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Transcript of Molecules of Life Chapter 3. Organic Compounds Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to...
![Page 1: Molecules of Life Chapter 3. Organic Compounds Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649e2e5503460f94b1e1a3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
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Organic Compounds
Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
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Carbon’s Bonding Behavior
• Outer shell of carbon has 4 electrons; can hold 8
• Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to four atoms
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Bonding Arrangements
• Carbon atoms can form chains or rings
• Other atoms project from the carbon backbone
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Functional Groups
• Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone
• Give organic compounds their different properties
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Examples of Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group - OH
Amino group - NH3+
Carboxyl group - COOH
Phosphate group - PO3-
Sulfhydryl group - SH
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Types of Reactions
Functional group transfer
Electron transfer
Rearrangement
Condensation
Cleavage
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Condensation Reactions
• Form polymers from subunits
• Enzymes remove -OH from one molecule, H from another, form bond between two molecules
• Discarded atoms can join to form water
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Condensation
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Hydrolysis
• A type of cleavage reaction
• Breaks polymers into smaller units
• Enzymes split molecules into two or more parts
• An -OH group and an H atom derived from water are attached at exposed sites
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Hydrolysis
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Consider Methane
• Methane, a “lifeless” hydrocarbon, is present in vast methane hydrate deposits beneath the ocean floor
• Methane hydrate disintegration can be explosive, causing a chain reaction that depletes oxygen
• Evidence points to such an event ending the Permian period 250 million years ago
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Methane
Ball-and-stickmodel. Specificcolors are used to distinguishone kind of atom from another.
Space-filling model, used to depict volumes of space occupied by electrons.
Structural formula, showing four single covalent bonds.
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides(simple sugars)
Oligosaccharides(short-chain carbohydrates)
Polysaccharides(complex carbohydrates)
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Monosaccharides
• Simplest carbohydrates
• Most are sweet tasting, water soluble
• Most have 5- or 6-carbon backbone
Glucose (6 C) Fructose (6 C)
Ribose (5 C) Deoxyribose (5 C)
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Two Monosaccharides
glucose fructose
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Disaccharides
• Type of oligosaccharide
• Two monosaccharides covalently bonded
• Formed by condensation reaction
+ H2O
glucose fructose
sucrose
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Polysaccharides
• Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers
• Most common are composed entirely of glucose– Cellulose
– Starch (such as amylose)
– Glycogen
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Cellulose & Starch
• Differ in bonding patterns between monomers
• Cellulose - tough, indigestible, structural material in plants
• Starch - easily digested, storage form in plants
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Cellulose and Starch
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Glycogen
• Sugar storage form in animals
• Large stores in muscle and liver cells
• When blood sugar decreases, liver cells degrade glycogen, release glucose
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Chitin
• Polysaccharide
• Nitrogen-containing groups attached to glucose monomers
• Structural material for hard parts of invertebrates, cell walls of many fungi
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• Most include fatty acids– Fats– Phospholipids– Waxes
• Sterols and their derivatives have no fatty acids
• Tend to be insoluble in water
Lipids
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Fats
• Fatty acid(s)
attached to
glycerol
• Triglycerides
are most
common
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Fatty Acids
• Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end
• Carbon backbone (up to 36 C atoms)
– Saturated - Single bonds between carbons
– Unsaturated - One or more double bonds
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Three Fatty Acids
stearic acid oleic acid linolenic acid
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Phospholipids
• Main components of cell
membranes
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Waxes
• Long-chain fatty acids linked to
long chain alcohols or carbon
rings
• Firm consistency, repel water
• Important in water-proofing
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Sterols and Derivatives
• No fatty acids
• Rigid backbone of four
fused-together carbon
rings
• Cholesterol - most
common type in
animals
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Amino Acid Structure
aminogroup
carboxylgroup
R group
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Properties of Amino Acids
• Determined by the “R group”
• Amino acids may be:
– Non-polar
– Uncharged, polar
– Positively charged, polar
– Negatively charged, polar
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Protein Synthesis
• Protein is a chain of amino acids linked
by peptide bonds
• Peptide bond
– Type of covalent bond
– Links amino group of one amino acid with
carboxyl group of next
– Forms through condensation reaction
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Primary Structure
• Sequence of amino acids
• Unique for each protein
• Two linked amino acids = dipeptide
• Three or more = polypeptide
• Backbone of polypeptide has N atoms:
-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-
one peptide group
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Protein Shapes
• Fibrous proteins
– Polypeptide chains arranged as strands or
sheets
• Globular proteins
– Polypeptide chains folded into compact,
rounded shapes
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• Primary structure influences shape in two main ways:– Allows hydrogen bonds to form between
different amino acids along length of chain
– Puts R groups in positions that allow them to interact
Primary Structure & Protein Shape
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Secondary Structure
• Hydrogen bonds form between different parts of polypeptide chain
• These bonds give rise to coiled or extended pattern
• Helix or pleated sheet
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Examples of Secondary Structure
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Tertiary Structure
Folding as a
result
of interactions
between R
groups
heme group
coiled and twisted polypeptide chain of one globin molecule
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Quaternary Structure
Some proteins
are made up of
more than one
polypeptide
chain
Hemoglobin
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Polypeptides with Attached Organic Compounds
• Lipoproteins
– Proteins combined with cholesterol, triglycerides,
phospholipids
• Glycoproteins
– Proteins combined with oligosaccharides
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Denaturation
• Disruption of three-dimensional shape
• Breakage of weak bonds
• Causes of denaturation:– pH
– Temperature
• Destroying protein shape disrupts function
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• Sugar
– Ribose or deoxyribose
• At least one phosphate group
• Base
– Nitrogen-containing
– Single or double ring structure
Nucleotide Structure
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Nucleotide Functions
• Energy carriers
• Coenzymes
• Chemical messengers
• Building blocks for
nucleic acids
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ATP - A Nucleotide
three phosphate groups
sugar
base
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• Composed of nucleotides
• Single- or double-stranded
• Sugar-phosphate backbone
Nucleic AcidsAdenineCytosine
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DNA
• Double-stranded • Consists of four
types of nucleotides
• A bound to T• C bound to G
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RNA
• Usually single strands
• Four types of nucleotides
• Unlike DNA, contains the base uracil in place of thymine
• Three types are key players in protein synthesis