Grade 5: Module 2B: Unit 2: Lesson 1 Building Background ...
Module 2b - casindo.info
Transcript of Module 2b - casindo.info
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Module 2b
Biomass gasification
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Outline
Process
SOTA
Problems
Needs
Outlook
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Thermal treatment of biomass with air, steam,and/or oxygen), resulting in a combustible gas
“Staged combustion”: usually gas is producedwith the intent to burn it later
“Flaming pyrolysis”
What is gasification?
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What is gasification?
char
tars
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Catalyst
H2O (steam)
O2 (air)
COCO2
H2
Heat
Biomass permanent gases
tars
ash
tars
Heat
CO2
H2O
Combustion
O2 (air)
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Market drivers biomass gasification
1900: “town gas” – lighting, gas engine
1940: “transportation” fuel
1970-80: oil crisis, CHP, heat application (distrit heating,industrial application)
1990: awareness of climate change effect, search for highefficiency, Kyoto, policy measures, directives, etc.
1994: IGCC “targetted“ projects (limited success)
2000: CHP, co-firing, syngas, BtL, H2, chemicals
2005: Waste to Energy (WtE) or Energy from Waste (EfW)
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Advantages
Possibility to transport in pipelines
Ease of control and continuous operation
Clean combustion of gas– impurities can be removed– gas volume is smaller compared to flue gas volume– Exact required air can be mixed for optimal combustion
Gas can be used in engines/turbines withhigher efficiencies over steam devices
Gas can be used for syngas and chemicalsynthesis of fertilisers or transporation fuels
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Classification of BGP technologies
Reactor type– Fixed bed, fluid bed, staged, entrained flow
Gasification agent– air, oxygen, steam
Heat supply– Allothermal (heat transport media or heat exchangers)– Autothermal (internal partial combustion)
Reactor pressure– atmospheric, pressurized
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Classical and “new” designs
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Allotherm gasification processesproduct gas flue gas
biomass
steamair
product gas flue gas
biomass
steamair
FICFB
LT-CFB
Milena
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Gasification products
Product gas
CO, H2, CH4, CxHy
Biosyngas
CO, H2
SNG Electricity
FT diesel Methanol / DME Ammonia Hydrogen Chemical industry Electricity
hightemperaturegasification
(1200-1400°C)
BIOMASS
lowtemperaturegasification
(800-1000°C)
Two biomass-derived gases via gasification at different temperature levels:‘biosyngas’ and ‘product gas’ and their typical applications.
Source:ECN
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State of the art: heat gasifiers
Lurgi - Rüdersdorf PRM Energy – Rossano Bioneer - Finland
Many in developing countries for agricultural / food drying / industrial heat
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Commercial processes
More than “5 installed” systems:– Bioneer– Co-firing– Biomass engineering, UK– Eqtec, Spain– Xylowatt, BE– Mothermik, DE– Pyroforce, CH– Güssing concept, AT– Volund (DK, DE, Japan, Italy))– India, China (thousands, but unfavourable emissions)
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State of the art: Co-firing
Lahti – Finland
Amer – The Netherlands
Ruien – Belgium
Bottomash
Gasifier
Coal
540 °C/170 bar
Processing
Biomass
Fly ash
Pulverized coal flames
Gas flame
Natural Gas
60 MW
350 GWh/a -15 % fuel input
1850 GWh/a -80 %
360 MW
100 GWh/a -5 %
Power* 600 GWh/aDistrict Heat* 1000 GWh/a
Bottomash
Gasifier
Coal
540 °C/170 bar
Processing
BiomassBiomass
Fly ash
Pulverized coal flames
Gas flameGas flame
Natural Gas
60 MW
350 GWh/a -15 % fuel input
1850 GWh/a -80 %
360 MW
100 GWh/a -5 %
Power* 600 GWh/aDistrict Heat* 1000 GWh/a
Power* 600 GWh/aDistrict Heat* 1000 GWh/a
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State of the art: Staged gasification
Physical separation pyrolysis – gasification– DTU – Denmark (Viking)– TUV – Austria (Güssing)– TKE – Denmark– TUG – Austria– Xylowatt – Belgium– LT-CFB – Denmark– Waste to Energy gasification processes– (Choren, SVZ, …)
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State of the art: Entrained flow
Czech Republic (tar destruction)
Choren – Germany (Carbo-V)
Future Energy, (now Siemens)
Shell, Texaco: co-gasification at power stations(NUON)
Chemrec – black liquor
Schwarze Pumpe - Germany (SVZ)
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State of the art: Germany
Plants in operation in
Germany
March 2008:
Concerning plantsreported
by manufacturers and
operators, only.
© FEE. No claim for
completeness
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Tars: 160 years of trouble and not yet solved!
Recovery: • smoke and aerosol formation
• contamination with ash and char fines
Conversion: • higher temperature cracking
- cracked tars moreresistant to furthercracking
- char formationfouling
• catalytic cracking- char and fouling- deactivation: carbon deposition
entrained ash and ash vapours
C
t
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Recovery: • smoke and aerosol formation
• contamination with ash and char fines
Conversion: • higher temperature cracking
- cracked tars moreresistant to furthercracking
- char formationfouling
• catalytic cracking- char and fouling- deactivation: carbon deposition
entrained ash and ash vapours
C
t
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Main technical problems: tar
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2, Steam
Cat
Externalcatalytic
O2 Steam
Biomass
Cat
Internalcatalytic
O2 Steam
Biomass
“Physical”separation E.g.
- wet scrubbing- adsorption- centrifugation
Tar-freegasification
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2
Externalthermal
Tar conversionelimination
concepts
Steam
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2
Internalthermal
O2
O2 Steam
Biomass
Externalreverseflow
SteamO2
Biomass
Ultra highgasificationtemperature
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2, Steam
Cat
Externalcatalytic
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2, Steam
Cat
Externalcatalytic
O2 Steam
Biomass
Cat
Internalcatalytic
O2 Steam
Biomass
Cat
Internalcatalytic
O2 Steam
Biomass
“Physical”separation E.g.
- wet scrubbing- adsorption- centrifugation
O2 Steam
Biomass
“Physical”separation E.g.
- wet scrubbing- adsorption- centrifugation
Tar-freegasification
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2
Externalthermal
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2
Externalthermal
Tar conversionelimination
concepts
Steam
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2
Internalthermal Steam
O2 Steam
Biomass
O2
Internalthermal
O2
O2 Steam
Biomass
Externalreverseflow
O2
O2 Steam
Biomass
Externalreverseflow
SteamO2
Biomass
Ultra highgasificationtemperature
SteamO2
Biomass
Ultra highgasificationtemperature
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Main technical problems
Ash melting (slag formation)
Low gas heating value (power de-rating, flame stability)
Sustainable feedstock supply (characteristics, price,pretreatment, logistics, long-term contracting,standardization, quality-control)
Gas cleaning (technical/economic evaluation ofoptions)
Prime mover (unclear specs, strict emission limits)
Reliability (lack of confidence, operating experience)
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Main non-technical problems
Financial aspects– High initial investment– Limited private investments– Remuneration of CHP– Feedstock availability– Small subsidies are not stimulating
Permitting procedures & emission limits– Complex, time consuming– Unknown technology to authorities– Strict emission limits from incineration– No one common legislation
Safety, health & environment– Which directive is valid to gasification?– Guideline for safe operation and construction is needed
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Needs: advanced gas cleaning
•Heat (kilns)
•Co-firing
•Gas engines
•Gas turbines
•Stirling engines
•
• ppb
ppm
mg/m3•Heat (kilns)
•Co-firing
•Gas engines
•Gas turbines
•Stirling engines
•
Fuel cells•
Syngas
ppb
ppm
mg/m3
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Needs: feedstock and feeding
Infrastructure to ensure supply as– Quantity + Quality– Availability (price, long-term contracting)– Seasonal availability
Logistics / fuel delivery
Awareness of the HSE risks– Self-ignition– Dust explosion– Smell/odour, noise– Back-firing, gas escape from gasifier reactor
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Needs: Favourable regulations
There is no specific regulations for BGP’s– Gasification is often treated similarly to other thermal
processing technologies such as combustion orincineration, which hampers the market penetration ofsmall to medium scale BGPs
BAT does not exist in gasification– what is the benchmark?
WID, BAT, etc.:– Propose annual load (kg/yr) instead of concentration
(mg/Nm3)
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Needs: favourable emission limits
Contaminatedheterogeneous
solid fuel
Flue gas
(CO, NOx, PAH)
Exhaust gas
(CO, NOx)
Furnace
Boiler
Gasifier
Cleaning
Gas
Engine
Steam
turbine
Cleanhomogeneousgaseous fuel
Hot
flue gas
Flue gas
(CO, NOx, PAH)
Exhaust gas
(CO, NOx)
“bad” combustion
“clean” combustion
1. Difference between combustion/incineration2. Equal treatment of exhaust gas independent for fuel origin
Combustion versus gasification
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Proposed new IPPC Directive:COM (2007) 844 of 21.12.2007 Proposed new IPPC Directive (Dec. 2007) includes all
biomass gasifier plants– would subject all new BGPs to licensing in Europe in a few years– emission limit values (ELVs) to be based on best available
techniques (BAT) would become mandatory
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Emission limit values for biomassgasification in Europe
In most European states, emission limit values (ELVs)specific to biomass gasification plants with gasengines have not been defined yet
Denmark: ELVs for gas engine exhaust gas in biomassgasification plants (reference state: dry exhaust gas at STP, 5% O2)
NOx: 550 mg/m3
Uncombusted hydrocarbons,UHC: 1500 mg C/m3 (valid for 30% electrical efficiency)
CO: 3000 mg/m3
Smell: 20000 smell units/m3
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Need for Awareness of Health,Satefy & Environment hazards
Powerto Local Grid
GasUtilization
Gasifier
GasCooling
Exhaust gasto Chimney
Biomass
Agents(air, steam etc.)
Waste Water&
CondensatesCondensates
Flare
GasCleaning
Gas Engine
WasteWater
TreatmentWaste Water
to Canalisation orDisposal
Heatto District Heating
Process Automation
GeneratorHeat
Int. Demand
Dusts
Gas firedBoilers
Powerto Local Grid
GasUtilization
Gasifier
GasCooling
Exhaust gasto Chimney
Biomass
Agents(air, steam etc.)
Waste Water&
CondensatesCondensates
Flare
GasCleaning
Gas Engine
WasteWater
TreatmentWaste Water
to Canalisation orDisposal
Heatto District Heating
Process Automation
GeneratorHeat
Int. Demand
Dusts
Gas firedBoilers
www.gasification-guide.eu
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Need for Guideline on HSE hazards
1. A guideline and harmonization of regulations willhave a positive impact on the overall economics
2. Project developers, bankers, investors and insurancecompanies demand safe equipment, meaning thatHSE hazards much have been considered anddocumented properly
3. Immature products will harm the technology ingeneral and should be avoided entering the market
4. HSE hazards and RA need to be respected at alltimes irrespective the economics
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Need for Standardization
Harmonization of legislative aspects
Simplication of permitting procedures
Which directives are valid / how to interprete
Share information of common interest
Modular design, no “special gasifier” for a client
Acceptance tests, guarantee measurements
Defining “conditions” for commercial implementation
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Need for financial support
High initial investment
Limited private investments
Remuneration of CHP– Italy: 300 €/Mwhe for 15 yrs for < 1 MWe
Feedstock availability and price increase
Material prices increase (steel)
Reduce risk for ‘first-of-its-kind’
Subsidies tend to decrease
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Needs for favourable condition (1)
Leading EU BGP manufacturers that respect clientdemands for safe equipment, CE marking and riskassessment are close to full commercialisation ofsmall to medium scale biomass gasificationtechnology
Streamlining of BGP permitting procedures andharmonization of existing BGP regulations withinthe European Community is considered crucial for theaccelerated deployment of biomass gasificationplants
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Technology implemented must be mature– Proven prototype models– Long-term duration tests
Adequate infrastructure– Local manufacturing capacity– After-sale service– Training facilities– Sustainable feedstock supply
Motivated & skilled labor– Operators, Management– Incentives
Needs for favourable condition (2)
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Information & knowledge exchange– Performance, limitations, opportunities– Evaluation with competing options– Set-up monitoring program of successes in India, China
Clear regulations– Permitting procedures– Emission according to “ALARP”– Health, Safety & Environment
Sale of electricity and heat– Any legal obstacle should be removed– Long-term fixed price is prerequisite
Needs for favourable condition (3)
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Product quality must meet client specifications– Technical performance– Financial/economic performance– Operational performance– Gaining confidence
Certification– stimulation– product must meet defined quality standards
Scale-up, demonstration, replication, optimization– Economy of numbers (instead of economy of scale)– Reduced capital costs– Improvement from learning by doing
Needs for favourable condition (4)
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Do not repeat the mistakes from the past– learning by doing and not by a scientific approach
(cooperation is prefered)– too optimistic approach of the economics, efficiency and
availability, projections: 7000 hrs of operation in 1st year– no optimal cooperation of the ownership-consortium and
conflicting interests (who is responsible for what).• Manufacturer versus plant owner• Plant owner/technology supplier versus permitting authority
Needs for favourable condition (6)
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Networks are important instruments for informationexchange and identifying R&D needs
– IEA Bioenergy Task 33 Gasification (www.ieatask33.org)– ThermalNet (www.thermalnet.co.uk/)– Fördergesellschaft Erneuerbare Energien e.V. (www.fee-ev.de)
Stuttgart January 2009– International Seminars on Gasification, Swedish Gas Centre
Needs for Networking
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ho
urs
of
op
era
tio
n
gasifier
engine
Need for availability data Güssing
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Need for availability data Harboore
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Trends
Waste to Energy concepts
High temperature slagging gasifiers– Decentral waste processing / energy production in
competition with large scale incineration– Recycling of metals
Plasma gasification– More than 20 suppliers worldwide– De-central waste processing and syngas production– Inertization of bottom ashes, electronic scrap, etc.
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Trends: liquid fuels from syngas
steam
biomassgasifier secondary
converter
heat input from external combustion(e.g. part of the biomass)
MCV gas
O2
syngasFischer Tropsch liquid fuels
air
biomass
H2O gasifier
Fischer Tropschor Methanol
liquid fuelsN2 dilutedsyngas
separator
Fischer Tropsch
N2
liquid fuels
N2
oxygen
biomass
(steam) gasifiersyngas
Fischer Tropschor Methanol liquid fuels
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steam
biomassgasifier secondary
converter
heat input from external combustion(e.g. part of the biomass)
MCV gas
O2
syngasFischer Tropsch liquid fuels
air
biomass
H2O gasifier
Fischer Tropschor Methanol
liquid fuelsN2 dilutedsyngas
separator
Fischer Tropsch
N2
liquid fuels
N2
oxygen
biomass
(steam) gasifiersyngas
Fischer Tropschor Methanol liquid fuels
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Gasification at BTGPyrolysis oil gasification for syn-gas
Staged gasification of biomass for fuel gas
On-line tar measurement by PID
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Gasification at BTG
10 kWth test facility “biomass gasification in supercritical water”
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For information contact:
H.A.M. Knoef
Phone +31-53-4861190
Mobile +31-6-52560040
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
TERIMAH KASIH