INTRODUCTION

With the advent and usage of newer technology in the field of healthcare J MITRA CO.PVT.LTD. was establish in the year 1969 with the aim to provide high quality diagnostic service in healthcare industry and provide full technical support and excellent customer service. Today with due support of our qualified personnel impeccable quality and compative price, we have accustomed ourselves as the most acknowledged manufacturer, export and supplier of Medical diagnostic kits.it is our uncompromising endeavour towards quality and safety that led to a sterling and harmonious growth of us.

We are the first company in India to get drugs manufacturing license for HIV, HBC, HCV, and RAPID AND ELISCA TEST. We have achieved maximum degree of customer satisfaction resulting in world wide customer base.

PRODUCTS OF COMPANY

The group since last 30 years is serving the medical fraternity and has covered a name for it self. The company has developed several important substitute technologies in the form of diagnostic test kit for detection of critical diseases like AIDS, HEPATITIS “B” and “c”, malaria, Dengue, T.B etc.

The company has for all indigenous products GMP and WHO certifications and in addition are also ISO and CE certified.

OUR PRODUCT RANGE

• RAPID TEST KITS.

• ELISCA TEST KITS.

• CONFIRMATORY TEST.

• BLOOD GROUPING SERAS.

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

The company is actively engage in exporting its manufactured products through out the world since past 12 years. We are continuously expanding our presence in global market and we are present in more then 40 countries we are presently working in these countries through our agents. thus ensuring smooth supplier of our product and provide technical support of them.

It is our uncompromising endeavour towards QUALITY AND SAFETY that has led to a sterling and harmonious growth from us. We have been exporting our products to various international agencies and nongovernmental agencies.

What is blood? what does blood do?

Blood is a combination of PLASMA and CELLS .that float in it .it is a specialized bodily fluid that supply essential substances and nutrients such as SUGAR,OXYGEN and waste away from those cells this waste is eventually flushed out of the body in URINE,SWEAT and LUNGS(CO2).

APART FROM WATER BLOOD CONTAIN-

• BLOOD CELLS.

• CARBON DIOXIDE.

• GLUCOSE (SUGAR).

• HARMONES.

• PROTEIN.

TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS.

• RED BLOOD CELLS

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• PLATELETS

1.RED BLOOD CELLS - Red blood cells also known as RBC and ERYTHORCYTES these are most important cells and its contain haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is protein which contain iron. 97%of human`s red blood cells dry Content is protein.

2·WHITE BLOOD CELLS - These are the cells of our immune system. they defend the body against infections. LYMPHOCYTES

AND GANULOCYTES types of white blood cells.it can move in and out of the area tissue.

White blood cells will also fight abnormal cells such as cancer cells.

The white blood cells normally 1% of total blood cells in a healthy humans.

3.PLATELETS - Platelets also called THROMBOCYTES they are involved in clotting of blood. if exposed to air the platelets break down and release febrifuges into the blood stream. this sets off a series of reactions which result in the clotting of blood in for example on a skin wound a scab Is formed.

When haemoglobin is oxygenated humans blood is bright red.

What is hematology?

Haematology is diagnosis, treatment and prevention of blood and BONEMARROW diseases as well as immunology. A doctor is specialized in hematology is called a HEMATOLOGIST.

Functions of blood –

1-Blood supplies oxygen to cell and tissues.

2-it supplies essential nutrients to cells such as AMINOACID,FATTY ACID and GULUCOSE.

3-It remove waste product such as carbon dioxide ,urea, and lactic acid.

4-It white blood cells have antibodies which defend us from infections.

5-It transport harmones chemical released by a cell in one part of the body that send out in one part of the body that send out messages that affect cells elsewhere in the body.

6-It has specialized cells such as platelets which help the blood to clot when we are bleeding.

Some important points.

• RBC takes up oxygen in the lungs or grills and releases it into tissues.

• The RBC is rich in haemoglobin an iron containing and bind oxygen and responsible for the red colour.

• Approximately a quarter of the cells in human body are red blood cells.

• In normal size of red blood cells is between 6 and 8 micrometers.

• When BONEMARROW not producing RBC then it is called APLASTIC ANEMIA.

·How long can you store blood?

Yes, we can store blood for forty two days(42days).if we do not freeze it .if we freeze it, we are allowed to store it for ten years but freezing blood is very poor way of storing blood. when you need blood rightaway.it takes at least two hours to that unit and only about 80% of the blood is useable. for these reason no one freeze unit of blood unless there is some special need for it.

It is possible of development of artificial blood?

Artificial blood is many year off in the future. The artificial blood that you hear about being produced today does have some uses but these are fairly limited and restricted. They do not function nearly as well as human blood functions.

What are the ANTIBODIES?

There are two different kinds of antibodies. there are what we call EXPECTED ANTIBODIES this means for example that someone who is blood type “A” Will have in their serum ANTI “B”. The person who is type “B” will have in their serum ANTI”A”.A person who is type “o” will have in their serum ANTI”A” and ANTI “B” and the person who blood type is “AB ”will have neither anti A and ANTI B.

There are other red cells antigens though. That people can make antibodies to if they get exposed pf those red cells. these antibodies are called “UNEXPECTED ANTIBODIES”

.

Advantage of blood donation

1.The joy of saving human life:-

It is such wonderful feeling being able to help doctors save human lives. There are no perfect substitute for human blood. the blood you donate divide into various component according to need of people. Be a hero by donating blood.

2.Free health checkup:-

You can donate blood only if you are fit. before every blood donation process a series of health check-up are performed on the donor totally free of cost.

3.Reduce risk of heart attack:-

Regular blood donation helps to keep level of iron in the body .this has shown to reduce the heart attack.

4.Help in burn calories:-

One time blood donation help you shed 650 kcal. this can aid you in your body weight control measures.

5.Reduce the risk of cancer:-

High level of iron have been implicate in cancer. and donating blood reduce the risk of cancer.

6.Help to make scab:-

It has specialized cell such as platelets which help the blood to clot when we are bleeding and helps in making scab on

wounded area.

Some important point:-

1.Rbc take up oxygen in the lungs or grills and release it into tissues.

2.The rbc is rich in hemoglobin,an iron containing and bind oxygen and responsible for red colour.

3. Approximately 2.4million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults.

4.Approximately a quarter of the cells in human body are red blood cells

5.In normal adult bodies there are 4000 to 10000 white blood cells per micrometre of blood.

6.The normal size of red blood cells is between 6 to 8 micrometer.

7.. When bone marrow not producing rec then it is called a plastic anemia.

What is blood transfusion?

A transfusion is a relatively simple medical procedure that doctors use to make up for a loss of blood or for any part of blood such as a red blood cells or platelets transfusion are usually given through intravenous line .

A blood transfusion usually is not whole blood it could be any one of the blood components. for example:some people with cancer need blood transfusions .can effect how bone marrow makes new blood cells. so transfusion of transfusion of red blood cells or platelets can help.

Risk involve in blood transfusion:-

Most people tolerate blood transfusion very well but likely any medical procedure there are some risk involve including.

1.Fever:-Patient can experience a fever with blood transfusion. sometimes along with chills and headache. this symptoms can be caused by reaction between the recipient immune system and immune cells in the blood donor.

2.Allergic reaction:-allergic reaction to blood transfusion like hives or itching happen because of a reaction between the recipient immune system and proteins in the donated blood.

3.hemolytic reaction:-the word hemolysis means the the destruction in red blood cells. This reaction can be life threatening. it occur when the patients’ blood and the donated blood not matched.

What is whole blood?

Whole blood termed used in transfusion medicine for human blood from a standard blood donation. the blood is typically combine with an anticoagulant during the collection process. but it is generally unprocessed.

Historically blood was transfused as whole blood without further processing most blood banks now split the whole blood in to two parts.

1.red blood cells.

2.plasma.

Platelet for transfusion can also be prepared form of a unit of whole blood.

Type of blood transfusion:-

There are 3 types of blood transfusion.

1.Whole blood:-this involve collecting 3 blood component(cells ,plasma ,platelets) o negative donor are always needed for whole blood donation. it is very safely type of

transfusion.

Donation can be made every 12 weeks.

2.Plasma:-

Plasma donation involve donating a collection of plasma only through a process called apheresis. You can donate every 2 weeks as your red cells are returned to you when you donate blood type a,ab and b donor are particularly needed for plasma donation.

3.Platelet donation:-

Platelet donation involve donating a collection of platelet only through a process of called apheresis

Blood type a and o donors are particularly needed for platelet donation.

How long can you store blood?

Yes,we can store blood for forty two days(42days)if we don’t freeze it,if we freeze it we are allowed to store it for ten years. but freezing blood is very poor way of storing blood. when you need blood right away,it takes at least two hours to thaw that unit and only about 80% of the blood is usable. for these reason no one freeze unit of blood unless there is some special need for it.

It is possible of development of artificial blood?

Artificial blood is many year off in the future. the artificial blood

that you hear about being produced today does have some uses,but these are fairly limited and restricted. they do not function nearly as well as human blood function.

What are the`` antibodies”?

There are two different kind of antibodies. there are what we call expected antibodies this means for example that some one who is blood type `A` will have in their serum anti B. the person who is type B will have in their serum anti A .a person who is type O will have in their serum anti A and anti B. and the person who blood type is AB will have neither anti A and anti B .

There are other red cells antigens through that people can make antibodies to if they get exposed of those red cells. these antibodies are called unexpected antibodies.

What is blood bag?

The blood bag is an uncommon medical item that can be used for blood transfusion. the use of the kit require the presence of two players,procedure on donation/delivery are explained in the section below. blood donors will lose 1000 blood but will regenerate quickly if in healthy conditions and recipients will immediately receive 1000 blood replenishment.

Different type of blood bags:-

1.Single blood bag:- it is a single blood bag for whole blood collection the bag contain CPDA solution.

2.Blood transfer bag:-blood transfer bag is used for transfer of blood and blood component.

3.Double blood bag:-double blood bag used for whole blood collection and separation of two different blood component.(red blood cells and plasma cells)obtain through the process of centrifugation and extraction.

4.Triple blood bag:-triple blood bag for whole blood collection and separation of 3 different blood component(red

blood cells, plasma and platelets)

Types of blood donation

1.Voluntary blood donor:-this is the most preferred categories as voluntary blood donor donates blood willingly he is trusted about his illnesses and honestly answer question asked by medical officers first time voluntary blood donor may not be safe if he/she is in the window period of infection therefore the safest and best blood bank has tested regularly and found negative for infection.

2.Professional/paid blood donation:-A donor who donated blood for exchange of money or other form of payment is the professional paid donor.

3.Replacement donor:- A donor who is forced to donate blood to replace blood unit to be given or already given by the blood bank is called replacement donor.

4.Target donor:-this donation is popularly known as same replace these donor have the same A,B,O

And Rh type as patient and in it that their blood should be transfused. such donation indicate lack of confidence in blood bank service direct donation incurs extra expenditures as rapid test are done on blood units chances of error is to much compare to others.

Thing do before blood donation

1.Maintain a healthy iron level in your diet by eating red meat,beans,fish,spinach.

2. Get a good night’s sleep.

3.Drink extra cup of water.

4.If you are platelet donor remember that your system must be free of aspirin for two days prior of donation.

Thing remember during donation

1.Wear clothing with sleeveless that can be raised above the elbow.

2.Let the person taking your blood known if you have a preferred arm and show them any good vein that have been used successfully in the past to draw blood.

After blood donation

1.Drink an extra four glasses of liquid and avoid ALCHOHOL over the next 2 hours.

2.Remove the wrap bandage within next hour.

3.To avoid the skin rash,clean the area around the strip bandage with clear water and soap.

4.Do not heavy lifting or vigorous exercise.

5.If your experience dizziness after donation. stop what are you doing and sit down.

6.If the needle site starts to bleed apply pressure to it and raise your arm straight up for 5 to 10 minutes.

Transfusion medicine:-

Transfusion medicine is the branch of medicine that is concerned with medicine that is concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood component. the blood bank is the section of the clinical laboratory where medical technologists process and distribute blood products under the supervision of medical director often certified in pathology or transfusion medicine the blood donor center also under the supervision of physician who may be a transfusion medicine specialist is the facility to collect the blood.

Blood bag leader in India

“Terumo penpol”

The thiruvananthpuram based “TERUMOPENPOL”The country largest blood bag manufacture and one of Asia largest outside japan the company, in which Japanese medical technology,terumo corp.

Journey of terumopenpol

The birth:- peninsula polymers (penpol)pvt. ltd. incorporated in 1983 was the brain child of former IAS officer C.BALGOPAL and partnering with sree chitra tirunal institute of medical science and technology.

Kerala on 26 march 1987.with ttk pharmacy as it sole sale agent.in1989 the company achieved some significant milestone like sending out its first export shipment and setting R and D department.

New horizons:- in the mid 1990`s although the Indian

economy opened up imported medical equipment still expensive. letting the winds of customer demand fill its sale penpol started export.

A partnership across boundaries:-

In 1999 penpol entered into joint venture with the multi billion dolor terumopenpol of Japan. terumo penpol took yet another step towards becoming a world leader in developing and manufacturing innovative device,equipment and accessories for blood transfusion .

Terumopenpol with an annual production of 30 million unit has become the leading manufacture of blood bag the company have 22 factories around the world and more then 19,934employees world wide.

“Packing of blood bag”

Material of the over package or any treatment to its interior surface should neither interact with the plastic of the container.

• It should be strong enough to resist damage under condition of normal handling and use.

• The bags and its tubing shall be arranged in the permanent set in over package to avoid kinking.

• Over package seal should be tamper proof.

“Labeling”

• An appropriate label area reserved for information related to the plastic container manufacturer and user (30 and70)%.

• No diffusion of the print from the label into the material of the plastic container.

• The printing on the label remain legible at the time of use.

• Any attempt to peel off the label shall result in the label being destroyed.

• Label should not separate from plastic container after removal from water.

label on over package:-

manufacture name and address and name and address of the supplier responsible .

description of the content:-

expiry date.

instruction.

Lot designation.

Label on shipping box:- manufacture name and address and address of supplier responsible.

Shortage condition.

Expiry date.

Lot designation.

Major companies manufacture/importer of blood bag in India.

• Terumo penpol

• Mitra pvt.ltd.

• Hindustan latex

• Poly medicure ltd.

• Jms.

What is fresh frozen plasma?

The fresh frozen plasma refers to the liquid portion of human blood has been frozen and preserved after a blood donation and will be used for transfusion.

Bag of cryoprecipitate?

cryoprecipitate is a concentrated blood component made from plasma usually a cloudy yellow colour.

Why would I receive cryoprecipitate:-cryoprecipitate is a source of fibrinogen .fibrinogen is vital to blood clotting.it is usually used in a treatment of patient with reduced level of or poorly functioning.fibrinour with clinical bleeding an invasive procedure.

How separated blood component from whole blood?

The collection blood is generally separated into component by one of three methods a centrifuge can be used in hard spin which separates whole blood in to “plasma and red cells” or for a soft spin which separate it into plasma coat and red blood cells and the third method is “sedimentation”. The blood simply sits overnight and the red cells plasma are separated by gravitational interactions.

“Overview of blood component and their preparations”

The whole blood which is mixture of cells. collods and crystalloids can be separated in to different blood component namely packed red cells (PRBC).

To correct coagulation deficiencies when they can be treated better with appropriate components.

A).Gravity separation:-it is a old and cheaper method to separate plasma from whole blood.

STEPS-

• The blood is collected in a double or triple bag system.

• Blood is kept hanging overnight atleast for 12 to 16 hour.

• There is clear plasma above and packed red cells below.

• Plasma thus collected is called single donor plasma and can be stored for 24 to 26 days at 4to6`c.

B).Low speed refrigerated centrifugation:-

It is used for preparing platelets rich plasma.

C). High speed refrigerated centrifugation:-

It is used for preparing platelets concentrate,fresh frozen plasma(FFP)AND CRYOPRECIPITATE.

BLOOD PRODUCT`S

PRODUCT`S DISCRIPTIONS

Mostly common type of blood

Cells product for transfusion.

Help the body get rid of carbon RED BLOOD CELLS. Dioxide.

Used to increase the oxygen

Carrying capacity of blood.

Expands blood volume and

Provide clotting factors.

Contain no RBC`S and it is liquid

Fresh frozen plasma Has protein.

1 unit of ffp increase level of

Any clotting factor by 2-3%

Help in blood clotting process.

platelets

Replace platelet in client with

Bleeding disorder.

whole blood Not commonly use except for

Extreme cases of auto hemorange