Moderne Dieselmotorentechnik im Zusammenspiel mit ... · Full Service from Advanced Development to...
Transcript of Moderne Dieselmotorentechnik im Zusammenspiel mit ... · Full Service from Advanced Development to...
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Moderne
Dieselmotorentechnik
im Zusammenspiel
mit alternativen
Antrieben
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Bargende
Lehrstuhl Fahrzeugantriebe
Universität Stuttgart
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 2
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RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 3
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 4
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 5
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen
Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche
Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung
(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)
Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale
Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen
Gliederung
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Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen
Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche
Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung
(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)
Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale
Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen
Gliederung
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Bogota,
October 13, 2013
http://mikesbogotablog.blogspot.de/2013
/10/good-bye-to-bogotas-old-buses.html
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20001995 20152005 2010
US ’10 final‘07-’09 ABT
Euro VIEu VEu IVEu IIIEuro IIEu I
US ‘98US ‘94
UPS Common Rail Common RailInline Pump VE Pump
nationwide
not
regulated !under
discussion
Year
IV*Eu III*
1) Type Approval = Date of first introduction * Comparable European Standards used
Full flexible high pressure FIE (CRS) gets mandatory
Eu II*Eu I* III IV*
CN III TA reopened
CV Emission Regulations USA / EU / China
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Partikel Stickoxide
Diesel
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HDV Emission Reduction Standards (Europe)
ESC limits for big engines (Vd>0.75 l/Cyl.), ** EU VI implementation regulation 582/2011, Emission limits based on WHSC/WHTC.
Number based PM limit 6x10^11 */kWh (WHTC), 8x10^11 */kWh (WHSC)
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CV Emission Strategy Evolution (Europe)
List of Acronyms :
COP: conformity of production | CR: common rail system | DOC: Diesel oxidation catalyst | DPF: Diesel particulate fil ter | FC: fuel consumption | FIE: fuel injection equipment |
PM / PN: particulate mass / particle number | SCR: selective catalytic reduction; subscript V: Vanadia - based, subscript Z: z eolite - based | TA: type approval
EURO VI: CRS is necessary for DPF regeneration.
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
with EURO VI introduction of
WHDC
Driver
EGT System
Approach Market Share
Combustion System
Approach
FC minimization,
min. PM for DPF avoidance
FC minimization,
PN limit DPF active DPF regen.
SCR V
partly
(DOC +) SCR V
mainstream
DOC + DPF + SCR Z
100%
UIS / UIP
(CRS)
CRS
(UIS / UIP) CRS + EGR
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
Main Enabler: Pressure increase and Timing control w/ modern Fuel Injection
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
Two Pathes: A) EGR engine w/ CRS B) UPS/UIS/CRS w/ SCR
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 14
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
EU IV Application
Multiple Injection: Post Injection for Soot Reduction, Pilot Injection for Noise Reduction
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
Mainstream EU V: CRS (UPS/UIS) w/ Fuel Consumption Minimization Application & SCR
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
EU VI: CRS w/ Fuel Consumption Minimization Application & DPF / SCR
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
Active DPF Regeneration: Combination of Engine-based and post-Engine measures
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
Engine-based Heat-up Measures
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Abgasturbolader
Abgasrückführung
Abgaskrümmer
Oxi-Katalysator
Partikelfilter
ADBLUE-Tank
ADBLUE-Leitung
ADBLUE-Dosiermodul
ADBLUE-Mischer
SCR-Katalysator
NH3-Sperrkat
Auspuff-Endrohr
Actual Diesel Powertrain Modul (it‘s all about Aftertreatment)
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Two Stage Turbo Charging (smaller Engine Size w identical Power)
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Actual Diesel Powertrain Packaging
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Aftertreatment Module
Oxi-Katalysator Partikelfilter
ADBLUE-Mischer
SCR-Katalysator NH3-Sperrkat
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
In a typical EU Application very high NOx Conversion can be achieved
6 Cylinder Engine
1.3 l/Cyl.
DOC – DPF - SCR
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
6 Cylinder Engine
12.4 l
DOC – DPF - SCR
Closed DPF enables PN Reduction to meet EU VI Limits
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
Possible future
Aftertreatment
Packaging
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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations
BASF
SNG Substitute Natural Gas
Bei Pkw‘s mit =1 geregeltem
Ottomotor (Benzin, Gas) und
3-Wege Katalysator messen wir
bei betriebswarmem Motor
negative Schadstoff-
Emissionen
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RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 29
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Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 31
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 32
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 33
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 34
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 35
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen
Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche
Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung
(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)
Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale
Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen
Gliederung
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45% 41%
240
220
200
180
Effektiver Kraftstoffverbrauch [g/kWh]
800 1000 1200 1800 1400 1600 2000 2200 2400 2600
Effektiver Wirkungsgrad
http://www.powertrain.mercedes-benz.com/
OM936h
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RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 38
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen
Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche
Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung
(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)
Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale
Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen
Gliederung
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Diesel Hybrid Busses
Stuttgart Linie Bus 43 Killesberg Feuersee
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Kraftstofftank
Generator
Verbrennungsmotor
Batterie Inverter
Elektromotor
Chem. Energie
Elektr. Energie
Mech. Energie
Serial Hybrid (S-HEV):
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Structures
Verbrennungsmotor
Batterie
Kraftstofftank
Inverter
Elektromotor /
Generator
Getriebe /
Differential
Chem. Energie
Elektr. Energie
Mech. Energie
Kupplung
(optional)
K1
(Doppel)
Kupplung
K2
Parallel Hybrid (P1/P2-HEV):
Kraftstofftank
Planetengetriebe
Verbrennungsmotor
Batterie Inverter
Elektromotor
Generator
Chem. Energie
Elektr. Energie
Mech. Energie
Power Split Hybrid (PS-HEV):
Verbrennungsmotor
Batterie
Kraftstofftank
Inverter
Elektromotor /
Generator
Getriebe /
Differential
Chem. Energie
Elektr. Energie
Mech. Energie
Kupplung
(optional)
K1
(Doppel)
Kupplung
K2
Axle Hybrid (A-HEV):
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Vor- und Nachteile serieller gegenüber parallelem Hybrid
Vorteile
Bei geringerer Leistungsanforderung kleinerer
Verbrennungsmotor möglich
Kein (mehrstufiges) Getriebe erforderlich
Radnabenelektromotoren möglich
Modulares Powerpack möglich
(Dieselmotor, Gasmotor, Brennstoffzelle)
Nachteile
Bei höherer Leistungsanforderung (höhere Geschwindigkeit)
höherer Verbrauch (wegen schlechterem Wirkungsgrad)
Alle Nebenaggregate müssen elektrisch angetrieben werden
Größere Batterie erforderlich für vergleichbarem Betrieb
Höhere Batteriebelastung
6 -Zylinder 4 -Zylinder
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e
f f . W
i r
k
u
n
g
s
g
r a
d
[ %
]
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
n o r m i e r t e s D r e h m o m e n t M / M m a x [ - ]
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
Effic
ien
cy [
%]
Normalized Engine Torque M/ Mmax [-]
Gasoline, Naturally Aspirated
Natural Gas, Downsized with TC
Diesel with Turbo Charger (TC)
Max. Efficiency Electric Driving in a HEV
Where can Hybrids save fuel under steady state conditions?
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Parallel Dieselhybrid with 2 Clutches (P2 – Hybrid)
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City Bus: Driving Profile
SORT-Cycles (Standardized On-Road Test)
Promoted by the European Commission since 2004 to objectively assess bus fuel consumption
SORT-Cycles combine elementary modular trapeze
3 SORT-Cycles depending on the bus average speed: Heavy Urban, Easy Urban, Sub-Urban
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Hybrid City Bus Topology Comparison
(Heavy Urban) (Easy Urban) (Sub-Urban)
Parallel Hybrid Bus consumes less than serial for all SORT Cycles
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Hybrid City Bus Topology Comparison
Energy: Efficiency optimized Operating Strategy, NVH: 0 - 20 km/h always pure Electric Driving
(Heavy Urban) (Easy Urban) (Sub-Urban)
NVH Feature reduces the Fuel Economy Potential on SORT 1
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Hybrid City Bus Topology Comparison
Energy: Efficiency optimized Operating Strategy, NVH: 0 - 20 km/h always pure Electric Driving
(Heavy Urban) (Easy Urban) (Sub-Urban)
SORT 1: Advantages Serial Hybrid / SORT 2 & 3: Advantages Parallel Hybrid
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RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 50
Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP
Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen
Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche
Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung
(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)
Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale
Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen
Gliederung
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Greenhouse
gas standards:
-Phase 1 :
2014- 2017
-Phase 2 in disc.:
beyond 2020
Only little
differences to
EPA standards.USA
EPA
Development of fuel
consumption & CO2 testing
procedure still under
discussion. Final
regulation expected 2016.
Certification in 2017-18
Japan
USA / California
EU
Fuel consumption & CO2
requirements since 03/2010.
Phase1 took effect in 07/2012.
Limits depending on
transportation purpose.
Phase 2 is planned w/ TA07/2015
and -14% comp. to phase1.
e.g.: large trailer truck GVW 40t:
FC 40,4L/100km.
Further steps >2020 in
discussion
Fuel Economy requirem.
since 2002. New limits will
become effective in 2015. Limits
depending on
transportation purpose,
example:
large trailer truck GVW 40t:
FC ≈ 50 L/100km.
China
Greenhouse gas & fuel economy rule finalised
in August 2011.
-Phase 1 : Effective in 2014 –‘17. Separate
limits for engine & vehicle limits depending
on transportation purpose. Example: large
trailer truck GVW 40t: 6mpg fuel economy
FC ≈ 39,2 L/100km.
-Phase 2 in discussion : beyond 2020
FC reduction ≈ -26% (compared to Phase 1)
-NPRM*: Trailer regulations announced in 2015
Overview CV CO 2 /GHG Regulations – Start to spread
Most challenging Regulation in USA defined
In EU ACEA 20-20 ‘vision’ and first Regulation Draft in Preparation.
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CO2 - Sources in Germany (2012 Estimation-(2007))
Industry 20.5%
(20.5%) Households
15.9%
(15.4%)
Traffic
19%
(18.2%) Power Plants
44.6%
(45.9%)
Source: DIW / BMU
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Energieverbrauch in Deutschland 2014 (2013) in Prozent
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Braunkohle: 850 – 1200 g CO2/kWh
Strommix: 560 g CO2/kWh
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Verbrauch Wasserstoff (H2):
10 (8) kg/100km
CO2-Emissionen Diesel- versus Brennstoffzellenhybrid
Verbrauch Dieselkraftstoff:
49 l/100km
Well to Wheel:
1.43 kg CO2/km
Randbedingungen: 2.65 kg/l CO2, 10% Zuschlag Raffinerie/Transport
Randbedingungen: Braunkohle 0.85-1.2 kg/kWh CO2,
Heizwert H2: 120 MJ/kg, 52% Wirkungsgrad der H2-Produktion
Strommix:
3.6 (2.9)
kg CO2/km Well to Wheel:
5.5 – 7.7 (4.4 - 6.2) kg CO2/km
RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 56
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Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen
Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche
Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung
(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)
Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale
Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen
Gliederung
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Batterieelektrischer Bus
City Bus mit sehr kurzen Halteabständen.
Keine CO2-Reduktion erzielbar im Vergleich zum Dieselhybrid,
solange Kohlekraftwerke noch am Netz sind.
Dort wo lokale Emissionsfreiheit wegen unzureichendem
Luftaustausch zwingend ist .
Wasserstoff Brennstoffzellen Bus
City und Sub-Urban Bus.
Keine CO2-Reduktion erzielbar im Vergleich zum Dieselhybrid,
solange Kohlekraftwerke noch am Netz sind.
Lokale Emissionsfreiheit mit ausreichender Reichweite.
Als Notfall-Bus geeignet, da Kraftstoffspeicherung möglich.
Oberleitungsbus
Dort sinnvoll, wo das Profil eigentlich für Schienenverkehr
optimal ist, aber (noch) keine Schiene existiert.
Lokal emissionsfreier Betrieb.
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Serieller Dieselhybrid Bus
City Bus mit kurzen Halteabständen, niedrigen Geschwindig-
keiten und relativ niedrigen Leistungsanforderungen, aber
hohen Drehmomentanforderungen.
Auch geeignet in Kombination mit Gasmotoren.
Partiell lokal emissionsfreier Betrieb je nach Batteriegröße.
Beim deutschen Strommix sind mit Gasmotoren die niedrigsten CO2-Emissionen „well to wheel“ erzielbar
Paralleler Dieselhybrid Bus
Sub-Urban mit Umland, bei relativ hohen Geschwindigkeiten,
aber immer noch kürzeren Halteabständen.
Auch geeignet in Kombination mit Gasmotoren.
Partiell lokal emissionsfreier Betrieb je nach Batteriegröße.
Diesel Bus (Erdgas Bus)
Regional und Überlandbus mit langen Halteabständen.
Mild Hybrid zur Bremsenergierückgewinnung und Boostbetrieb
zur Geräuschreduktion beim Abfahren von der Haltestelle.
Kein lokal emissionsfreier Betrieb mit Diesel, aber sehr wohl mit
=1 geregeltem Erdgasmotor.
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Vielen Dank für die Unterstützung bei der Erstellung dieses Vortrags: