geomorphology. The river channels play a key role in the development of fluvial landforms.
These parameters have been used in various studies of fluvial geomorphology and surface-water
hydrology, such as flood characteristics, sediment yield, and evolution of basin morphology, risk
assessment and vulnerability etc.
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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In order to model the hydrological processes in a multi-vegetated watershed it is necessary to
update the information regarding the response of these processes to various watershed parameters.
This quantitative Morphometric analysis of watersheds was continued by a series of
methodological and theoretical papers spanning more than a quarter century (Langbein 1947; Schumm
1956). Jamieson et al (2004) showed that tectonic zones in the Indus Valley of Ladakh, in north India,
can be differentiated using morphometric analyses of longitudinal valleys.
Morphometric analysis through remote sensing and GIS techniques have been attempted by a
number of researchers (Nautiyal, 1994; Srivastava, 1997; Nag, 1998; Agarwal, 1998; Biswas, et al.,
1999; Singh et al., 1997; Vittala et al 2004; Reddy et al., 2004) and all have arrived to the conclusion
that remote sensing and GIS are the powerful tools for studying basin morphometry and continuous
monitoring. Ajoy Das et al (2012) have used remote Sensing and GIS techniques for generation of
various thematic maps such as geomorphology, drainage, watershed and surface water, landuse/land
cover, soil and slope. These maps were used for prioritization of mini watersheds through morphometric
analysis.
Nageswara Rao (2010) carried out morphometric analysis of the Gostani River Basin in Andhra
Pradesh using Spatial Information Technology (SIT) in the delineation of drainage pattern and for water
resources management and planning. The basin morphometric parameters such as linear and aerial
aspects of the river basin were determined and computed. The area is occupied by 96% khondalite group
(quartz, feldspar, garnet sillimanite gneiss) of rocks. It is a 7th order drainage basin and observed that
the drainage density is low which indicates the basin is highly permeable subsoil and thick vegetative
cover. The circularity ratio value reveals that the basin is strongly elongated and highly permeable
homogenous geologic materials. This study would help the local people to utilize the resources for
sustainable development of the basin area.
Markose and Jayappa (2012) have investigated the influence of tectonic activity in Kali river
basin, southwest coast of India through an analysis of the geomorphic indices computed through GIS.
There are five geomorphic indices such as stream length gradient index, asymmetry factor, hypsometric
integral, valley floor width-to-height ratio, and elongation ratio were utilized for identification of
evidences of tectonic activity. The results obtained from these indices were combined to develop an
index of relative tectonic activity classes. The relative tectonic activity shows low and medium values,
which indicate the highest degree of tectonic activity compared to the upland plateau regions.
III. OBJECTIVES
The present study on morphometric analysis of Khulgad Watershed using ASTER data and GIS
techniques aims to,
1. Identify drainage bifurcation system and their nature.
2. Understand the Morphometric Parameters‟ behavior of the area.
3. Prioritize the watershed through morphometric parameters and present land use
4. Study Area
IV. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
The study area, viz. the Khulgad Watershed (29°34′30.20″– 29°38′48.03″N lat. and
79°32′20.71″–79°37′11.19″E long.) lies 15 km north-west of Almora township in the Khulgad
watershed of Kosi River. Khulgad watershed encompassing an area of 32 km^2 within altitude 1150 m
and 2190 m, having cool temperate climate with an annual average temperature of 20C and an annual
average rainfall of 935 mm. Geomorphological, the landform are mature, valleys are fluvially eroded
and are unusually wide, with terraces and alluvial fans (Rai,1993). On the basis of land use, Khulgad
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watershed is divisible into 8 areas (rawat, 1992). About 26% area of the watershed is under poorly
managed agriculture, 31% under unrestricted grazing, 4% under horticulture, and nearly 39% is covered
by forest of oak and pine
Almora is situated on a horseshoe ridge of mountain, the eastern portion of which is called talifat
and the western one is called as selifat. Kosi River flows through Almora district. It is famous for its
beauty and views of Himalayas, cultural heritage.
Map 1: Location Map of Khulgad Watershed
V. DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY
The present study integrated the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques in morphometric
analysis, and the results of morphometric parameters determined are briefly described and discussed.
The study of basin morphometry attempts to relate basin and stream network geometries to the
transmission of water and sediment through the basin. The size of a drainage basin acts upon the amount
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of water yield, the length, shape and relief, affect the rate at which water is discharged from the basin.
The morphometric analysis is carried out with respect to the parameters like stream order, stream length,
bifurcation ratio, stream length ratio, basin length, drainage density, stream frequency, elongation ratio,
circularity ratio, form factor, and relief ratio using mathematical formulae.
Morphometric analysis of the watershed Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical
analysis of the configuration of the earth's surface, shape and dimension of its landforms (Agarwal,
1998; Obi Reddy et al., 2002). A major emphasis in geomorphology over the past several decades has
been on the development of quantitative physiographic methods to describe the evolution and behavior
of surface drainage networks (Horton, 1945; Leopold & Maddock, 1953; Abrahams, 1984). Different
morphometric techniques, like absolute relief, relative relief, dissection index, average slope, drainage
density and ruggedness index are considered for quantitative analysis of different attribute of the
watershed. A point layer is generated in the ArcGIS s/w environment and the spot heights are collected
according to the longitudinal and latitudinal value. Then spot height attribute for each sample location is
introduced to the point layer. All point data are interpolated to the raster through krigging interpolation
(Matheron, 1970) techniques in the ArcGIS s/w environment. Both interpolated and surfacing outputs
are merged to create raster digital elevation model (DEM) for the Khulgad watershed.
5.1 Methodology
A systematic approach involving multiple steps is necessary for the spectacular working style. In
the present study, it begins with review of literature and collection of information/ data about the study
area. Afterwards, the various steps taken under consideration while preparing the useful datasets for the
present study are as follows, shown in mentioned flow chart. However, in terms of pre-processing, other
useful steps such as geo-referencing, rectification, geometric corrections to retain spatial distortions
within the dataset are also taken under consideration
5.2 Generation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
The digital elevation data for the study area was downloaded from
(http:/ /www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/search.jsp). The ASTER GDEM is 1x1 tiles in GEOTIFF
format with lat-long coordinates and a 1 arc-second (30 m) grid of elevation posting and referenced to
the WGS84 datum and vertically referenced to WGS84 EGM 96 Geoid. The horizontal and vertical
accuracy has been reported to be less than 30 and 20 meters respectively with 95% accuracy.
Filling sinks: When delineating stream networks form DEMs, it is necessary to fill sinks. A sink is a cell
or set of spatially connected cells whose flow direction cannot be assigned to one of the eight valid
values in a flow direction grid. This can occur when all neighboring cells are higher than the processing
cell, or when two cells flow in to each other creating a two-cell loop(ESRI2009). Sinks in the DEM
were filled up with the FILL function. It is an iterative process that goes to each cell and fills the sinks
by comparing the value of neighboring cells until all the sinks are filled. Even though creating a
depression less DEM was the goal, sinks were minimized to 0.1 million cells from 3.6 million.
Generation of flow direction: The direction of flow was determined by finding the direction of steepest
descent from each cell. This was calculated as: maximize drop = (change in z-value)/ (distance)ˆ100.
The distance is determined between cell centers. Therefore, if the cell size is 1, the distance between two
orthogonal cells is 1 and the distance between two diagonal cells is 1.414. If the descent to all adjacent
cells is the same, the neighborhood is enlarged until a steepest descent is found (ESRI 2009). The
function FLOWDIRECTION was used to calculate the direction of flow of each cell.
Generation of flow accumulation: Flow accumulation represents the accumulated flow in each grid
cell. It was calculated by using flow direction and by counting the number of cells flowing to a particular
cell. Thus, flow accumulation represents the number of upstream cells of any cell in an area. The
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FLOWACCUMULATION function was used to calculate this automatically while it takes the flow
direction grid as input.
Generation of stream network: A set of thresholds of 10, 100 and 1000 pixels were used to generate
stream network. All the cells in the flow accumulation grid that were above or equal to those threshold
values were identified to generate raster linear networks. The output grids were then vectorized using the
STREAMLINE function of ArcGIS, which takes raster linear networks and flow direction raster as input
to produce linear vectors that also show the direction of flow (Figure 3). Once the streams were
accurately derived, the watersheds (sub-basins) were delineated using available pour point.
Generation of watersheds: Pour point was generated to derive the sixth order stream network for the
entire study area. Strahler‟s stream ordering method was used to categorize streams in to different orders
based on the location of stream from stream head to tail of the watershed
VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Morphometric analysis, which is all about exploring the mathematical relationships between
various stream attributes, used to compare streams and to identify factors that may be causing
differences. The term Morphometric is derived from a Greek word, where “morph” means earth and
“metry” means measurement, so together it is measurement of earth features. This is an important factor
for planning any watershed development. Morphometric analysis also provides description of physical
characteristics of the watershed which are useful for environmental studies, such as in the areas of land
use.
Map 2: Digital Elevation Model
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Quantitative assessment of these drainage parameters has been carried out using standard
mathematical formulae given by Chopra et.al (2005), which are tabulated in Table 1
Morphometric
Parameters
Formula Reference
Stream order (u) Hierarchail rank Strahler(1964)
Stream length (Lu) Length of streams Horton (1945)
Mean stream length
(Lsm)
Lsm = Lu/Nu
Where, Lsm = Mean
stream length Lu = Total
stream length of order
„u‟
Nu = Total no. of
streams segments of
order „u‟
Strahler(1964)
Stream length ratio (RL) RL = Lu/Lu1
Where, RL = Stream
length ratio
Lu = Total stream
length of order „u‟
Lu1 = Total
stream length of its next
lower order
Horton (1945)
Bifurcation ratio (Rb) Rb = Nu/Nu1
Where, Rb = Bifurcation
ratio
Nu = Total no. of
stream segments of order
„u‟
Nu1= No. of
segments of the next
higher order
Schumn (1956)
Drainage density (D) D = Lu/A
Where, D = Drainage
density
Lu = Total stream
length of all orders
A = Area of the
basin (Km2)
Horton (1932)
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DEM is an important step in delineating any morphometric parameters. The first step in any
hydrologic Modelling is to fill the elevation grid.
Map 3: Fill sink
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Morphometric analysis for the present study is grouped into three classes such as linear aspects,
areal aspects and relief aspects.
6. 1 Stream Order (Su)
The order of the stream is based on the connection of tributaries. Stream order is used to
represent the hierarchical link among stream segments and allows drainage basins to be classified
according to size. Stream order is a fundamental property of stream networks as it relates to the relative
discharge of a channel segment.
A number of stream-ordering systems in the present study have been used which was formulated
by Arthur N. Strahler. According to the analysis, first order streams are having no stream tributaries and
that flows from the stream source. A second-order segment is created by joining two first-order
segments, a third-order segment by joining two second order segments, and so on. There is no increase
in order when a segment of one order is connected by some other lower order. Strahler stream order has
been applied by many researchers for river systems.
The highest stream order observed in the present study area is sixth order out of 929 observed
streams. 711 first order, 173 second order, 33 third order 9 fourth order 2 fifth order and 1 sixth order
streams were observed. Dendritic drainage pattern formed by the interlinking of streams is observed in
the study area which indicates the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control.
Dendritic drainage has a spreading, tree-like pattern with an irregular branching of tributaries in
many directions and with any angle. It is observed that the maximum frequency is in case of first order
streams. It is noticed that there is a decrease in stream frequency as the stream order increase.
Table: 2 Stream Ordering
6.2 Stream Number (Nu)
The count of stream channel in given order is termed as stream number. Horton‟s law states that
“the number of streams of different orders in a given basin tends closely to approximate as inverse
geometric series of which the first term is unity and the ratio is the bifurcation ratio”. The stream
frequency is inversely proportional to stream order and stream number is directly proportional to size of
contributing basin and to the channel dimension.
Higher the stream number indicates lesser permeability and infiltration. It leads to inference that
several stream usually upsurges in geometric progression as stream order increases. The variations in
rock structure in the basin are responsible for disparity in steam frequencies of each other
Stream order No of streams
1st 711
2nd
173
3rd
33
4th 9
5th 2
6th 1
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Map 4: Stream order
6.3 Stream Length (Lu)
Stream length is the total length of stream segment of each of the consecutive order in the basin
tends approximate a direct geometric series in which the first term is the average length of the first
order. It‟s the quantification of hydrological characteristics of bedrock and the drainage extent. When
bedrock is of permeable character then only subtle number of relatively longer streams is formed in a
well-drained basin area. On the other hand, when the bed rock is less permeable then large number of
smaller length of streams in the basin are produced.
Stream Order Stream Length
1st 900.74
2nd
413.51
3rd
187.03
4th
120.14
5th
112.03
6th
11.22
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Table 3: Stream Length
6.4 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb)
Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) is defined as the ratio of the number of streams of any order to the number
of streams of the next highest order (Strahler 1957). Values of Rb typically range from the theoretical
minimum of 2 to around 6. Typically, the values range from 3 to 5. The bifurcation ratio is calculated as
3.9037
Rb = Higher Order + 1/Next Lower Order
Horton (1945) considered bifurcation ratio as an index of relief and dissection. According to
Strahler (1957), bifurcation ratio exhibit subtle fluctuation for different region with varied environment
except where powerful geological control dominates. According to Schumm (1956), bifurcation ratio is
the ratio of number of stream segment of given order to the number of segment in the next order, it is
dimensionless property and indicates the degree of integration prevailing between streams of various
orders in drainage basin . Strahler significantly marked that geological structures do not affect drainage
pattern for bifurcation ratio is in between 3.0 to 5.0. When bifurcation ratio is low, there will be high
possibilities of flooding as water will tend to accumulate rather than spreading out. The human
intervention plays important role to reduce bifurcation ratio which in turn augment the risk of flooding
within the basin, this was noted significantly by.
Stream Order Bifurcation Ratio
1st 4.10982659
2nd
5.24242424
3rd
3.66666667
4th
4.5
5th
2
6th
6.5 Drainage pattern of Khulgad watershed
The drainage pattern for the present study area is dendritic. The drainage pattern shows well
integrated pattern formed by a main stream with its tributaries branching and rebranching freely in all
direction. The dendritic pattern of drainage indicates that the soil is semi pervious in nature.
6.6 Drainage Density (D)
The drainage density (Horton 1932), D is the ratio of the total length of streams within a
watershed to the total area of the watershed; thus D has units of the reciprocal of length (1/L). A high
value of the drainage density would indicate a relatively high density of streams and thus a rapid storm
response.
Table: 11 Drainage density
Drainage density 0.80
Map 5: Drainage Density
Table: 7 Bifurcation ratio
The mean value of bifurcation value
is 3.9037835
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Summary Table
S.no Stream
order
Stream
number
Stream
length
Mean
stream
length
Stream
length ratio
Bifurcation
ratio
1 1st 711 900.74 1.27 0.014 4.11
2 2nd
173 413.52 2.39 1.886 5.24
3 3rd
33 187.03 5.67 2.371 3.67
4 4th
9 120.14 13.35 2.355 4.50
5 5th
2 112.03 56.02 4.196 2.00
6 6th
1 11.22 11.22 0.200
Total 929 1744.67 89.92 11.023 19.52
Max basin length 84.40
Basin perimeter 364.10
Basin area 2188.80
Drainage density (D) 0.80
VII. CONCLUSION
Watershed is a basic unit for morphometric analysis. Remote sensing and GIS techniques are
known for providing very high accuracy in mapping and measurement done in morphometric analysis.
Stream ordering, stream length, stream order, bifurcation ratio, flow direction flow accumulation,
drainage density are the most useful criteria for the morphometric classification of a watershed.
Prominently drainage basin morphometry is significant approach that reflects existing
geomorphic process operating in fabric of a drainage basin. Drainage basin morphometry explicitly
reveals quantitative information on landform. In simple words, the quantitative evaluation of
morphometric parameters is essential tool in river basin analysis in terms of soil and water conservation
and natural resource management In regards to formation and development i.e. evolution of land surface
process depends on morphometric nature of basin. The morphometric assessment of drainage system is
imperative to any hydrological studies. Also, co-relation of stream network behavior plays significant
role. Therefore, various hydrological phenomena of drainage basin can be in relevance to size, shape of
drainage basin. Meticulous study of morphometry of all sub-basins reveals drainage pattern which
further infers to lithological nature. One can co-relate the morphometric nature of basin with the
sediment- yield coming from the basin, similarly, the aspect of morphometry can be linked with the flow
characteristics, sediment transports and fluvial process.
The study reveals that remotely sensed data (ASTER-DEM) and GIS based approach in
evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on landforms, soils and eroded land
characteristics at river basin level is more appropriate than the conventional methods. GIS based
approach facilitates analysis of different morphometric parameters and to explore the relationship
between the drainage morphometry and properties of landforms, soils and eroded lands. Different
landforms were identified in the watershed based on ASTER (DEM) data with 30 m spatial resolution,
and GIS software. GIS techniques characterized by very high accuracy of mapping and measurement
prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis. The morphometric analyses were carried out
through measurement of linear, areal and relief aspects of the watershed with more than 85
morphometric parameters. The morphometric analysis of the drainage network of the watershed show
dendritic and radial patterns with moderate drainage texture. The variation in stream length ratio might
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be due to change in slope and topography. The bifurcation ratio in the watershed indicates normal
watershed category and the presence of moderate drainage density suggesting that it has moderate
permeable sub-soil, and coarse drainage texture. The value of stream frequency indicate that the
watershed show positive correlation with increasing stream population with
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS technique in morphometric analysis for efficient
planning and management of drainage basin. The present study conducted in Khulgad watershed district
Almora Uttarakhand region advocates that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach in evaluation
of drainage morphometric parameters and analysis of land use and land cover, is more appropriate than
the conventional methods. GIS techniques characterized by very high accuracy of mapping and
measurement prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis of the study area covers, remotely
sensing technology reveals a very significant role, by multi-temporal interpretation of satellite data.
The digital elevation model (DEM) and slope map of the catchment area has been generated
from ASTER data of 30 m resolution shows that the elevation in the study area ranges between 241 to
2727 m.
The morphometric analyses were carried out through measurement of linear, areal and relief
aspects of the catchment area using standard morphometric parameters. The morphometric analysis of
the drainage network of the catchment area exhibits sub-dendritic drainage patterns with moderate
drainage texture. The variation in stream length ratio might be due to difference in slope and
topographic conditions. The variation of bifurcation ratio in the catchment area is ascribed to the
difference in topography and geometric development.
This variation in the value of bifurcation ratio reveals less structural control on the drainage
development. The presence of high drainage density suggests that the catchment area has impermeable
subsurface materials and mountainous relief. The stream frequency in the catchment area exhibit
positive correlation with the drainage density, indicating the increase in stream population with respect
to increase in drainage density.
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