Module 8 - Community Participaton Revised Dec 19

Module 8Community ParticipationIntroduction

In this module, women’s knowledge of their being part of “women,” will be strengthened. They will realize the importance of organizing themselves in relation to their involvement in community activities. They will have an opportunity to understand the essence of a community and the importance of community participation. This will create a venue for the women to relate and interact with other women and be analytical in identifying community problems, their causes, and the possible solutions. They will be able to discuss and initiate actions on issues that affect them as a marginalized sector. The module ultimately aims to organize and mobilize women to become productive members of their community.

Module Objectives

The module aims to:

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1. Create a venue where the participants will be able to connect with other women as part of a “marginalized sector” in society;

2. Tap, organize and strengthen the women’s group;

3. Stir the women to participate in community activities and have a stake in community development.

4. Engage the participants in problem analysis;

5. Guide the participants to prepare a plan or project proposal addressing the problems in their community.

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Table of Contents

Topic Page

Session Flow 5Session 1:“Women” as a Marginalized Sector 9Session 2:Tapping, Organizing and Strengthening Women’s Group 14Session 3:Introduction to Community Development

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Session 4:Problem Analysis 29Session 5:Community Project Planning 37Session 6:Community-Based Assessment 47Annex A:The Marginalized Sectors 49Annex B:

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Topic Page

The Need for a Cooperative Behavior

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Annex C:Constitution and By-Laws of Kalipunan ng Liping Pilipina (KALIPI) Women’s Federation

53

Annex D:Organizations/Institutions Interacting in the Community 78Annex E:Quotations Related to Community Development 81Annex F:Community Development Principles 84Annex G:Problem Tree Analysis 86Annex H:Project and Project Cycle 88Annex I:Project Planning 91

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Session Flow

Topics Methodology

Materials Needed

Time Allotment

Session 1:Women as a Marginalized Sector

Activity 1:Workshop on “Who are the Women”

Lecture-Discussion

handouts,Powerpoint, LCD, laptop, chalk, whiteboard marker,newsprint with 1/3 part collage of women pictures on the upper part, pentel pens, masking tape

1 hour

Session 2:Tapping,

Activity 1:Sharing on Leadership

handouts,Powerpoint, LCD,

1.5 hours

5

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0WTbx_OErtMH1kA0yGjzbkF/SIG=127eugemm/EXP=1287414862/**http%3A/seasidecheftoys.com/images/cartoons/wave.jpg

Topics Methodology

Materials Needed

Time Allotment

Organizing and Strengthening Women’s Group

/ Membership in Various Organizations

Lecture-Discussion

Election of Officers

Formation of Committees

Conduct of Organizational Meeting

laptop, chalk, whiteboard marker

Session 3:Introduction to Community Development

Activity 1: Workshop on the Vision of a Developed Community

handouts,Powerpoint, LCD, laptop, chalk, whiteboard markerpentel pens,

1.5 hours

6

Topics Methodology

Materials Needed

Time Allotment

Lecture-Discussion

Activity 2: Sharing on the Institutions Involved in Community Development

Activity 3:Reflection on Quotations on Community Development

Lecture-Discussion

crayons, old magazines, newsprint

Session 4:Problem Analysis

Activity 1 : Problem Analysis Exercise

handouts,Powerpoint, LCD, laptop, chalk,

1.5 hours

7

Topics Methodology

Materials Needed

Time Allotment

Lecture-Discussion

whiteboard marker,newsprint, pentel pens, masking tape

Session 5:Community Project Planning

Activity 1: Sharing on Project Development Cycle

Lecture-Discussion

Activity 2: Action Planning

handouts,Powerpoint, LCD, laptop, chalk, whiteboard marker

1.5 hours

Session 6:Community-Based Assessment

Workshop

Plenary Discussion

handouts,Powerpoint, LCD, laptop, chalk, whiteboard marker newsprint, pentel pens, masking tape

1 hour

Gearing for Social Action: Manual for the Formation Course of the Civic Welfare Training Service of the

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Center for Social Concerns and Action (COSCA) of De La Salle University, authored by Pedro Carlos R. Baclagon is used as a major reference for this module.

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SESSION 1“WOMEN” AS A MARGINALIZED

SECTOR

Introduction

This module will bring us back again to the real situation of women in the society to serve an eye opener and relate it with the thrust of working together in the community to the empowerment of women in the society.

Module Objectives

At the end of the session the participants should be able to:

1. Understand the situation of women as marginalized sector.

Estimated time

1 Hour

Methodology

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Workshop Lecture/discussion

Materials

Handouts Powerpoint, LCD, laptop Chalk, Whiteboard marker Newsprints Pentel pen Masking tape

Procedure

Activity 1: Workshop on “Who are the Women?”

1. Refresh the memory of the participants by relating this session with their awareness of themselves as women during the session on Self-Discovery as contained in the Self-Enhancement Module as well as the situation of women as part of the Gender Sensitivity Session.

2. Post on the board the earlier prepared newsprint with cut-out pictures depicting the situation of women.

3. Introduce the activity by saying that the session will enable them to learn more about women as a sector.

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4. Inform them that their thoughts and ideas are valuable so they are being asked what they think of when they hear the word “women.” They can look at the pictures pasted on the newsprint to stimulate their mind. They can also think based on their own experience or what they have observed around.

5. Encourage them to think of words/phrases that will describe women.

6. Ask them to take turns to write those words in the newsprint where pictures of women are pasted using the available pentel pens.

7. Discuss the situationer on women based on what has been written on the newsprint. Expound on the ideas shared that show women as a marginalized sector.

Processing

1. Ask the participants the following questions:

a. Affective Level

While you are undergoing the activity, what was your reaction?

b. Cognitive Level12

?!

What did you learn from the exercise? 2. Synthesize the responses and proceed to the

discussion of the Key Learning Points.

Key Learning Points

1. “Marginalized” means having a lower, unimportant and powerless position in society. Marginalized women are those who have experienced to be abused sexually, physically, emotionally, psychologically and economically. They do not have or lack access to basic social services.

2. Women are considered one of the marginalized sectors along with farmers, fishermen, indigenous people, urban poor, laborers and children. Refer to Annex A (The Marginalized Sectors).

Application

For the participants to:

a. Re-think of the other situation of women in the community that continue to be the source of inequality and discrimination of women in the society

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Synthesis

Women continue to be the marginalized group in the society; they have lower positions, look at unimportant and powerless. They are often abused sexually, physically, emotionally, psychologically and economically.

Note to the Facilitator

Always stress the connection of one session to the other and the connection of one module to the other.

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SESSION 2 TAPPING, ORGANIZING

AND STRENGTHENING WOMEN’S GROUP

Introduction

Women’s group is beginning to emerge in a society and a various activities are undertaken to achieve the goal of empowering women. This session will highlight the importance of having a group and on how to establish a group of women in a community.

Session Objectives

At the end of the session, the participants should be able to:

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1. Enumerate their membership and official posts in various organizations;

2. Organize themselves if they have no formal organization yet;

3. Strengthen their organization, if they already have one; and

4. Join Kalipunan ng Liping Pilipina (KALIPI) if their group is not linked to it yet.

Estimated time

1 Hour and 30 Minutes

Methodology

Group sharing Lecture/Discussion Simulation Exercise

Materials

Handouts Powerpoint, LCD, Laptop

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Chalk, Whiteboard marker

Procedure

Activity 1: Sharing on Membership/Leadership in Various Organizations

1. Relate this activity with a workshop titled “Identification of Responsibilities of Officers and Members” as contained in the Leadership Module, which precede the Community Participation Module.

2. Ask the participants to enumerate their membership and leadership posts in various types of organizations, e.g. family, church, school, civic groups, etc.

3. Write their responses on the board.

4. Tell the participants, that if they do not have a formal women’s group yet, that it is high time for

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them to organize themselves especially after learning more about the women sector.

5. Encourage them to be part of “Kalipunan ng Liping Pilipina” (KALIPI), the official organized women’s group of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

6. Synthesize the responses and proceed to the discussion of the Key Learning Point.

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Key Learning Points

1. Having an organized group will make it easier for women to be tapped in community activities and even in solving community problems.

2. Emphasize the need for cooperative behavior. Focus on the six main principles that a work team must consider in order to ensure effective group cooperation and performance. Refer to Annex B (The Need for a Cooperative Behavior).

3. Group work is not just a matter of different people getting together in order to perform certain tasks. One has to take into consideration such interpersonal factors as the attitude of the members towards their group leader and towards each other; the attitude of the group leader towards his/her subordinates; the personality of each group member, and so on. If these factors are ignored or neglected, the spirit of cooperation within the group becomes weak and thus, the group becomes ineffective in doing their work.

4. The following should be considered to ensure effective group cooperation and performance:

a. A person’s overall self-esteem is greatly influenced by his/her work team.

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b. Most people want to be accepted in and have smooth relationships with at least one member of the small groups to which they belong.

c. A group cannot achieve maximum effectiveness if the leader always has to perform all the leadership and maintenance functions.

d. If the group members are discouraged from expressing their feelings towards each other, problem solving, personal growth, and even job satisfaction will be negatively affected.

e. Very often, a member’s level of interpersonal trust, support and cooperation within his/her work team is lower than it should be.

f. Problems of wrong attitude and work motivation within the group should be solved by changing the nature of the members’ interpersonal relationships towards each other.

5. The organizational meeting shall consist of the following:

a. Objective Setting – what the group aims to achieve

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b. Setting Criteria for Membership - what are the qualifications of women for membership in their organization

c. Election of Officers – nomination and election of president, vice president, treasurer and secretary

d. Identifying the committee and assigning of committee members

e. Choosing the name of the organization

Application

The participants to:

1. Elect their officers to organize themselves formally.

2. Conduct an organizational meeting. Refer to Annex C (Constitution and By-Laws of KALIPI) as reference.

Synthesis

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Organizing women’s group in a community is the best mode to encourage women to become more active in the community affairs as well as in eliciting their active participation to improve their situations in the society.

Women’s group need to have a clear set of objectives, with specific criteria to become a member, must have a set of officers and committees and together they will set their goals and functions. Effective group cooperation and performance to work together for the empowerment of women should be the main goal above all for any women’s organization.

SESSION 3 INTRODUCTION

TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

This session will aim to discuss what is community development and what is the role of women and how they can be involved in the process of achieving community development. This session will also give an overview of the different principles of community development.

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Session Objectives


1. Create vision of what is a developed community;

2. Identify the institutions involved in community development;

3. Enumerate the community development principles; and

4. Situate the role of women in attaining community development.

Estimated time 1 Hour and 30 minutes

Methodology

Workshop Lecture/Discussion Group sharing and Reflection

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Materials

Handouts Powerpoint, LCD, Laptop Chalk, Whiteboard marker Pentel pens Crayons Magazines

Procedure

Activity 1: Workshop: What is a Vision of a Developed Community

Tell the participants that they have 30 minutes to do the workshop.

Divide the participants into group of five members.

Distribute newsprint, old magazines, crayons, pentel pens and glue.

Ask them to cut out pictures and words/phrases that will depict their vision of a developed community and make a collage.

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Ask the groups to select their representatives who will report their outputs.

Write and organize the key words of the report on the board using the matrix below:

Vision of a Developed CommunityComponents of the

CommunityAspects in the Community

e.g. people, resources, roads, etc.

e.g. economic prosperity, freedom, cultural development, etc.

1. Present the summary and request a participant to put together all that has been said and reflected in the matrix to come up with a vision of a developed community. Get the consensus of the participants.

.2. Request the “secretary” of the group to record

the vision of a developed community as agreed upon by the group as a reference in the forthcoming sessions.

3. Synthesize the results of the presentation and proceed to the discussion of the Key Learning Points.

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?!

Processing


b. Affective Level

While you are doing the exercise, what was your reaction?

c. Cognitive Level

What did you learn from the exercise?

2. Synthesize the responses and proceed to the discussion of the Key Learning Points.

Key Learning Points

1. A community is a group of people with a common bond, sharing common interests, having the same plight, and living independently within a contagious locality.

2. Development is a process which all people are actively and meaningfully involved in ensuring that their collective, social, economic, political, cultural, spiritual and physical well-being.

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3. Community development is a process by which a group of people act collectively towards ensuring the whole well-being of each member.

Procedure

Activity 2: Sharing on The Institutions Involved in Community Development

1. Tell the participants that the vision of a developed community will only be achieved through the cooperation of stakeholders (institutions/ organizations) in the community.

2. Ask the participants to name the institutions/organizations in the community that contribute in the attainment of community development. Also ask them to enumerate the possible services offered by these institutions/organizations.



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Key Learning Points

1. There are various institutions/organizations in the community that interact in the community. Refer to Annex D (Organizations/Institutions Interacting in the Community).

2. The following can be tapped to assist in community development: government organizations (GO), business organizations, Non-Government Organizations (NGO), educational institutions, church and church-related institutions, and People’s Organizations (PO).

Procedure

Activity 3: Reflection on Quotations on Community Development

1. Post quotations of prominent people in history in the room that are relevant to community development Refer to Annex E (Quotations Related to Community Development).

2. Ask selected participants to select a quotation and explain what they understand from it.

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3. Write the key words on the board.


Key Learning Points

1. Community development is a process that should be undertaken based on the principles of empowerment, equitability, sustainability, holistic and integrative, and cultural sensitivity and gender-fairness. Refer to Annex F (Community Development Principles).

Application

Participants to group themselves into triad and to brainstorm on the possible roles of women in community development and to specify possible involvement that they can commit when they go back to their respective communities.

Synthesis

Community development is a process by which a group of people act collectively towards ensuring the whole

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well-being of each member in the community. Different people and organizations work towards the achievement of community development based on the principles of empowerment, equitability, sustainability, holistic and integrative, and cultural sensitivity and gender-fairness.

SESSION 4 PROBLEM ANALYSIS

Introduction

Engagement of the people in analyzing the problems in the community is the first step towards achieving a participatory action and effort in developing the community. This session will provide women an opportunity to realize the causes and effects of community problems.

Session Objectives


1. Engage in problem analysis;

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2. Identify the causes and effects of community problems;

3. Identify specific contributions, activities, resources or opportunities in solving the identified problems; and

4. Rank the problems to be addressed based on urgency.

Estimated time

1 Hour

Methodology

Workshop Lecture/Discussion

Materials

Handouts Powerpoint, LCD, Laptop

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Chalk, Whiteboard marker Newsprint Pentel pen, masking tape

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Procedure

Activity 1: Problem Analysis Exercise

There are three ways to do problem analysis as presented in this session. The participants can use a matrix, a Problem Tree or a Venn Diagram.

Using a Matrix

1. Tell the participants that they have 20 minutes to do the exercise.

2. For the use of the matrix, divide the participants into small groups of five members.

3. Ask the participants identify their leader and a reporter.

4. Engage them in problem analysis through the identification of problems that they observe in their community, ponder on their causes and effects, and come up with recommendations to solve the problems using the sample below:

Problem

Causes Effects Recommendations

Example: ______

Lack of safe drinking

Poor academic performa

Parents Class/Public health lectures

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Problem

Causes Effects Recommendations

number of children suffered from diarrhea

water

Poor sanitation

Improper food handling

Lack of awareness on proper nutrition

Poor health of pregnant or lactating mother

Inaccessible health services

nce

Poor school attendance

Increase mortality rate

Additional expenses for the family

(Environmental Sanitation, other modules)

Regular visits of health officers in the barangay.

5. Ask the reporters to present their group outputs.

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6. Keep a copy of the matrix of identified problems as reference for future sessions.

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Problem Tree Analysis

1. For the details on Problem Tree Analysis, refer to Annex G (Problem Tree Analysis).

Venn Diagram

1. Tell the participants to determine the available internal and external resources in addressing the identified problems.

2. Teach the participants how to prepare a Venn Diagram by doing the following steps:

a. Ask each group to list all the existing organizations in their community that they believe can help in addressing their identified problems.

b. Draw a circle in the middle of a newsprint symbolizing their community.

c. Add other circles for the organizations they identified.

d. The distance of each circle from the main circle should symbolize the frequency of contacts and the extent to which they can provide assistance.

3. Ask the groups to present their outputs.

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Updating the Matrix1. Instruct the participants to go back to the matrix

they used earlier (in case they also used the matrix for this exercise) and put another column where they can indicate the responsible person or agency which can help address the problems based on the result of their Venn Diagram.

Problem

Causes

Effects

Recommendations

Responsible Person or Agency

Synthesize the results of the presentation and proceed to the discussion of the Key Learning Points.

Processing


a. Affective Level

While you are doing the exercise, what was your reaction?

b. Cognitive Level

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?!

What did you learn from the exercise?


Key Learning Points

1. There are available tools in problem analysis that can be used depending on the assessment of the facilitator that will be more suited to the participants.

2. Refer to Annex G for additional information.

Application

For the participants to:1. Analyze community problems using the

different tools from the session.

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Synthesis

Conducting problem analysis in the community led people to have a common understanding of the situations in the community. In analyzing the problems in the community, the causes and their effects should be clearly specified and from it specific recommendations can be brainstormed. Analyzing the problems together, help elicit a common understanding and insights on how people can work together towards solving the problems in the community.


To maximize the use of problem analysis, the participants coming from the same barangay should be assigned in the same group.

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SESSION 5 COMMUNITY PROJECT PLANNING

Introduction

Upon review and analysis of the problems in the community, visioning follows and the preparation of project plans. This session will aim women to be involved in the process of project identification and selection in responding to the problems in the community.

Session Objectives


1. Explain the project development concepts;

2. Review the identified community problems and the vision for the community in preparation for project planning;

3. Engage in project identification and selection, and identify specific project in response to an identified problem which the group can undertake;

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4. Prepare a project proposal or plan of action for six months, that will address the identified problems;

5. Implement identified project(s) based on the prepared action plan.

Estimated time

1 hour and 30 minutes

Methodology

Group sharing Lecture/Discussion Workshop

Materials

Handouts Powerpoint, LCD, Laptop Chalk, Whiteboard marker Newsprint Pentel pens Masking tape

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Procedure

Activity 1: Sharing on Project Development Concepts

1. Ask the participants what they understand about project and project cycle.


3. Link the discussion and the inputs with the identified problems and the vision of the developed community in the past sessions.


Key Learning Points

1. A project is a set of interrelated activities undertaken by a group of people within a specific period to achieve the objectives defined by a group. Refer to Annex 1 (Project and Project Cycle).

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2. Each project undergoes a cyclical process called project cycle:

a. Situational analysis

b. Generation of project ideas

c. Project selection

d. Project planning/preparation of proposal

e. Fund sourcing/project appraisal and preparations

f. Project implementation and monitoring.

3. A project can lead to a new project at any stage of the project cycle.

4. Community projects can only be effective if they follow some guiding principles like being participative, gender-sensitive, community-based, sustainable and learning-oriented. The principles of community projects are consistent with the community development principles that of being empowering (participative), sustainable and gender-fair.

5. Project Planning is a discipline for stating how to complete a project within a certain timeframe, usually with defined stages, and with designated

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resources. Project planning divides the activity into: Refer to Annex J (Project Planning).

a. Setting goals/objectives (these should be measurable)

b. Identifying deliverablesc. Planning the scheduled. Making supporting plans

6. The project proposal shall include the following information:

a. Problem Statement What is the situation in the community?

(provide a short context) What are the problems in the community? What are the development challenges faced

by the community? How does the problem affect the

community? (explain the causes and effects through actual, concrete felt conditions)

b. Proposed Solution

What are the proposed solutions to address the problems identified?

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Formulate the solutions by using objective statements.

Note that most problems require multiple solutions. Explain each solution component through the following matrix:

Problem/ Development Challenge

Solution/ Component

How will this address the problem?

What are the projected benefits? To Whom?

What are the projected cost(s)? Where will these be sourced?

7. Implementation Arrangements

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a. How will this proposal be implemented?

What are the key activities to implement this project?

What is/are the organizational arrangement(s) for implementation? (Who will implement this?)

Project ObjectiveActiviti

esExpected Output

Person Responsib

le

Deadline/ Timeframe

Resources Required

Procedure

Activity 2: Action Planning

1. Tell the participants that they have 30 minutes to do the activity.

2. Divide the participants into groups of five members.

3. Be ready to share with the groups the vision of a developed community and the matrix of identified

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community problems which were discussed in the previous sessions.

4. Instruct them to prepare a six-month plan for the implementation of their identified project using this template:

Project Title

Objective

Specific

Activities

Time

Frame

Responsible

Persons

Budgetary

Requirement

Expected

Outputs

5. Explain each column with the following inputs:

a. Objectives – statement of what the project hopes to achieve or accomplish.

b. Activities – actions necessary to meet the objectives set.

c. Time Frame – refers to the dates when specific tasks or activities will be accomplished.

d. Person Responsible – the name of the person who will carry out the activities.

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e. Budgetary/Resource Requirement – any source of aid or support, means or capabilities of any kind: an expedient action or measure.

f. Expected Outputs - what the activity hopes to accomplish.

6. Ask the groups to identify their representative

who will present their outputs.

7. Let each group present their Plan of Action for six months for comments from other groups and inputs from the facilitator.

Application

For the participants to:

1. Implement their project or action plan.

Synthesis

Project planning is necessary for women to undertake to enable them to plan well and completely the necessary preparatory activities that they should undertake. Community projects can only be effective if all members

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of the women group are involved and following the principles of participative, gender-sensitive, community-based, sustainable and learning-oriented.


The preparation of a full-blown project proposal is discussed in this session but due to time constraints, it will be best to encourage the participants to come up with just an Action Plan for six months, as their output for this module.

Encourage the participants to implement their plans. The ultimate goal of Community Participation Module is to motivate the organized group of women to contribute to community development, not only through the conceptualization of a project in response to the problems in their community/preparation of an action plan, but most importantly implementing said project or action plan.

SESSION 6

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COMMUNITY-BASED ASSESSMENT

Introduction

This session will discuss how community-based assessment of community projects undertaken by the women’s group based on the action plan they have prepared. This activity will complete the project cycle.

Session Objectives

At the end of the session, the participants should be able to:

1. Assess the implementation of their project based on the action plan prepared six months ago.

Estimated time

1 hour

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Methodology

Group sharing Lecture/Discussion Workshop

Materials

Procedure

1. Convene the participants after six month to assess their project/plan implementation.

2. Group the participants according to their project. Ask them to identify the outputs and outcome of their projects, problems encountered and their proposed solutions to the problems.

3. Ask the groups to identify their representatives who will present their group outputs.

4. The facilitator will give inputs after the presentation.

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Annex AThe Marginalized Sectors

Sector ConstraintsWomen Rights are violated

DiscriminatedAbused

Children Forced to workUneducatedLack of nutritionUnsanitary living conditionsExploited

Urban Poor

Lack of employment opportunitiesInsecure tenure Lack of shelter

Laborers Inadequate incomeUnreasonable layoffsInhuman working conditions

Indigenous People (Katutubo)

Driven out of the land of their ancestorsRidiculed for their cultureDisregarded and ignored

Small Fishermen

Limited technologySeasonality of harvestDepletion of marine resources due to dynamite fishingCompetition from commercial fishersExploitation from middlemen

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Sector ConstraintsUpland Farmers

Soil erosion (due to mining, eco-tourism) Seasonality of economic activitiesLack of capital

Landless Agricultural Workers(Sagada)

Lack of access to any productive resourceSeasonality of demand for laborVery limited economic activities

Small-Land Owner-Cultivators

High cost of farm inputs and post-harvest facilitiesDeclining fertility of the soil because of Use of chemical fertilizersLack of farm-to-market roadsExploitation from middlemen

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Baclagon, Pedro Carlos R. Gearing for Social Action: Manual for the Formation Course of the Civic Welfare Training Service. Manila: Center for Social Concern and Action (COSCA), 2003.

54

Annex BThe Need for a Cooperative Behavior

Group work is not just a matter of different people getting together in order to perform certain tasks. One has to take into consideration such interpersonal factors as the attitude of the members towards the group leader and towards each others; the attitudes of the group leader towards his/her subordinates; the personality of each group member, and so on. If these factors are ignored or neglected, the spirit of cooperation within the group becomes weak and thus, the group becomes ineffective in doing its work.

Recent findings have shown that there are things to consider in order to ensure effective group cooperation and performance.

A person’s overall self-esteem is greatly influenced by his/her work team. What goes on in one’s team affects one’s feelings of satisfaction and performance.

Most people want to be accepted in and have smooth interrelationships with at least one of the small groups to which they belong (e.g. work team, family, gang). Furthermore, most people have the inner potentials for becoming more effective in their groups and for helping these groups solve problems.

A group cannot achieve maximum effectiveness if the leader always has to perform all leadership and maintenance functions. Thus, group members must also assist in leadership functions. In order to achieve this, the leader must recognize the fact that he/she cannot do everything, and that his/her members are capable of being more effective if

55

they are given fuller participation in group activities.

If the group members are discouraged from expressing their feelings toward each other, problem solving, personal growth, and job satisfaction will be negatively affected. Members should be allowed to express their feelings. If this is done correctly, there will be greater cooperation and morale within the group.

Very often, a member’s level of interpersonal trust, support and cooperation within his/her work team is lower than it should be due to obstacles such as:– a disregard for feelings as an important factor in group cooperation– lack of problem-solving skills– a reward system that encourages members to compete rather than cooperate

Lastly, problems of wrong attitude and work motivation within the group should be solved by changing the nature of the member’s interpersonal relationships towards each other. In other words, A’s objective is not get B to perform better, but to interact effectively with B in such a way that both of them become mutually more effective.

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French, Wendell L., et al., Organization Development, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1973.

Annex CCONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

OF THE KALIPUNAN NG LIPING PILIPINA (KALIPI) WOMEN’S FEDERATION

Introduction

We, the members of the Kalipunan ng Liping Pilipina, aware of the needs to unite and rally behind issues concerning women’s welfare and development, do hereby declare the following as our binding agreements:

Article INAME, CHARACTER, NATURE

1. Name: The name of this organization shall be the Kalipunan ng Liping Pilipina (KALIPI).

2. National Office: The official office of the National KALIPI Federation shall be located at DSWD Central Office, Program Management Bureau at Batasan Complex, Quezon City.

3. Character/nature: KALIPI is a national federation of women’s organization, committed to respond to the

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need of organizing the women which genuinely promotes women’s development and empowerment through harnessing their strengths and developing their full potentials as human beings. It is non-political, non-profit, non-stock and non-sectarian.

4. Symbol: The bamboo, being a common resource of Filipinos in their daily struggle for survival and dignity, symbolizes the grass root women from whom springs the creative force that builds newer and more just societies and towards whom KALIPI programs and services are directed.

5. Seal: The official seal of the KALIPI shall be designed and approved by the members-organizations of the National KALIPI.

Article IISTATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES, BELIEFS, VALUES

1. People’s Participation: KALIPI believes in the sharing of duties, powers, benefits, privileges, involvement of the socially disadvantaged women in their own development and in all phase of decision-making.

2. Self-determination: KALIPI adheres to the principle that the need for change must come from within the hearts of the women, from their own awareness of their problems and their will to act on them.

3. Experiential Learning: KALIPI believes in learning through practice of Action-reflection of women’s experiences in collective decision-making and mobilizations, facilitates the learning and development of women in problem-solving analysis.

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4. Self-reliance: KALIPI believes that through self-reliance, the creative energy of people can be released through maximum and optimum use of local, human and material resources and capabilities.

5. Democratic Leadership: KALIPI recognizes that any organizing effort is group-centered, not leader oriented. The worker is not the leader, neither are individuals and personalities. The leaders emerge from and are tested through action. As a result, leadership, must, at all times, be accountable to the group.

6. Belief in the individual worth and dignity of women as well as their integrity.

7. Belief in the women’s capacity to change.

8. Belief in the women’s capacity to determine for themselves, their needs, their aspirations and how these could be achieved.

9. Belief in equal opportunities for women and men.

10.Belief in women’s social consciousness and responsibilities towards themselves, their families and their community.

11.Belief that most women can derive personal growth and development if provided with an environment that is both supportive and challenging.

Article IIIGOALS AND OBJECTIVES

General Objective:

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To articulate clearly the aspirations of women to fundamental reforms and changes, and work for the integration of women in the limelight of development as well as the promotion of women’s rights and equality.

Specific Objectives:

1. To tap and consolidate the organized strength of women for action towards enhancing their capacity to work for their rights and welfare.

2. To actualize each women’s potential for leadership and action.

3. To undertake resource generation campaign that can provide support to women’s organization.

4. To create, promote and support various programs, projects and mechanisms that will uplift the condition of women specially those that belong to the marginalized group-community.

5. To promote, conduct and support informative and educational activities (such as trainings, exposures, etc.) that will equip women with the consciousness, motivation and skills needed to initiate change/development.

6. To undertake networking and alliance building activities and establish relationships among local, municipal, provincial and national women’s organization to foster understanding, cooperation and solidarity on problems, issues and programs that are of women’s concern.

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7. To establish a unified scepter on the city/municipal, provincial, regional and national level that will coordinate and strengthen member organization in promoting the rights and welfare of Filipino women and in advancing the united action of women.

Article IVMEMBERSHIP

1. Membership: It is open primarily to women/women organizations organized by the DSWD or its local counterpart with the following premises:

a. Women at the barangay who are 18-59 years of age

b. Women organizations that have at least 25 members

c. Affiliate members may be accepted from organization not organized by DSWD or its instrumentalities but who subscribed to the principles, beliefs, values and objectives of the KALIPI and meets its other requirements

2. National I.D. – all members should be issued a KALIPI I.D. The DSWD Central Office through PMB will come-up with a blue print of the KALIPI ID for distribution to all field offices including ARMM for reproduction and distribution to all province, municipalities, cities and barangays.

3. Loss of membership: Memberships may be lost through resignation, non-abeyance to Constitution and By-Laws and consistent non-participation in KALIPI activities upon the decision of the General Assembly.

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4. Termination of membership: Members may be terminated through:

a. Voluntary resignation or disaffiliation, which shall be made formally in writing through the membership committee.

b. Expulsion for cause

5. Provision for outsiders: Affiliate members cannot qualify for any elective/appointive position in the KALIPI at all levels (Barangay, Municipal, Provincial, Regional and National)

Article VRIGHTS AND DUTIES

1. The rights and privileges of the members of KALIPI shall be:

a. To freely participate in all discussions, decision making, functions and activities of the federation.

b. To vote and be elected into any position of KALIPI.

c. To submit proposals, statements, appeals or complaints to the executive council of the federation.

d. To have access to KALIPI records, publications and reports.

e. To be heard in case of complaint and/or grievance.

2. The duties and responsibilities of the members shall be:

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a. To promote and carry out the objectives and aims called for by the federation.

b. To promote the unity of KALIPIc. To attend all meetings and other functions

called by the executive councild. To perform such other tasks as may be assigned

to him/her by the executive councile. To motivate and influence member

organizations on the principles, decisions and programs of the federation

f. To help in the evaluation of member organizations

g. To pay for fees and dues provided for in this by-laws

h. To participate in activities, projects and programs

i. To send duly designated representative to the General Assembly

Article VIFUNDS AND FINANCE

1. The funds of KALIPI will come from the following:

a. Membership fee of P 500.00 per regional organizations (National Level)

b. Annual dues of P 100.00/regional organizations; for lower levels depends on the agreed amount by organization/federations

c. Fund-raising activities such as popularity contest, benefit shows, dances, cultural shows, concerts and other legal means

d. Others: Donations/grants from local, national, international funding agencies

2. Purpose:

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Whatever funds will be collected in the name of the organization will be used for:

a. Administrative and operational expenses – 30%b. Support for training and educational activities –

20%c. Support for productivity/livelihood projects – 50%

3. Policies re: Use of Funds

Policies for the use of funds shall be formulated by the Committee on Finance and duly approved by the Officers before implementation.

4. Safekeeping

The funds/finance of KALIPI will be placed in a bank in the name of the federation (KALIPI). Signatories of the said account shall be the chairperson and the Head of Finance Committee or the Treasurer (National Federation).

5. Auditing and Reporting

The auditor will be the one to look into the in-flow and out-flow of the finances of the organization. This will be done semi-annually of the National Federation, quarterly at the Regional, monthly at the provincial.

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Article VIIMEETINGS, QUORUM

1. Meetings:

a. The Executive Council of the federation shall meet at least twice a year for the National; quarterly for the regional/city/provincial; monthly for the municipality

b. Special meetings on urgent issues and concerns may be called by the chairperson upon request of any member organization of the federation

2. Quorum: A simple majority (1/2 + 1) of all voting members of the federation shall constitute a quorum.

Article VIIIORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

A. Composition

LOCAL LEVEL

1. General Assembly: This includes all voting members of the organization at the local level, and will act as the highest policy making body.

2. Council of Leaders: The elected officials (chairperson, vice-chairperson, secretary, treasurer, auditor, PRP) and the head of the committees will consist the council of leaders.

3. Working Committees: There will be five (5) committees namely:

a. Training and Education Committee

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b. Committee on Membershipc. Committee on Financed. Committee on Productivity/Livelihoode. Committee on Special Concerns

The remaining members of the organization who were not elected in any post will comprise the committees to be chaired by a Committee Head.

No one from among the members can assume two functions/responsibilities at one time.

4. Adviser: If and when necessary, the organization can select or appoint an adviser.

MUNICIPAL LEVEL

1. General Assembly: This will consist of all member organizations from the barangay level, and will act as the highest policy making body.

2. Executive Committee: The executive committee shall consist the following:

a. Members of the council of leader in every member organization from the local level (chairperson, vice-chairperson, secretary, treasurer, auditor, PRO and committee head)

The set of officers for the Executive Committee will be chosen from among them.


a. Training and Education Committee

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b. Committee on Membershipc. Committee on Financed. Committee on Productivity/Livelihoode. Committee on Special Concerns

The remaining members of the organization who were not elected in any post will comprise the committees. A committee head chosen from among them will head it.

No one from among the members can assume two functions/responsibilities at one time. The committee head will automatically be a member of the Executive Committee.

PROVINCIAL AND REGIONAL LEVELS

1. General Assembly: This will consist of all voting members of the federation at the municipal level (for a province wide federation). The General Assembly will act as the highest policy making body.

2. Executive Council: The Executive Council will be composed of members of the executive committee at the municipal level (for a province wide federation) and executive council at the provincial level (for a region-wide federation.).

a. Chairpersonb. General Secretary Assistant Secretaryc. Treasurerd. Assistant Treasurere. Auditor

3. National Level – The National Executive Council will be composed of the following positions:

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a. Chairpersonb. b.1 Vice-Chairperson – Luzon

b.2 Vice-Chairperson – Visayasb.3 Vice-Chairperson – Mindanao

c. Secretary Generald. Assistant Secretarye. Treasurerf. Assistant Treasurerg. Auditor

h. PRO - Luzon - Visayas - Mindanao

i. Committee Heads


a. Training and Education Committeeb. Committee on Membershipc. Committee on Financed. Committee on Productivity/Livelihoode. Committee on Special Concerns

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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

LOCAL LEVEL

MUNICIPAL LEVEL

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GA

AdviserCouncil of Leaders

ChairpersonVice ChairpersonTreasurerAuditorPROHead of Committees

Training & Education Committee

Membership

Committee

FinanceCommittee

Committee on

Productivity/

Livelihood

Committee on Special Concerns

PROVINCIAL AND REGIONAL LEVEL

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GA

Executive Committee

ChairpersonVice ChairpersonSecretaryTreasurerAuditorPROCommittee Head (to be chosen from the council of leaders of different barangay level organizations)

Training & Education Committee

Membership Committee

Finance Committee

Committee on

Productivity/ Livelihood

Committee on Special Concerns

GA

NATIONAL LEVEL

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Executive Council

ChairpersonGeneral SecretaryAsst. SecretaryTreasurerCommittee HeadAuditor

Training & Education Committe

e

Membership Committee

Finance Committee

Committee on


Committee on Special

Concerns

GAChairpersonVice Chairperson – Luzon, Visayas and MindanaoSecretary GeneralAsst. SecretaryTreasurerAsst. TreasurerAuditorPRO – Luzon, Visayas and MindanaoCommittee Heads

B. Functions:

General Assembly

1. To formulate policies and guidelines for the operation of the organization/federation

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Executive Council

Training & Education Committe

e

Membership

Committee

Finance Committee

Committee on


Committee on Special

Concerns

2. To formulate the programs of the organization/federation

3. To approve the organization’s annual budget and statement of accounts

4. To propose and ratify amendments to the by-laws

5. To elect the officers of the organizations

6. To form committees necessary in facilitating the organizations programs and functions

7. To receive, study and approve reports of the organization/federation

8. To appoint and approve the Head of each committee

Council of Leaders

1. Chairperson:

a. Calls and facilitate meetingsb. Signs all documents pertinent to the

organizationc. Manage/coordinate the operation of the

organization and see to it the laws, plans and programs are implemented

d. Represents the organization to official businesses

2. Vice-Chairperson:

a. Performs all other duties of the President, when he/she is not around

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b. Act as officer for external affairs of the organization

3. Secretary:

a. Take down notes/document all matters discussed in meeting

b. Keep a complete record of all documents pertinent to the organization (e.g minutes of meetings, list of numbers, etc.)

c. Signs all documents pertinent to the organizationd. Prepare and gives all notices of meetingse. Turn over all documents (pertinent to the

organization) that are in his/her safekeeping

4. Treasurer:

a. Manage the in-flow and out-flow of finances of the organization

b. Prepare the financial report of the organizationc. Keep a complete record of all money transactions

including the receiptsd. Coordinate with the activities and programs of the

Finance Committeee. Take charge of the safe keeping of funds/moneyf. Disburse funds/money if necessary, upon the

request of the President and with the approval of the Leaders

5. Auditor:

a. Conducts audit of the finances of the organizationb. Prepare financial report based on the results of the

auditc. Gives suggestions and recommendations on hoe to

improve the financial management of the organization

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6. PRO:

a. Send messages to and from the organization and keep the members informed re: meetings, activities, etc.

b. Helps the secretary in giving out the notice of meetings, trainings, etc.

7. Adviser:

a. Advices and guides the operation of the organization

b. Intervenes in times of troubles, dispute, disagreement or when there is a hot issue being decided upon

8. Committee Head:

a. Acts as the liaison officer of the he/she represents

b. Attends leaders meetingsc. Give feedbacks on the activities of the

committeed. Leads the committee in the implementation of

its programs

Committees

1. Education Committee:

a. Plan for a continuing non-formal education of members

b. Create venues for them to apply their learning and ensures that whatever learning acquired through trainings are being applied by the members

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c. Motivates the members to participate in training, discussion groups and other capability building activities

2. Finance Committee:

a. Launch income generating activities and resource generation campaign as strategies to generate funds for the organization

b. Take-charge of the collections of membership fees, and other dues as agreed upon by all members

c. Link-up with other exerting organizations and/or institution for coordination and support

3. Membership Committee:

a. Motivates/encourage/recruit new membersb. Monitor the development of each memberc. Assess the knowledge, skills and activities of each

memberd. Ensures a good relationship among members

4. Committee on Livelihood/Productivity:

a. Formulate plans on how to uplift the socio-economic condition of members

b. Coordinate with the Education Committee for possible skills training and capability building activities

c. Spearhead the implementation of projectsd. Supervise and monitor the implementation of

projects and/or programe. Conduct project on program evaluationf. Prepares report based on the result of the

evaluation

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Executive Committees:

The function of the executive committee is similar to that of the council of leaders.

Executive Council:

The Executive council shall make decisions in between council meeting based on the decisions of KALIPI and shall be composed of a Chairperson, Secretary-General, Assistant Secretary, Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer and Auditor.

1. Chairperson:

a. To preside at all meetings of the council b. To officially represent KALIPI in meetings,

dialogues and the like, with other organizations and forums

c. To perform such other functions as may be designated to him/her by the council

d. In his/her absence, the chairperson may delegate any member of the council to act in the capacity of the chairperson

2. Vice-Chairperson:

a. Perform the duties of the chairperson in case she is incapable to perform her functions as such

b. Oversee the external affairs of the organization in their area of jurisdiction

c. Perform other functions that may be assigned to them by the Executive Council or the General Assembly

3. Secretary General and Assistant Secretary:

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a. The two shall work together and assume the following functions:

b. The General Secretary shall be responsible for the over-all implementation of the decisions of the council.

c. To supervise the day to day operations of the organization of the organization

d. To certify the minutes of all meetings and functions of the committee

e. To send official communications, notices of meetings, copies of the agenda of all meetings and consultations of the council

4. Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer:

The two shall work together and assume the following functions:

a. The treasurer shall be primarily responsible for raising and taking care of resources

b. To receive funds on behalf of the organizationc. To prepare the financial reportsd. To receive financial reports of member organizatione. To disburse funds as per KALIPI budget and

council’s decision

5. Functions of other officers, refer to Council of Leaders functions:

C. Tenure:

All officers of the executive council, executive committee, council of leaders, shall have a tenure of two (2)

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years and may be re-elected for a maximum of three consecutive terms.

D. Election:

The elected officers constituting the council of leaders, Executive committee and Executive council will head the organization. All qualified members through secret balloting will elect the officers.

E. Criteria for Selecting a Leader:

1. Can perform the duties and responsibilities assigned to him/her truthfully and efficiently

2. Know how to relate with people, easy to get along with3. Observes discipline and can exercises discipline over

the members4. Has a word of honor5. Believes and rally behind the principles and objectives

of the organization6. Has credibility7. Can devote time for the organization8. Willing to serve the organization and the people

F. Vacancies:

If a position is vacated due to voluntary resignation, expulsion by cause, or incapacity to continue his/her service due to sickness or ill health, the Council of Leaders/Executive Committee/Executive Council if there’s a quorum can select through election, the person that will assume the responsibilities that go with the vacant position.

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Article IXMEETINGS

1. The Council of Leaders shall meet every quarterly in preparation for the General Assembly meeting and GA shall be held once a year.

2. The Executive Committee shall meet quarterly.

3. The Executive Council meeting is scheduled on a quarterly basis or twice in a year, depending on the preference of the members.

4. However, the chairperson may call specific meetings on urgent issues and concerns.

Article XDISSOLUTION

The Executive Council shall have full powers to decide on the dissolution of KALIPI and the use of its assets.

Article XAMENDMENTS

Any member of the Executive Council may propose amendments to the by-laws. The proposed amendments shall be ratified by 2/3 votes of the members present during its regular meetings or in a special meeting called for the purpose.

Article XI

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EFFECTIVITY

This by-law shall take effect immediately upon approval of KALIPI.

Adopted this ______ day of ________ at the ____________ by the affirmative vote of the members and by a majority vote of the Trustees and its Officers at a special meeting duly held for the purpose:

______________________ ____________________

______________________ ____________________

______________________ ____________________

______________________ ____________________

Annex DOrganizations/Institutions Interacting in the Community

Organizatio Functions

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ns/ InstitutionsGovernment Organizations

Composed of local government units and national government agencies.

LGUS - offices in charge of administration of the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays

NGAs - departments/offices directly under the President; e.g., Department of Finance, Department of Agriculture, etc.

Business Organizations

Established to generate profits for the owners or investors

Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)

Non-profit organizations directly serving the marginalized sectors, usually through:

Community Organizing -Enjoining people to unite and act together (get organized)

Advocacy and Networking - Fighting/promoting the rights and interests of the marginalized. Forging ties with other organizations that or people who can help the marginalized

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Education/Formation -Raising awareness/consciousness of people about the issues affecting them

Enhancing the people's capability to perform tasks they need to change their conditions through formal/informal training

Transforming attitudes through values formation

Support to Socio-Economic Project - Provision of capital and/or other resources that the marginalized can use to undertaken alternative livelihood projects or establish basic servicesResearch and Documentation -Generation of information that will provide better understanding of conditions marginalized and the alternative courses of action that may be implemented to transform their situation

Documentation of experiences about working with the marginalized so that good experiences can be replicated and

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bad ones can be avoided. Educational Institutions

Organizations engaged in providing formal elementary, secondary (high school), tertiary (college), and/or post-graduate formal educationMay be private (business), public (government owned), or mixed (semi-private)

Church and Church-Related Institutions

Church institutions are established to provide venues for people to exercise their faith/religion

Church-related organizations are those established by the churches to perform educational, charitable, and community development functions

People’s Organizations (POs)

Are organizations composed of people from the marginalized sectors established to protect the rights and promote the interests of its members.

All members have equal opportunity in decision-making

POs should act independently from other organizations

Baclagon, Pedro Carlos R. Gearing for Social Action: Manual for the Formation Course of the Civic Welfare

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Training Service. Manila: Center for Social Concern and Action (COSCA), 2003.

Annex EQuotations Related to Community Development

“Ang babae ay huwag mong tingnang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuwang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong buhay; gamitin mo nang buong pagpipitagan ang kanyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuharan at nag-iwi sa iyong kasanggulan.”

Emilio Jacinto Kartilya ng Katipunan

"Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao'y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa'y hihigtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda...; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.”

Emilio Jacinto Kartilya ng Katipunan

"Go with the people:

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Live with them. Learn from them. Love them. Start with what they know. Build with what they have."

- Lao Tzu

"Development brings freedom, provided it is development of people. But people cannot be developed [by others]; they can only develop themselves. For while it is possible for an outsider to build a person's house, an outsider cannot give the person pride and self-confidence in themselves as human beings. Those [are] things people have to create in themselves by their own actions. They develop themselves by making their own decisions, by increasing their own knowledge and ability and by their own full participation -- as equals -- in the life of the community they live in …"

Julius K. Nyerere

"Mainstream economists and politicians have long been criticized for concentrating on economic growth in ways that ignore humanity and the environmental costs. Perhaps one of the harshest ironies is how food and farm products flow from areas of hunger and need, to areas where money and demand is concentrated. Farm workers, and women especially, are amongst the worlds' most hungry …

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We cannot take the environment for granted. Humanity has a responsibility not only to each other, but to the environment as well -- as the environment has long sustained us and can only continue to do so if we do not destroy it."

Anup Shah

"If you see a baby drowning, you jump in to save it; and if you see a second and a third, you do the same. Soon you are so busy saving drowning babies you never look up to see there is someone there throwing babies in the river."

Wayne Ellwood


Annex FCommunity Development Principles

Community development is a process that should be undertaken based on the following principles:

1. Empowerment - The process of building the capacity of men, women and children in the

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community to increase their ability to determine their future.

2. Equitable - A condition where equal access to and control of resources and services among classes, genders, ethnic groups and generation exists. It also means having just allocation and distribution of the benefits derived from these resources.

3. Sustainability - This refers to the development and management efforts that achieve a balance between resource utilization to meet current production needs and raise standards of living and resource protection, rehabilitation and enhancement to ensure that future generations will enjoy the benefits of these resources.

4. Holistic and Integrative -Recognizing that relations among people and communities are dynamic and interconnected.

5. Cultural Sensitivity and Gender-Fairness - This refers to the orientation that recognizes and respects cultural influences, diversity and gender differences. It also means promoting equality across cultures and genders.

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Annex GProblem Tree Analysis

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The Problem Tree Analysis of the causes and effects of problems

This is a technique for bringing out an analysis of the causes and effects of key problems.

It produces a visual representation of the analysis, in which the key problem under discussion resembles the

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trunk of a tree, the effects of the problem become the branches and the causes of the problem become the roots.

Institutional Capacity Development for Sustainable Aquaculture. “ICD-SA Home.”

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http://www.seafdec.org.ph/DREAM_MINI_WEB/images/problem_tree.gif (December 22, 2010)

Annex HProject and Project Cycle

What is a Project?

A Project is a set of interrelated activities undertaken by a group of people within a specific period to achieve the objectives defined by the group.

The main objective of a community project is to improve the quality of lives of the members of the community.

The Project Cycle

Each project undergoes a cyclic process as follows:

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http://www.seafdec.org.ph/DREAM_MINI_WEB/images/problem_tree.gif

http://www.seafdec.org.ph/DREAM_MINI_WEB/images/problem_tree.gif

Principles Guiding Community Projects

Community projects can only be effective if they are:

1. Participative - People in the community should be involved in all stages in the project cycle because they have the right to be involved in

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SituationalAnalysis/

Evaluation

ProjectImplementati

on/Monitoring

Fund Sourcing/Project

Appraisal&

Negotiations

Generation of

Project Ideas

Project Selection

Project Planning/ Preparation of Proposals

making decisions and taking actions that affect their lives.

2. Gender Sensitive - recognizes the different needs of women and men in the community, actively involves both women and men in all stages of the project cycle, and ensures that the project benefits both women and men.

3. Community-Based - activities are sensitive to the culture and practices of the people in the community, and makes use of and develops resources and technologies available in the community.

4. Sustainable - benefits derived by the community from the project should continue and/or expand even if project implementation is over.

5. Learning-Oriented - ensures that people involved learn from project experiences.


Annex IProject Planning

Project Planning is a discipline for stating how to complete a project within a certain timeframe, usually

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with defined stages, and with designated resources. One view of project planning divides the activity into:

Setting goals/objectives (these should be measurable)

Identifying deliverables Planning the schedule Making supporting plans

Step by Step Guide in Project Planning

Step 1 Project Goals

A project is successful when the needs of the stakeholders have been met. A stakeholder is anybody directly or indirectly impacted by the project.

As a first step it is important to identify the stakeholders in your project. It is not always easy to identify the stakeholders of a project, particularly those impacted indirectly. Examples of stakeholders are:

The project sponsor The customer who receives the deliverables The users of the project outputs The project manager and project team

Once you understand who the stakeholders are, the next step is to establish their needs. The best way to do this is by conducting stakeholder interviews. Take time during the interviews to draw out the true needs that create real benefits. Often stakeholders will talk about needs that aren't relevant and don't deliver benefits. These can be recorded and set as a low priority.

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The next step once you have conducted all the interviews and have a comprehensive list of needs is to prioritise them. From the prioritized list create a set of goals that can be easily measured. A technique for doing this is to review them against the SMART principle. This way it will be easy to know when a goal has been achieved.

Once you have established a clear set of goals they should be recorded in the project plan. It can be useful to also include the needs and expectations of your stakeholders. This is the most difficult part of the planning process completed. It's time to move on and look at the project deliverables.

Step 2 Project Deliverables

Using the goals you have defined in step 1, create a list of things the project needs to deliver in order to meet those goals. Specify when and how each item must be delivered.

Add the deliverables to the project plan with an estimated delivery date. More accurate delivery dates will be established during the scheduling phase, which is next.

Step 3 Project Schedule

Create a list of tasks that need to be carried out for each deliverable identified in step 2. For each task identify the following:

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http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/smart-goals.html

The amount of effort (hours or days) required to complete the task

The resource who will carry out the task

Once you have established the amount of effort for each task, you can work out the effort required for each deliverable and an accurate delivery date. Update your deliverables section with the more accurate delivery dates. Use the project schedule to justify pursuing one of these options.

Step 4 Supporting Plans

This section deals with plans you should create as part of the planning process. These can be included directly in the plan.

Human Resource Plan

Identify by name the individuals and organizations with a leading role in the project. For each describe their roles and responsibilities on the project.

Next, describe the number and type of people needed to carryout the project. For each resource detail start dates, estimated duration and the method you will use for obtaining them. Create a single sheet containing this information.

Communications Plan

Create a document showing who needs to be kept informed about the project and how they will receive

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the information. The most common mechanism is a weekly/monthly progress report, describing how the project is performing, milestones achieved and work planned for the next period.

Risk Management Plan

Risk management is an important part of project management. Although often overlooked, it is important to identify as many risks to your project as possible and be prepared if something bad happens.

Here are some examples of common project risks:

Time and cost estimates too optimistic Customer review and feedback cycle too slow Unexpected budget cuts Unclear roles and responsibilities Stakeholder input is not sought or their needs are

not properly understood Stakeholders changing requirements after the

project has started Stakeholders adding new requirements after the

project has started Poor communication resulting in

misunderstandings, quality problems and rework Lack of resource commitment

Risks can be tracked using a simple risk log. Add each risk you have identified to your risk log and write down what you will do in the event it occurs and what you will do to prevent it from occurring. Review your risk log on a regular basis adding new risks as they occur during

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http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/10-golden-rules-of-project-risk-management.html

http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/progress-reporting.html

the life of the project. Remember, when risks are ignored they don't go away.

SearchCRM.com. “Project Planning.”http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid11_gci853989,00.html (accessed December 22, 2010).

Project SMART co.uk. “Project Planning a Step by Step Guide.” http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-planning-step-by-step.html (accessed December 22, 2010)

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http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-planning-step-by-step.html

http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-planning-step-by-step.html

http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid11_gci853989,00.html

http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid11_gci853989,00.html

Module 8 - Community Participaton Revised Dec 19

Documents

Transcript of Module 8 - Community Participaton Revised Dec 19