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1. Exposure Data
1.1 Chemical and physical data
From IPCS (1999), European Commission
(2001), IPCS-CEC (2004), and HSDB (2005),unless otherwise specied
1.1.1 Nomenclature
Chem. Abstr. Services Reg. No.: 98-82-8Chem. Abstr. Name: (1-Methylethyl)benzene;Synonyms: Benzene, isopropyl; cumol;isopropylbenzene; isopropylbenzol;2-phenylpropane; propane, 2-phenyl
RTECS No.: GR8575000EINECS No.: 202-704-5United Nations TDG: 1918
1.1.2 Structural and molecular ormulae andrelative molecular mass
CH3
CH3
C9H
12
Relative molecular mass: 120.2
1.1.3 Chemical and physical properties o thepure substance
Description: Colourless liquid with a sharp,penetrating, aromatic odourBoiling-point: 152 C
Melting-point: -96 CDensity: 0.86 g/cm3 at 20 CVapour pressure: 3.2 mm Hg at 20 C; 4.6mm Hg at 25 CReractive index: 1.491 at 20 CSpectroscopy data: Inrared, ultraviolet,nuclear magnetic resonance and massspectral data have been tabulated.Solubility: Slightly soluble in water(50 mg/L at 25 C); soluble in alcohol and
many organic solventsFlash-point: 31 C; upper and lower explo-sive limit, 6.5% and 0.9%, respectivelyStability: Reacts violently with acids andstrong oxidants, causing re and explo-sions; can orm explosive peroxides.Octanol/water partition coefcient: log P
ow,
3.66 (Sangster Research Laboratories, 2006)Vapour density (air = 1): 4.2
Auto-ignition temperature: 420 CHenrys law constant: 1.15 10-2 atm.m3/
mol at 25 COil/air partition coefcient: 6215Water/air partition coefcient: 1.44Human blood/air partition coefcient: 37Conversion actor: 1 ppm = 5.2 mg/m3;1 mg/m3 = 0.19 ppm (calculatedrom: mg/m3 = (relative molecular
CUMENE
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Cumene
1.3.2 Environmental occurrence
(a) Release/euents
Cumene is released into the environmentduring its manuacture, use and transport.Another major source o pollution is its pres-ence in crude oil and nished uels; cumene isreleased rom incomplete combustion o ossiluels rom vehicles, oils spills, transportation
and distribution o ossils uels, and evapora-tion rom gasoline stations. Minor sourceso release are rom its use as a solvent, duringpaint manuacture and vulcanization o rubber,rom building materials, jet engine exhaust andoutboard motor operations, during pharmaceu-ticals production, rom textile plants and romtobacco smoke (IPCS, 1999; HSDB, 2005).
Emission rates rom various sources ocumene are provided in able 1.1; releases rateso cumene in Europe and the USA are provided
in able 1.2. Reported yearly cumene emissionsto the air rom cumene production were 125tonnes [417 kg per day] in 1993 and 75 tonnes[250 kg per day] in 1995. Using these values, itwas estimated that, during its production anduse in the EU, cumene is released into the air at arate o 1.3 kg/tonne, resulting in a rate o 17 903
kg per day, into water at a rate o 1.5 kg/tonne,resulting in a rate o 20 500 kg per day, and intothe soil at a rate o 0.02 kg/tonne resulting in rateo 33.3 kg per day. It was also estimated that 3211kg o cumene per day are released into the airin the EU rom gasoline distribution, and 20 298kg per day are released rom motor vehicles;the total estimated amount released into the airrom production, process and disperse sources is
41 412 kg per day (European Commission, 2001).It was estimated rom modelling that, in LosAngeles, USA, 2 300 kg o cumene per day (or2 days) were released into the air in 1987 (Harley& Cass, 1994).
(b) Ambient air
Levels o cumene measured in ambient airare reported in able 1.3. Te highest levels wereound near industrial sites, such as an oil renery(29.453.9 g/m3), ollowed by urban areas; the
lowest levels were ound in rural areas. In theUSA, cumene was ound at 14.7 g/m3 in urbanareas and 2.5 g/m3 in rural areas. In general,ambient levels o cumene were lower in Europeand Asia than in the USA.
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Table 1.1 Sources of exposure to cumene
Source/location Comment Emission rate
Releases to air
Production Controlled 0.08 kg/tonne cumeneUncontrolled 0.27 kg/tonne cumene
Use 1.03 kg cumene/tonne phenol
Production and use Overall releasea 1.31 kg/tonne
Gasoline engine vehicles Catalytic converter 0.00020.0009 g/km
No catalytic converter 0.002 g/km
Photocopying machines Emission rate 140220 g/h
Releases to water and soil
Production and use Wastewater 1.5 kg/tonne cumene
Soil 0.02 kg/tonne cumene
a Includes release to the air rom wastewater
h, hour or hours
From European Commission (2001), HSDB (2005)
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IARC MONOGRAPHS 101
328
Table1.2
Dailyrelea
seratesofcumene
Geographiclocation
Source
Media
Emissionrate
(kg/day)
Reerence
EuropeanUnion
Estimatedvalues
otal
Air
41412
EuropeanCommission(2001)
Productionanduse
Aira
17903
Water
b
20500
Soilc
273
Dispersesources
Air
Gasoline
3211d
Motorexhaust
20298e
Reportedvalues
Productiononly
Air
1993
[417]
1995
[250]
LosAngeles,CA
Measured2d1987
Allsources
Air
2300
Harley&Cass(1994)
USA,estimated
otal
Air
[26027]g
USEPA(1988)
aAssumesmaximumproductiono500000tonnesatonesite(41000000tonnes/yearortheentireEuropeanUnion)a
ndreleaseactoro1.31kg/tonnes(seeable1.1).
bAssumesmaximumproductiono500000tonnesatonesiteandreleaseactoro1.5kg/tonne(Seeable1.1).
c Assumesmaximumproductiono500000tonnesatonesiteandreleaseactoro0.02kg/tonne(Seeable1.1).
dAssumes0.2%cumenerom
hydrocarbonloss,volatileorganiccompound(VOC)emissionactoro5kgVOC/gasolinedeliveredand117205000tonnes/yearoga
solineortheentire
EuropeanUnion.
e Assumes0.2%ocumenein
motorexhaust,emissiono617400tonnesVOC/yearandpopulationratioo6intheentireEuropeanUnion.
Reportedas125and75tonn
esin1993and1995,respectively.
gReportedas9500tonnes/yea
r
d,dayordays
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Cumene
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Table1.3
Environme
ntaloccurrenceofcumeneina
mbientair
Country
Location/sample
Concentration(g/m3)
Asia
Nepal
MountEverest
0.07
aiwan,C
hina
Urbanareaheavytra
c
0.60.9
Urbanareaawayrom
heavytrac
0.5
Europe
Belgium
AntwerpCraeybeckxtunnel(1991)
0.0030.009g/kgcarbon-basedpollutants
France
Grenoblearea(1987)
1.6(0.97.45)a
Germany
Urbanarea
69
Hamburgmajorroad
tunnel
33.8
Italy
Romeurbanarea
1.1
Milanurbanarea
1.11.8
Netherlands
Urbanarea
0.3
Ruralarea
05
Delf