Mom a Bitter Years Checklist

8/2/2019 Mom a Bitter Years Checklist

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THE M USEUM OF~MOD ERN ART *. 119,1 WEST 5 3 STREET, NEW Y ORK \9 . N. Y . ZrXL. l 8 , 1 9 &TELEPHONE: CIRCLE 5 -8 9 0 0

PRESS PREVIEW:Tuesday, Oct. 16, 196211 a.m. - k p.m.

The Bitter Years,: 19^5-lQUl. an exhibition of over 200 photographs of rural Americaby Farm Security Administration photographers, will be on view at the Museum of ModernArt, 11 West 53 Street, from October 18 through November 25. The photographs wereselected by Edward Steichen, Director Emeritus of the Museum's Department of Photography, from 270,000 taken for the F.S.A. to record the plight of the farm populationduring the Great Depression. Davis Pratt was in charge of the picture research. Theinstallation was designed by Kathleen Haven.

Mr. Steichen has dedicated the exhibition to Roy E. Stryker, director of theF.S.A. historical section, and to his photographers who made one of the most importantand successful visual documentations ever undertaken by any government, Stryker, aformer professor and not a photographer himself, assembled a team of young men andwomen, many of whom are now leading figures in the field of photography: Paul Carter,John Collier, Jr., Jack Delano, Walker Evans, Theo Jung, Dorothea Lange, Russell Lee,Carl Hydans, Arthur Rothstein, Ben Shahn, John Vachon, and Marion Post Wolcott, Theirhistoric survey of rural areas and small towns of America revealed not only the trialsof the period, but also the people's basic faith and affirmation.

"The image recorded by the photographers of the F.S.A. stands as one of theproudest collective contributions made in the realm of photography," Mr. Steichen says."This exhibition represents a very small but incisive part of the whole. Here is therecord of families - sharecroppers and tenant farmers - literally thrown out of theirsimple, meager homes, uprooted from the soil they had cultivated for generations, towander willy nilly east and west and north and south in search of a livelihood; men,women and children of the land, cold, wet, starving, in makeshift surroundings, fight*ing to keep alive, to keep from cracking up, There is evidence in the pictures and intheir own words of the fierce pride and courage which turned the struggle through thoselong, bitter years into an American epic."

Stryker sent his photographers throughout the country fully briefed on the background of the situations they would confront, "The job is to know enough about thesubject matter to find its significance in itself and in relation to its surroundings,its time, and its function," he said.

The exhibition opens with photographs illustrating Franklin D, Roosevelt's famousstatement in his Second Inaugural Address, January 20, 1937: mt see one-third of anation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished." Natural and social forces which led tothis condition are shown in photographs of dust-storms, drought and erosion and of

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-2-farmers driven to migratory work by the mechanization of agriculture.

Photographs of men, women and children at work in the cotton fields, where underthe most favorable conditions they made no more than $1 a day, are followed by picture*0f sharecroppers, their families and shantyhomes; abandoned farms plowed up to thedoorways, the tenants having been displaced by machines; "refugee" families on theroad, their possessions piled on an old car or strapped to their backs.

A series of photographs by Dorothea Lange shows the tent cities in Californiawhere migratory workers lived during the picking season. Some of the tents were improvised by the workers, others provided by the government. Some housed as many as15 people. Also included are pictures of rural schools and of houses built with theaid of F.S.A. loans.

The final sections of the exhibition are devoted to photographs of the elderly,the unemployed--able bodied young men in bread-lines, in picket-lines, waiting forrelief checks--and of the heroic faces of men and women whose endurance and fortitudeconquered the depression.

Many of the pictures are accompanied by comments made by the people as they werephotographed,

The Resettlement Administration, which later became the Farm Security Administration, was established in 1935. Rexford G. Tugwell, then Under Secretary of Agricultureand former Professor of Economics at Columbia, was its administrator. An advocate ofthe use of visual means to bring the events of the period to public attention, Tugwellchose Stryker to head the historical section of the information division. Stryker, along-time colleague on the Economics Faculty at Columbia, had become interested invisual education while doing the picture research for a heavily illustrated economicstextbook by Tugwell.

270,000 photographs of rural America were made under Stryker's direction duringthe eight years before the program became part of the Office of War Information. Thenegatives are now on file in The Library of Congress, while approximately 200,000prints are in the Picture Collection of The New York Public Library, Stryker's project was first brought before the public in 193$ when it formed an important part ofthe First International Photographic Exposition held at New York's Grand CentralPalace,

Stryker, who now lives in Colorado, *ill come to New York for the exhibition and,along with Arthur Rothetein, Ben Shahn and Rene" d'Hamoncourt, Director of the Museum,'ill participate in a symposium on F.S.A. photography to be held at the Museum Thursdayavening, October 25.The Museum will also present two evening programs of F.S.A. documentary films onNovember 8 and November 15.

'hotographs, additional information and an illustrated brochure, to be published laterAvailable on request from Nancy Reed, Assistant Publicity Director, Museum of Modern'*rt, 11 West 53 Street, New York 19, New York. Circle 5-8900.


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yv?THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART11 W EST 53 STREET, NEW Y ORK 19, N. Y .TELEPHONE: CIRCLE 5 - 8 9 0 0

CHECKLISTTHE BITTER YEARS: I935-I9U

Rural America Seen by the Photographers of theFarm Security AdministrationOct. 18 - Nov. 2 5, 1962

Selected by Edward Steichen, Director Emeritus

WALL 1JOHN VACHON I6I5I M-5

Picket line at Mid-City Realty Company. South Chicago, Illinois. July,19l|.l.BEN SHAHN 6135 M - 1 L

Coal miner's child. Omar, West Virginia. October, 1955.MARION POST WOLCOTT 30180 M2

Coal miner's child taking home kerosene for lamps, company houses,coal tipple in background. Pursglove, Scotts Run, West Virginia.September, 1938.

DOROTHEA LANGE I829U-CWife of a migratory laborer with 3 children, near Childress, Texas.June, 1938. wIf you die, you're dead - that's all." Texas Panhandle, 1958.

DOROTHEA LANGEHe has picked cotton all day and stands at the edge of the field and thecotton wagon. Eloy, Arizona, 19^0. Enlarge, of MDMA VT2.59

DOROTHEA LANGE 2328-CDispossessed Arkansas farmers(wife only). These people are resettlingthemselves on the dump outside of Bakersfield, California. Undated.

CARL MYDANS 550 M-5Interior of wood shack built upon Ford truck chassis housing father,mother, and seven children. This view shows the mother and two of herchildren. Tennessee. They were found on U.S. Route TO, between Camdenand Bruceton, Tennessee, near Tennessee River. March, 1936.

JOHN COLLIER, JR. U 3 2 6Pennsylvania coal miner. Undated.

WALL 2 (Drought and Erosion)ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN U091-E

An abandoned farm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma. April, 193&*ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN U38OD

Dry and parched earth in the Bad Lands of South Dakota. May, 1956.MARION POST WOLCOTT 50T20E

Negro children and old home on badly eroded land near Wadesboro,North Carolina. December, 1938.

ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 25121-DEroded land tenant's farm, Walker County, Alabama, February, 1937.

ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 50^5"*Corn withered by the heat and chewed by grasshoppers. Terry, Montana.

July, 1936.JACK DELANO UU763-DMr8. M. W. , widow, who with two children runs a rented farm near

Woodville, Greene County, Georgia. June, I9UI.

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(THE BITTER YEARS ddnt'd) V^YIJALL 3 (D i s a s t e r )

DOROTHEA LANGE 1 8 6 0 T -CI n d u s t r i a l i s e d a g r i c u l t u r e . From T e x a s f ar m er t o m i g r a t o r y w o r ke r i nC a l i f o r n i a . K er n C o u n ty . N o v em b e r , 1 9 3 8 .ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN U052 -EFarmer and sons walkin g in th e fa ce of a du st s t orm , Cimarron Cou nty ,O k la h om a . A p r i l , 1 9 5 6 .DOROTHEA LANGE 2 8 1 2 - EDust 8tor n. I t was co nd itio ns of th is s o r t , which forced many farmersto abandon the are a. A pr il , 1935. (New M exico ).

W A L L hBEN SHAHN 6029 M-l

Arkansas squatter's home. October, 1935*RUSSELL LEE 33695-D

Child looking out of window of tent home near Sallisaw, Oklahoma,Sequoyah County. June, 1939*MARION POST WOLCOTT 30350 M-U

Old Negro, near Camden, Alabama. May, 1939*BEN SHAHN 6032 M-3

Children of destitute Ozark mountaineer, Arkansas, October, 1935.WALKER EVANS 9^17 M-3

Negroes in the line-up for food at mealtime in the camp for floodr e f u g e e s , Forrest City, Arkansas. February, 1937.RUSSELL LEE 33952-DChild in May's Avenue Camp, Oklahoma, eating an overripe canteloupefound in market. July, 1939*DOROTHEA LANGE "A"

Detail of woman's head. Undated.RUSSELL LEE 1012^-D

Christmas dinner in home of E.P., near Smithfield, Iowa. Dinnerconsisted of potatoes, cabbage, and pie. December, 1936.WALL 5

(ANGUS McDOUGALL)(5 photographs of Roy E. Stryker. Courtesy of International Harvester Co.)

WALL 6DOROTHEA LANGE 1 7 7 5 3 - ESharecropper family near Ha zelhu rst , Georgia . J uly , 1937.

WALL 7 (C ott on )JACK DELANO M*593"D

Plowing a field of cotton, Greene County, Georgia, June, 19^1.JACK DELANO U6508-D

M r . W, H, H,, a renter on the Wray place, plowing sweet potatoes,Greene County, Georgia. November, 19^1.DOROTHEA LANGE 988U-E

Young cotton picker, Kern County, Migrant Camp. California, November, 1936.WALL 8 (Cotton)

DOROTHEA LANGE I7U6VEThese cotton hoers work from 6 am to 7 pm for $1. Near Clarksdale,Mississippi. June, 1937. Mississippi Delta plantation. Use of machineryin cotton production is increasing. It is displacing labor and dislodgingt e n a n t s . Day laborers for seasonal peaks of hoeing and picking are drawnback from the nearest towns in trucks,m o r e , . .


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(THE BITTER YEARS cont'd) " 5" WALL 8 (Cotton) cont'd

MARION POST WOLCOTT 5^8l-EMember of Allen Plantation Cooperative Association and her childrentaking a rest from hoeing cotton. Near Natchitoches, Louisiana. July,19^0.

DOROTHEA LANGE 9328-CHoe culture, Alabama tenant farmer near Anniston. June, 1936.DOROTHEA LANGE 9539-CHoe culture in the South, near Eutaw, Alabama, July, 1936.RUSSELL LEE II67H M-l

Picking cotton, members of Lake Dick Cooperative Association workingtogether. September, I938.BEN SHAHN 6220 M-UCotton pickers, Pulaski County, Arkansas. October, 1935*DOROTHEA LANGE 18392-EMigratory field worker picking cotton in San Joaquin Valley, California.These pickers are being paid 75 cents per 100 pounds picked cotton.Strikers organizing under CIO Union are demanding $1. A good male picker,in good cotton under favorable weather conditions, can pick about 200pounds in a day's work, November, 1938.fARION POST WOLCOTT 30628 M-3

Picking cotton on plantation outside Clarksdale, Mississippi,Delta, Mississippi. October, 1939.MARION POST WOLCOTT 30527 M-1*A. J. J.'s youngest child, Statesville, North Carolina, Route 3> plowingcotton. October, 1939*BEN SHAHN 6029 M-l*Arkansas cotton pickers, Pulaski County. October, 1935*DOROTHEA LANGE 9599Plantation Owner. Mississippi Delta, Mississippi. Undated.

WALL 9 ( Sharecroppers)

WALKER EVANS 8137-ACorner of kitchen in F.B.'s cabin, Alabama. 1936.WALKER EVANS 8U1- AHome of B.F., Alabama Sharecropper. I936.WALKER EVANS 8U 3-ACorner of kitchen in B.F.'s home, Alabama. 1936.WALKER EVANS 8lVr-AB.F. and his family at home, Alabama, 1936.WALKER EVANS 8l^5~A

B.F., cotton sharecropper. Alabama. I936.WALKER EVANS 8127-ALandowner in Moundville, Alabama. August, 1936.

WALL 10 (Sharecroppers)ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2022 M-lj-Wife and child of a sharecropper. Washington County, Arkansas. August, 1935*DOROTHEA LANGE 17081-CHome of white tenant farmer family. Newport, Oklahoma. June, 1937.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 25359-DGirl at Gee's Bend, Alabama. April, 1937.WALKER EVANS 8156-ANegro cabin, Hale County, Alabama. 1936.WALKER EVANS 8lW*-AKitchen wall in B.F.'s house, Alabama. 1936.

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/THE BITTER YEARS cont'd) -k-JACK DELANO ^3556-D

Children of a "squatter" family who were preparing to move out of theSpartanburg army camp area. Near Whitestone, South Carolina region.March, I9M.JACK DELANO 1*3 568-D

One of the children of a "squatter" family that had to move out of theCamp Croft area. Near Whitestone, South Carolina region. March, I9M.RUSSELL LEE ll609~M-5

Family, squatting on FSA property. Caruthersville, Missouri. August,1938,RUSSELL LEE 31221-D

Southeast Missouri Farms - Son of sharecropper combing hair in bedroom ofshack. May, 1938.BEN SHAHN 6l?^ M-U

Children of F. family. Hammond, Louisiana. October, 1935.(Strawberry p i c k e r s ) .BEN SHAHN (Detail from) 6035 M-UFamily of Rehabilitation Client, Boone County, Arkansas. October, 1935.

BEN SHAHN 6068 M-5Wife and children of sharecropper. October, 1955.

RUSSELL LEE 3**008-DChildren looking outside of window of shack home, community camp,Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July, 1939*

RUSSELL LEE 11958 M-lChild of white migrant worker in front of trailer home, Weslaco, Texas.January, 1939*

RUSSELL LEE 33651-&Children of agricultural day laborer in doorway of home near Tullahassee,Oklahoma, Wagoner County. June, 1939*

ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 21^0 M-l*Child of North Carolina Sharecropper, He has two strikes on him already,September, 1935.

WALKER EVANS 31291* M"2"Squinchy" asleep. Child of F.B., Alabama sharecropper. I936.

WALKER EVANS No. 30 Lot 991Sharecropper's child, Alabama, 193&

BEN SHAHN 603T M-3S.N., tenant farmer, Boone County, Arkansas. October, I935.

BEN SHAHN 6066 M-3Family of destitute Ozark. Arkansas. 1935.

WALL 11 (Sharecroppers)JACK DELANO ^3996-D

M r s . L, S. preparing the afternoon meal on her farm in Carroll County,Georgia, April, 19^1.WALKER EVANS 8133-A

Washroom in the dog-run of F.B.'s cabin, Alabama. 1936.PAUL CARTER

Tubercular mother and child. New York City. April, I936.RUSSELL LEE 31000-D

Baby in front of dresser in J.B.'s farm home. Divide County, North Dakota.November, 1937.

THEO JUNG kOkb M-5Interior of a home of prospective client. Brown County, Indiana. Oct.1938.

JACK DELANO ^563Interior of rural house. Greene County, Georgia. June, I9M.

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(XHE BITTER YEARS cont'd) -5-

IJALL 12 ( Sharecroppers and Other Rural Subjects)DOROTHEA LANGE (Detail of)l6980-EWoman on relief. Memphis, Texas. June, 1937.DOROTHEA LANGE I7269-C12 year-old-son of a cotton sharecropper near Cleveland, Mississippi.June, 1937.RUSSELL LEE llM*2 M-2FSA client, former sharecropper. Southeast Missouri farms. 1938.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 25391-D

Inhabitants of Gee's Bend, Alabama. April, 1937.RUSSELL LEE 118^9^-5Negro on porch of general store. Louisiana. October, 1938.JOHN VACHON 6l05^-DOzark mountain farmer and family, Missouri, May, I9U0.WALKER EVANS 8138-AF.B., cotton sharecropper, Hale County, Alabama. 1936.WALKER EVANS 8139-AAlabama Cotton Tenant Farmer Wife. 1936.WALKER EVANS 81U0-AL.B., daughter of cotton cropper. Hale County, Alabama. 1936.CARL MYDANS 0$28-MBaby girl of family living in Natchez Trace Project, near Lexington,Tennessee. 1935 or 1936.RUSSELL LEE 30^59"DW. H. family eating dinner. Williams County, North Dakota.(Drought area). September, 1937.DOROTHEA LANGE 17327-C

Grandmother, mother and new-born baby of a sharecropper family nearCleveland, Mississippi. June, 1937.RUSSELL LEE 32230-DDaughter of migrant auto wrecker doing her lessons on bed in tent home.Corpus Christ!, Texas.

WALL 15 ("Tractored Out")DOROTHEA LANGE 18281-CPower farming displaces tenants from the land in the western dry cottonarea, Texas Panhandle, June, 1938.DOROTHEA LANGE (Lange) "L"Carey, Texas. Country postmaster. Small Texas town in area beingdepopulated by tractor farming. Undated.BEN SHAHN 18281-CRoadside Advertising. Along Route kO . Central Ohio, Summer, 1938.JOHN VACHON 6^630Field with deserted house, Dewey County, S.D, Undated.DOROTHEA LANGE 17128-C

Abandoned tenant house on a mechanized plantation of the Mississippi Delta,June, 1937.

WALL llf (Eviction)ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2975-M-3Sta te highway officials moving sharecroppers from roadside to area betweenLevee and Mississippi River. New Madrid County, Missouri, June, 1939-THE COMMERCIAL APPEAL (page from) (Reproduced from An American Exodus byDorothea Lange and Paul S, Taylor). January 11, 1939.Newspaper headline: Evicted Sharecroppers Camp Along Highways In Missouri

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(IBB BITTER YEARS cont'd) o-

THE COMMERCIAL APPEAL (cont'd)Caption in book: Plantations of the Delta are coming under the machine.The sharecropper system is collapsing in its advance,and croppers are being cut from the land. In protest,hundreds of families - white and black victims of itsdevastation - left their cabins in January 1939 to c&mValong 150 miles of open road. Highway U.S. 6l inSoutheast Missouri.

ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2930 M-ZState highway officials moving sharecroppers away from the roadside toarea between Levee and Mississippi River. New Madrid County, Missouri.June, 1939.WALKER EVANS 1U006-EEvicted sharecroppers from Dibble Plantation. Arkansas. January, 1936.

(On the Road - Automobile)DOROTHEA LANGE I6U53-ERoute 99 near Tracy, California. Missouri family of five, seven monthsfrom the drought area. Worked in California sawmill at U0 cents an houruntil It closed. Went to cotton fields at end of harvest, made $5 a week"just scrappin1 along; we're not tramps; we hold ourselves to be whitefolks. We was forced out; we couldn't stay there." A common story. Broke,hungry, sick, car trouble, February, 1937.

WALL 16 ( On the Road)DOROTHEA LANGE 2l*6l-EOne migrant family hauls the broken down car of the other to the pea fields

at Nepoma, U.S. Route 101, California. February, I936.DOROTHEA LANGE 16M8-C

Car of drought refugees on the edge of carrot field in the Coachella Valley,California. Spring, 1937.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 25U85-D

Tenant farmer moving his household goods to a new farm. Hamilton County,Tennessee. 1937.BEN SHAHN 6018 M-3Street musicians in Memphis, Tennessee. 1935*DOROTHEA LANGE 21823-EBaby from Mississippi parked in truck at FSA Camp, Merrill, Oregon,October, 1939.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2393 M-2Sign. Birmingham, Alabama. February, 1937.BEN SHAHN 6071 M-lfDestitute Osark family, Arkansas, October, 1935.DOROTHEA LANGE 9T^0-CFamily between Dallas and Austin, Texas. The people have left their

home and connections in South Texas and hope to reach the Arkansas Deltafor work in the cotton fields. Penniless people. No food and 3 gallons ofgas in tank. The father is trying to repair a tire. Three children, Fathersays, "I f 8 tough but life's tough anyway you take it." August, 1936.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2372 M-3

The family of a migratory fruit worker from Tennessee now camped in afield near the packing house at Winterhaven, Florida, January, 1937*DOROTHEA LANGE l6l8-C

Imperial Valley, California. Old Mexican laborer saying "I have worked hardall my life and all I have now is my broken body," June, 1935.DOROTHEA LANGE 18227-CFamily walking on highway, five children. Started from Iobel, Oklahoma.Bound for Krebs (Kreas), Oklahoma. Pittsburgh County, Oklahoma. In 1936the father farmed on thirds and fourths at Eagleton, McClirtaln County,Oklahoma. Was taken sick with pneumonia and lost farm. Unable to get workon WPA and refused county relief in county of 15 years residence because oftemporary residence in another county after his illness. June, 1939*

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(jflB BITTER YEARS c o n t ' d ) -6-THE COMMERCIAL APPEAL (cont'd)Caption In book: Plantations of the Delta are coming under the machine.The sharecropper system is collapsing in its advance,and croppers are being cut from the land. In protest,hundreds of families - white and black victims of itsdevastation - left their cabins in January 1939 to c*mV

along 150 miles of open road. Highway U.S. 6l inSoutheast Missouri.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2930 M-ZState highway officials moving sharecroppers away from the roadside toarea between Levee and Mississippi River. New Madrid County, Missouri.June, I939.WALKER EVANS 1U006-EEvicted sharecroppers from Dibble Plantation. Arkansas. January, 1936.

(On the Road - Automobile)DOROTHEA LANGE 16453-ERoute 99 near Tracy, California. Missouri family of five, seven monthsfrom the drought area. Worked in California sawmill at kO cents an houruntil it closed. Went to cotton fields at end of harvest, made $5 a week"just scrappin' along; we're not tramps; we hold ourselves to be whitefolks. We was forced out; we couldn't stay there." A common story. Broke,hungry, sick, car trouble, February, 1937.

WALL 16 ( On the Road)DOROTHEA LANGE 2U61-E

One migrant family hauls the broken down car of the other to the pea fieldsat Nepoma, U.S. Route 101, California. February, 193&.

DOROTHEA LANGE 16U8-CCar of drought refugees on the edge of carrot field in the Coachella Valley,California. Spring, 1937.

ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 25U85-DTenant farmer moving his household goods to a new farm. Hamilton County,Tennessee. 1937.

BEN SHAHNStreet musicians in Memphis, Tennessee. 1933* 6018 M-3

DOROTHEA LANGE 2 1 8 2 3 -EBab y f ro m M i s s i s s i p p i p a r k e d i n t r u c k a t FSA Camp, M e r r i l l , O r e g o n ,O c t o b e r , 1 9 3 9 .ARTHUR ROTHSTEINSign. Birmingham, Alabama. February, 1937.BEN SHAHNDestitute Ozark family, Arkansas. October, 1935.

2393 M-2

6071 M-U

DOROTHEA LANGE 97^0-CFamily between Dallas and Austin, Texas. The people have left theirhome and connections In South Texas and hope to reach the Arkansas Deltafor work in the cotton fields. Penniless people. No food and 3 gallons ofgas in tank. The father is trying to repair a tire. Three children, Fathersays, "It's tough but life's tough anyway you take it." August, 1936.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2372 M-3

The family of a migratory fruit worker from Tennessee now camped in afield near the pecking house at Winterhaven, Florida, January, 1937*DOROTHEA LANGE 1618-C

Imperial Valley, California. Old Mexican laborer saying "I have worked hardall my life and all I have now is my broken body." June, 1935*DOROTHEA LANGE 18227-CFamily walking on highway, five children. Started from Iobel, Oklahoma.Bound for Krebs (Kreas), Oklahoma. Pittsburgh County, Oklahoma. In 1936the father farmed on thirds and fourths at Eagleton, McClirtaln County,Oklahoma. Was taken sick with pneumonia and lost farm. Unable to get workon WPA and refused county relief in county of 15 years residence because oftemporary residence in another county after his illness, June, 1939*

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(THE BITTER YEARS cont'd) -7-DOROTHEA LANGE I63I9-EYoung Oklahoma mother, age 18, penniless, stranded In California,DOROTHEA LANGE 18271-C

U.S. 5I*, north of El Paso, Texas, One of the westward routes of themigrants. June, 1938,DOROTHEA LANG 16912-C

Flood refugee family near Memphis, Texas. These people, with all theirbelongings, are bound for the lower Rio Grande Valley, where they hope topick cotton. They come from Arkansas, May. 1957.DOROTHEA LANGE 16102-CYoung family, penniless, hitch-hiking on U,S, Highway 99; California.The father2^ and the mother 17, came from West Salem, North Carolina, earlyin 1935. Their baby was born in the Imperial Valley, California, where

they were working as field laborers. November, 1936.DOROTHEA LANGE 17790-E

A hitch-hiking family waiting along the highway in Macon, Georgia. Thefather repairs sewing machines, lawn mowers, etc. He is leaving Macon,where a license is required for such work ( $25) and heading back for Alabama,July, 1937.DOROTHEA LANGE I9I85-EOn U.S. 99. Near Brawely, Imperial County, Homeless mother and youngestchild of seven walking the highway from Phoenix, Arizona, where they pickedcotton. Bound for San Diego, where the father hopes to get on the relief"Because he once lived there." February, 1939.DOROTHEA LANGE 18801-ENapa Valley, California. More than 25 years a bindle-stiff, Walks fromthe mines to the lumber camps to the farms. The type that formed thebackbone of the IWW in California before the war. December, 1938.DOROTHEA LANGE I8789-E

Firebaugh, California, February, 1939. Came from Webber Falls, Oklahoma,with two grown sons in 1939> cotton picker.DOROTHEA LANGE (Lange) "M"Georgia Road Sign, Warning vagrants/ 1938,DOROTHEA LANGE 20985-E

Mother and baby of family on the road, Tulelake, Siskiyou County,California. September, 1939*DOROTHEA LANGE 16317-EToward Los Angeles, California. March, 1937.

WALL 17 (Field Workers)DOROTHEA LANGE 16213-CBillboard on U.S. Highway 99 in California. National Advertising Campaignsponsored by the National Association of Manufacturers. March, 1937.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2350-M-3

Notice to celery workers. Sanford, Florida. January, 1937.CARL ttfDANS 6322-DDay laborer and wife. Migrants ."Damned if we'll work for what they pay folks hereabouts." CrittendenCounty, Arkansas. Cotton workers on the road with all they possess in theworld. May, 1936.DOROTHEA LANGE (Lange) "P MTransplanting sweet potato plants; feet and hands; clouds' ,DOROTHEA LANGE 16230-C

A former tenant farmer from Texas, now working in California as a peapicker. Nipoma, California. March, 1937.

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(THE BITTER YEARS cont'd)

DOROTHEA LANGE 18660-CA r k a n sa s m o th e r come to C a l i fo r n i a fo r a n ew s t a r t , w i t h h u sb a n d a nd 1 1c h i ld r e n . Now a r u ra l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c l i e n t . T u lar e C ou nty . C a l i f o r n ia .November, 1938.DOROTHEA LANGE 2 0 9 6 0 -EMigrant po ta to p ick ers . Tu le lak e , S i sk iyou County , Ca l i f orn ia .September, 1959.RUSSELL LEE I3O63 M-lLabor con trac tors crew pi ck in g pe as. Nampa, Idaho. Ju ne. 19^1. (Peapic ke rs wages in 1939 1 ce nt pe r l b . Hamper hol ds 28 l b s . )DOROTHEA LANGE (L a n g e) "H"Poverty in the Land of P le n ty . Migrant Pea Pi ck er s . C al ifo rn ia , 1938.L ined up for weighing o f f i l l e d hampers.

WALL 18 (T ents )CARL MYDANS I 3I 6O -DSt re et of tents , . Undated.DOROTHEA LANGE (L a n g e ) " 0 "(" What H u r t s B u s i n e s s H u r t s Me" s i g n an d t e n t s ) .Squatter camp on the f l a t where fam il ie s l i v e during the orange pic kin gseason . Near P or te r v i l l e , Ca l i fo rn ia . February , 1938.DOROTHEA LANGE I9U 79-DA g r an d m o th e r w a sh in g c l o t h e s i n a m i g r a n t c am p . S t a n i s l a u s C o u n t y ,

Ca l i for n ia . A pr i l , 1939*DOROTHEA LANGE 9 0 9 8 -CMigrant agr icu ltur al wo rke r's family . Seven hungry ch ild re n. Motheraged 32 . Father is a n at iv e Ca lifo rn lan . March, I93 6 ,DOROTHEA LANGE 162T0-C1 8 -y e a r - o l d m o th e r f r om O k l ah o m a , now a C a l i f o r n i a m i g r a n t . Ma r c h , 1 9 3 7 .DOROTHEA LANGE 90 58-CD est i tu te pea p ickers In Ca l i for n ia , Mother o f seven ch i ld ren . Age 32 .February, 1936.DOROTHEA LANGE 9 6 6 6 -EDrought re fu ge es from Oklahoma camping by the ro a d s i d e . They hope t owork in the co tton f i e l d s . There are 7 in fami ly . Bly the , C a l i f orn ia .August , 1936.RUSSELL LEE 33 60 1-DTubercular wife and daugh ter of agr ic ul tu ra l day labo rer . She had l o sts ix of her e igh t ch i ld re n and the remaining two were p i t i f u l l y t h in . Themother said she had tuberculosis because she had always gone back to thefi el d 8 to work with in two or th ree days af te r her ch ild re n were born.Shack home i s on Po te ar Creek near Sp ir o, Oklahoma. J une, 1939.DOROTHEA LANGE (L a n g e ) "J "Mem ber S o u th e r n T e n a n t F a r m e r ' s U n i o n a t t i m e o f s t r i k e o f sh a r e c r o p p e r s .M e m p his , T e n n e s s e e . I n U n i o n H a l l , U n d a t e d .DOROTHEA LANGE 16^39-EMigratory f i el d wo rk er' s home on the edge of a pea f i e l d . The familyl ive d here through the w in ter . Imperia l V all ey , C ali for ni a . March, 1937.DOROTHEA LANGE 99 09 -ED a u g h te r o f m ig r an t T e n n e s s e e c o a l m i n e r , l i v i n g i n t h e A m e r ic a n R i v e rCamp n e a r S a c r a m e n to , C a l i fo r n i a . N o v e m b e r, 1 9 3 6 .DOROTHEA LANGE I 6 3 8 -EB r o od in g c h i l d . U n d a t e d .

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12/18

w(THE BITTER YEARS c o n t ' d )

VALLJL3 (Tents)- 9 -

DOROTHEA LANGED r o ug h t r e f u g e e s , C a l i f o r n i a . F e b r u a r y , 1 9 3 6 .

DOROTHEA LANGEAged woman from Oklahoma. Kern M igrant Camp, C a li fo r n ia .(FSA Camp). November, 193 6.

1823-C

16013-C

16302-EOROTHEA LANGEWoman in pea picker1I camp, California. WI seen our corn dry up and blowover the fence back there in Oklahoma." March, 1937.

DOROTHEA LANGE 19486-EYoung migrant mother with 6-week-old baby in a labor contractors camp,near Westley, California. The baby was boru In a hospital with the aidof PSA Medical and (Aid?) Association for Migratory Workers, "I try tokeep him eatin' and sleepln1 regular like I got him out of the hospital.wApril, 1939*

DOROTHEA LANGE I9BO8-CBrawely, Imperial Valley (California), in FSA Migratory Labor Camp.Family father, mother and 11 children originally from Mangrom (or grum? )Oklahoma. February, 1939*

DOROTHEA LANGE l8V*0-EMigrant cotton picker's child who lives In a tent in the Government Campinstead of along the highway or in a ditch bank. Shafter Camp for Migrants,California* November, 1938.DOROTHEA LANGE 9857-CGrandmother of 22 children, from a farm in Oklahoma; 80 years old. Nowliving in camp on the outskirts of Bakersfield, California. "If you loseyour pluck you lose the most there is in you -- all you've got to livewith." November, 1936.

WALL 20 (Old Age)DOROTHEA LANGEWhite Angel Breadline, San Francisco. 1932.DOROTHEA LANGE"Old age" near Washington, Pennsylvania. July, 1936.

(Lange) "F"

9679-cMARION POST WOLCOTT 52102-DMr s . L . , n i n e t y - o n e - y e a r - o l d m o t h er o f M i s s N . L . , and r e a r e d i n O r an geC o u n t y , N o r t h C a r o l i n a , a nd had l i v e d h e r e s i n c e h e r m a r r i a g e s i x t y - n i n eye ar s ag o . 1939*RUSSELL LEEHands of Iowa tenant farmer's wife ( Mrs. 0. - See 11121 below)Miller Township, Woodbury County, Iowa. December, 1936.

10582

RUSSELL LEE 11121 M-3Mr. and Mrs. 0,, homesteaders, Miller Township, Woodbury County, Iowa.December, 1936.

WALL 21 (Old Age)RUSSELL LEE IH59 M-l*Exhausted flood refugee resting. Sikeston, Missouri. February, 1937*JACK DELANO 21093 M-UAged couple at an auction in East Albany, Vermont, August, 19^1.JACK DELANO 1*5320-D

Mr8. C, L., life-long resident of area being taken over by the Army,who Is moving to the town of Adams. Leraysville, New York. August, lQ'-H.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN Study Coll. MDMA 2187F. C. of Corbln Hollow, Virginia, October, 1935.DOROTHEA LANGE 17970-CThis man was born a slave in Greene County, Georgia. July, 1937.

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13/18

w(THE BITTER YEARS cont'd)V -10-D0R0THEA LANGE 97**3A. S., bo m a slave In South Texas, Corpus Chrlsti. August, 1936.JACK DELANO UH273- D

Hands of Mr. H.B., ex-slave. Parka Ferry Road, Greene County, Georgia.May, 19*H.JACK DELANO 209^9 M~2Old ex-slave on a farm near Greensboro, Alabama. May, 19^1.JACK DELANO U2296-D

In the home of S.D., Italian FSA client, near Canterbury, Connecticut.His mother sails hooked rugs to supplement their farm income. November,19^9WALL 22 (Houses, etc.)

RUSSELL LEE 12785 M-2Helping the plates at dinner on the grounds at all day community sing.Pie Town, New Mexico. June, 19^0.PAUL CARTER 28. M.Tubercular mother and child, New York City, April, 1936.ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 29111-D

A physician cooperating with FSA medical health plan visits the home ofa rehabilitation client, St. Charles County, Missouri. November, 1959*DOROTHEA LANGE 18667-CHome of Rural Rehabilitation client, Tulare County, California. Theybought 20 acres of raw, unimproved land with a first payment, which wasmoney saved out of relief budget (August, I936). They received an FSAloan of $700 for stock and equipment. Now they have a one-room shack,7 cows, 3 sows and home-made pumping plant, along with 10 acres ofimproved permanent pasture. Cream check approximately $30 per month.Husband also works about 10 days per month on odd jobs outside the farm.Husband is 26 years old, wife 22, 3 small children. Been in California5 years. "Piece by piece this place gets put together. One more pieceof pipe and our water tank will be finished," November, 1938.DOROTHEA LANGE 2l800-CHome of FSA Borrower who moved on this land six years ago, built log

house and buildings. Cut enough hay between stumps to feed 8 cows and3 calves and 2 horses through the winter of 1938. $315 land clearingloan. Priest River Peninsula, Bonner County, Idaho. October, 1939DOROTHEA LANGE 20902-D

Family living in tent and building the house around them. NearKlamath County, Oregon, August, 1939*WALL 2^ (Field Workers)

DOROTHEA LANGE l6l66-CCabbage cutting and hauling by new Vessey (flat truck) system now alsoused in carrots and lettuce. Imperial Valley, California. March, 1937*

DOROTHEA LANGE (Lange "Q") 826 ZB(Stoop Labor). Gang of Filipino lettuce cutters. Salinos Valley,California. I935.

DOROTHEA LANGE 16113-EMigrant agricultural worker. Near Holtville, California, February, 1937#Waiting for the second pea crop, after the winter crop froze.WALL 2k (Unemployed)

DOROTHEA LANGE 17373-CSharecropper boy, Chesnee, South Carolina. June, 1937.

DOROTHEA LANGE I6336-CEx-tenant farmer on relief grant in the Imperial Valley, California.March, 1937*

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14/18

(IHE BITTER YEARS contd)-11-

JOHN VACHON 60517-DLine of men waiting in alley outside City Mission. They are waiting for themeal which will be served at 5:00 p.m. Dubuque, Iowa. April, 19^0.DOROTHEA LANG* 16271-CWaiting for the semi-monthly relief checks at Calipatria, Imperial Valley,California. Typical story: 15 years ago they owned farms in Oklahoma.Lost them through foreclosure when cotton prices fell after the War.Became tenants and sharecroppers. With the drought and dust they camewest - 193^"37. Never before left the county where they were born; nowalthough in California over a year they haven1t been continuously residentin any single county long enough to become a legal resident. Reason:migratory agricultural laborers* March, 1937.BEN SHAHN 6157 M-U

Unemployed trappers. Plaque Mines Parish, Louisiana, 1935*DOROTHEA LANGE 17265-CFormer Texas tenant farmers displaced by power farming. May, 1937*ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 2U211-DMigrant field worker, Tulare Migrant Camp, Visalla, California.March, I9U0.MARION POST WOLCOTT 5271 C-DMr. R.B.W. visiting his general store. He is president of the bank andpractically owns and runs the town. He is a big land owner, owns W.D,farm and a cotton mill in Clayton, He says he cut down the trees andpulled up the stumps out of the main street and was the first man in thattown of Wendall, Wake County, North Carolina. September, 1939*DOROTHEA LANGE ^ 9930-CThe day after election. Oakland, California. November 12, 1936.DOROTHEA LANGE (Lange) "GHFather and Son. Idle American workmen near Budgeton, N.J. No date,BEN SHAHN 6121 M-J

A deputy with a gun on his hip during the September, 1935 strike inMorgantown, West Virginia, September, 1935.MARION POST WOLCOTT 5685OSpanish muskrat trappers drinking wine and playing "cache," a form ofpoker, in their camp in the marshes. Delacroix Island, St, Bernard Parish,Louisiana. January, 1$&1.DOROTHEA LANGE 1952^-DFSA Camp for migratory agricultural workers. Farmsvllle, California.Meeting of camp council. May, 1939*DOROTHEA LANGE No numberSign during great cotton strike. Kern County, California. 1938.

WALL 25 (Schools)JOHN VACHON 6U805-DMorton County, North Dakota. Playing "Cut that Pie" or "Fox and Geese" atnoon recess at a rural school. February, 19U0.RUSSELL LEE 11375 M-5

Farm children playing on home-made merrv-go-round. Williams County, NorthDakota, November, 1937. (Drought area).ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN 25198-DSchool at Skyline Farms, Alabama. February, 1937.RUSSELL LEE 31938-D

Negro mother teaching children numbers and alphabet in home of sharecropper. Transylvania, Louisiana, January, 1939*JACK DELANO U6226-DWhite Plains, Greene County, Georgia, The three-teacher Negro school.

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15/18

/THE BITTER YEARS c o n t ' d )1 - 1 2 -BEN SHAHN 60 9 0 M-5I n t e r i o r o f Oz a rk S c h o o l , A r k a n s a s . S e p t e mb e r , 19 3 5*

tfA L L 2 6 ( C o u p l e s )J A C K D E L A N O 1 +3 91 8- D

N e g r o p r e a c h e r a nd h i s w i f e s i t t i n g u n d e r p h o t o s t a k en of t h e m t w e n t yy e a r s a g o . T h e y li v e in an o l d c o n v e r t e d s c h o o l h o u s e w i t h t w o g r an d c h i l d r e n . T h e r e s t of t h e i r c h i l d r e n h a v e m o v e d o u t of t h e c o u n t r y .B e ar d C o u n t y , G e o r g i a . A p r i l , 1 9 ^ 1 .

D O R O T H E A L A N G E 1 9 2 2 7 - CM i g r a t o r y l a b o r w o r k e r s . B r a w e l y , I m p e r i a l V a l l e y , C a l i f o r n i a .F e b r u a r y , 1 9 3 9 *

J A C K D E L A N O ktfiy*F a r m e r a nd h i s w i f e w h o l i ve on o n e of t h e h i l l f a r m s e a s t of B u r l i n g t o n ,V e r m o n t . A u g u s t , 1 9 ^ 1 .

T H E O J U N G *+051 M - UP r o s p e c t i v e c l i e n t s w h o s e p r o p e r t y h a s b e e n o p t i o n ed by t he G o v e r n m e n t .B r o w n C o u n t y , I n d i a n a . O c t o b e r , 1 9 35 *

B E N S H A H N 6 0 3 ^ M - 2R e h a b i l i t a t i o n c l i e n t s , B o o n e C o u n t y , A r k a n s a s . O c t o b e r , 1 9 3 5 .

J A C K D E L A N O U 2 8 1 6 - DM r , a nd M r s . O . A . - A r m e n i a n v e g e t a b l e f a r m e rs i n W e s t A n d o v e r ,M a s s a c h u s e t t s , T h e y h a v e an 1 1 - a c r e f a r m a nd a s o n w o r k s in a b l a n k e tf a c t or y i n L o w e l l to h e l p s u p p o r t t he f a m i l y . J a n u a r y , 1 9 ^ 1 .

W A L L 27 ( H e r o i c W o m e n )R U S S E L L L E E 1 2 2 ^ 4 M - 5

I n d i a n w o m a n , w i f e of f a r m e r , M c i n t o s h C o u n t y , O k l a h o m a .D O R O T H E A L A N G E ( L a n g e ) "C"

E x - s l a v e w i t h a l o ng m e m o r y . A l a b a m a . 1938.D O R O T H E A L A N G E l 6 2 3 9 " c

" T h i s is a h a r d w a y to s e r v e t he L o r d , " O k l a h o m a d r o u g h t r e f u g e e ,C a l i f o r n i a . M a r c h , 1 9 3 7 .R U S S E L L L E E ( E n l a r g e me n t of d e t a i l f r o m ) 1 2 0 8 2 M-lj-

M i g r a n t m a n a nd w i f e c a mp e d n e a r S e b a s t i n , T e x a s . J a n u a r y , 1 9 5 9 .( W i f e o n l y ) .W A L L 28 ( H e r o i c W o m e n )

A R T H U R R O T H S T E I N 2 6 0 9 7 - DM . K . , w i d o w l i v i ng w i t h h e r d a u g h t e r on f a rm , G a r r e t t C o u n t y , M a r y l a n d .D e c e m b e r , 1 9 3 7 .

D O R O T H E A L A N G E l a n g e " E "C l o u d s . U n d a t e d .

D O R O T H E A L A N G E I 8 2 8 9M a B . An " A r k a n s a s H o s i e r " b o r n in 1 8 5 5 , C o n w a y , A r k a n s a s . "My f a t h e rw a s a C o n f e d e r a t e s o l d i e r . He g a v e h i s a g e a y e a r o l d e r t h a n it w a st o g e t i n t o th e A r m y . A f t e r t h e W a r he b o u g h t 2 8 0 a c r e s f r o m t h e r a i l r o a dm e n a n d c l e a r e d i t . He n e v e r h a d a m o r t g a g e on i t , In 1 9 2 0 the l a n d wa3s o l d , th e m o n e y d i v i d e d . N o w n o ne of my c h i l d r e n o w n t h e i r l a n d . It'ea l l d o n e g o n e , but it r a i s e d my f a m i l y . I ' ve d o n e my d u t y - I f e e l l i k e Ih a v e . I ' v e r a i s e d 12 c h i l d r e n . " J u n e , 1 9 3 8 .W A L L 29 ( H er o i c W o m e n )

J A CK D E L A NO ^ 5 7 1 - DD a u g h t e r o f M r . B . G . , p r e a c h e r a nd F S A b o r r o w e r . N e a r U n i o n P o i n t , G r e e n eC o u n t y , G e o r g i a . J u n e , 1 9 ^ 1 .W A L L 30 ( H e ro i c W o m e n ) . '

D O R O T H E A L A N G E ( L a n g e ) "B"Y o u n g c h i l d , l on g h a i r . N e a r C a s a G r a n d e , A r i z o n a , I 9 U 0 .

O y e r d o o r b e t w e e n W a l l s 29 a n d 50U . S . D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e 7 7 7 2 - Z BP l a n t e d f i e l d . No c a p t i o n . M a r c h , I 9 U 0 .

* # * # #


16/18

THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART11 Vast 53 StreetNew York 19, New YorkTelephone: Circle 5-8900

I D connection with the exhibitionTHE BITTER YEARS: I955-I9IURural America Seen by Photographers of the Farm Security Administration

FILMS

Thursday. November 8 8:(j0 pfmjTHE HOME PLAGE (l9Ul), produced by U.S. Department of Agriculture ExtensionService, directed by Raymond Evans, photographed by Calle Carre H o , musicby Leon Brusiloff, narrated by Milton Cross*THE RIVER (193T), produced by the Farm Security Administration, written anddirected by Pare Lorentz, photographed by Willard Van Dyke, Stacey Woodardand Floyd Crosby, music by Virgil Thomson.THE PLOW THAT BROKE THE PLAINS (1936), produced by the U.S. Resettlement

Administration, written and directed by Pare Lorentz, photographed byPaul Strand, Ralph Steiner, and Leo Hurwitz, music by Virgil Thomson.Admission to the Museum, $1.00, includes film showing. Members free.

t t g l J M L i 9 Y e m b e y U , t 9 P t q fTHE POWER AND THE LAND (I9H0), produced by the Rural Electrification Administrationand Department of Agriculture, directed by Joris Ivens, photographed by FloydCrosby and Artur Ornitz, commentary by Stephen Vincent Benet, music by DouglasMoore,THE LAND (19**2), produced by the Agricultural Adjustment Agency, directed byRobert Flaherty with the collaboration of Frances H. Flaherty, edited byHelen Van Dongen, music by Richard Arnell, commentary by Russell Lord,narrated by Robert Flaherty.Admission to the Museum, $1.00, includes film showing. Members free.

The Bitter Years: IjSfcjAei a catalogue edited by Edward Steichen, contains aselection of outstanding photographs in the exhibition. 36 pages; 27 plates;$1.25 ( members 95 cents). Available mid-November.


17/18

Rel.,..RZt ,th '. foll"ingon October V$, *% .'C i t y E d i t o r s -San F r an c i s co Ch r o n i c l e -San Fr an cis co ExaminerSan F r a n c i s c o News -Cal l B u l l e t i nBer k e l ey Da i ly Gaze t t eOakland Tr ibuneB a k e r s f i e l d C a l i f o o n i a n(with wr i t photo)


18/18

1HE MUSEUM OFMODE\JS-\r\tStn 11 WEST 53rd STREET

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