Moderne Dieselmotorentechnik im Zusammenspiel mit ... · Full Service from Advanced Development to...

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RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 1 Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP Moderne Dieselmotorentechnik im Zusammenspiel mit alternativen Antrieben Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Bargende Lehrstuhl Fahrzeugantriebe Universität Stuttgart

Transcript of Moderne Dieselmotorentechnik im Zusammenspiel mit ... · Full Service from Advanced Development to...

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 1

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Moderne

Dieselmotorentechnik

im Zusammenspiel

mit alternativen

Antrieben

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Bargende

Lehrstuhl Fahrzeugantriebe

Universität Stuttgart

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Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 3

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 4

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 5

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen

Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche

Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung

(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)

Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale

Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen

Gliederung

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 6

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen

Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche

Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung

(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)

Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale

Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen

Gliederung

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Bogota,

October 13, 2013

http://mikesbogotablog.blogspot.de/2013

/10/good-bye-to-bogotas-old-buses.html

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20001995 20152005 2010

US ’10 final‘07-’09 ABT

Euro VIEu VEu IVEu IIIEuro IIEu I

US ‘98US ‘94

UPS Common Rail Common RailInline Pump VE Pump

nationwide

not

regulated !under

discussion

Year

IV*Eu III*

1) Type Approval = Date of first introduction * Comparable European Standards used

Full flexible high pressure FIE (CRS) gets mandatory

Eu II*Eu I* III IV*

CN III TA reopened

CV Emission Regulations USA / EU / China

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Partikel Stickoxide

Diesel

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HDV Emission Reduction Standards (Europe)

ESC limits for big engines (Vd>0.75 l/Cyl.), ** EU VI implementation regulation 582/2011, Emission limits based on WHSC/WHTC.

Number based PM limit 6x10^11 */kWh (WHTC), 8x10^11 */kWh (WHSC)

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 11

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CV Emission Strategy Evolution (Europe)

List of Acronyms :

COP: conformity of production | CR: common rail system | DOC: Diesel oxidation catalyst | DPF: Diesel particulate fil ter | FC: fuel consumption | FIE: fuel injection equipment |

PM / PN: particulate mass / particle number | SCR: selective catalytic reduction; subscript V: Vanadia - based, subscript Z: z eolite - based | TA: type approval

EURO VI: CRS is necessary for DPF regeneration.

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

with EURO VI introduction of

WHDC

Driver

EGT System

Approach Market Share

Combustion System

Approach

FC minimization,

min. PM for DPF avoidance

FC minimization,

PN limit DPF active DPF regen.

SCR V

partly

(DOC +) SCR V

mainstream

DOC + DPF + SCR Z

100%

UIS / UIP

(CRS)

CRS

(UIS / UIP) CRS + EGR

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

Main Enabler: Pressure increase and Timing control w/ modern Fuel Injection

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 13

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

Two Pathes: A) EGR engine w/ CRS B) UPS/UIS/CRS w/ SCR

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 14

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 15

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

EU IV Application

Multiple Injection: Post Injection for Soot Reduction, Pilot Injection for Noise Reduction

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 16

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

Mainstream EU V: CRS (UPS/UIS) w/ Fuel Consumption Minimization Application & SCR

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 17

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

EU VI: CRS w/ Fuel Consumption Minimization Application & DPF / SCR

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 18

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

Active DPF Regeneration: Combination of Engine-based and post-Engine measures

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

Engine-based Heat-up Measures

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 20

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Abgasturbolader

Abgasrückführung

Abgaskrümmer

Oxi-Katalysator

Partikelfilter

ADBLUE-Tank

ADBLUE-Leitung

ADBLUE-Dosiermodul

ADBLUE-Mischer

SCR-Katalysator

NH3-Sperrkat

Auspuff-Endrohr

Actual Diesel Powertrain Modul (it‘s all about Aftertreatment)

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Two Stage Turbo Charging (smaller Engine Size w identical Power)

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 22

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Actual Diesel Powertrain Packaging

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Aftertreatment Module

Oxi-Katalysator Partikelfilter

ADBLUE-Mischer

SCR-Katalysator NH3-Sperrkat

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 24

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

In a typical EU Application very high NOx Conversion can be achieved

6 Cylinder Engine

1.3 l/Cyl.

DOC – DPF - SCR

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 25

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

6 Cylinder Engine

12.4 l

DOC – DPF - SCR

Closed DPF enables PN Reduction to meet EU VI Limits

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 26

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

Possible future

Aftertreatment

Packaging

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Development of Technologies to meet EU Emission Regulations

BASF

SNG Substitute Natural Gas

Bei Pkw‘s mit =1 geregeltem

Ottomotor (Benzin, Gas) und

3-Wege Katalysator messen wir

bei betriebswarmem Motor

negative Schadstoff-

Emissionen

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 28

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RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 29

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 30

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 31

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 32

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 33

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 34

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 35

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen

Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche

Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung

(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)

Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale

Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen

Gliederung

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 36

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45% 41%

240

220

200

180

Effektiver Kraftstoffverbrauch [g/kWh]

800 1000 1200 1800 1400 1600 2000 2200 2400 2600

Effektiver Wirkungsgrad

http://www.powertrain.mercedes-benz.com/

OM936h

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 37

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 38

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen

Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche

Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung

(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)

Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale

Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen

Gliederung

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 39

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Diesel Hybrid Busses

Stuttgart Linie Bus 43 Killesberg Feuersee

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 40

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Kraftstofftank

Generator

Verbrennungsmotor

Batterie Inverter

Elektromotor

Chem. Energie

Elektr. Energie

Mech. Energie

Serial Hybrid (S-HEV):

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Structures

Verbrennungsmotor

Batterie

Kraftstofftank

Inverter

Elektromotor /

Generator

Getriebe /

Differential

Chem. Energie

Elektr. Energie

Mech. Energie

Kupplung

(optional)

K1

(Doppel)

Kupplung

K2

Parallel Hybrid (P1/P2-HEV):

Kraftstofftank

Planetengetriebe

Verbrennungsmotor

Batterie Inverter

Elektromotor

Generator

Chem. Energie

Elektr. Energie

Mech. Energie

Power Split Hybrid (PS-HEV):

Verbrennungsmotor

Batterie

Kraftstofftank

Inverter

Elektromotor /

Generator

Getriebe /

Differential

Chem. Energie

Elektr. Energie

Mech. Energie

Kupplung

(optional)

K1

(Doppel)

Kupplung

K2

Axle Hybrid (A-HEV):

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 41

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Vor- und Nachteile serieller gegenüber parallelem Hybrid

Vorteile

Bei geringerer Leistungsanforderung kleinerer

Verbrennungsmotor möglich

Kein (mehrstufiges) Getriebe erforderlich

Radnabenelektromotoren möglich

Modulares Powerpack möglich

(Dieselmotor, Gasmotor, Brennstoffzelle)

Nachteile

Bei höherer Leistungsanforderung (höhere Geschwindigkeit)

höherer Verbrauch (wegen schlechterem Wirkungsgrad)

Alle Nebenaggregate müssen elektrisch angetrieben werden

Größere Batterie erforderlich für vergleichbarem Betrieb

Höhere Batteriebelastung

6 -Zylinder 4 -Zylinder

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e

f f . W

i r

k

u

n

g

s

g

r a

d

[ %

]

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

n o r m i e r t e s D r e h m o m e n t M / M m a x [ - ]

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0

Effic

ien

cy [

%]

Normalized Engine Torque M/ Mmax [-]

Gasoline, Naturally Aspirated

Natural Gas, Downsized with TC

Diesel with Turbo Charger (TC)

Max. Efficiency Electric Driving in a HEV

Where can Hybrids save fuel under steady state conditions?

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 43

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Parallel Dieselhybrid with 2 Clutches (P2 – Hybrid)

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City Bus: Driving Profile

SORT-Cycles (Standardized On-Road Test)

Promoted by the European Commission since 2004 to objectively assess bus fuel consumption

SORT-Cycles combine elementary modular trapeze

3 SORT-Cycles depending on the bus average speed: Heavy Urban, Easy Urban, Sub-Urban

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 45

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Hybrid City Bus Topology Comparison

(Heavy Urban) (Easy Urban) (Sub-Urban)

Parallel Hybrid Bus consumes less than serial for all SORT Cycles

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 46

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Hybrid City Bus Topology Comparison

Energy: Efficiency optimized Operating Strategy, NVH: 0 - 20 km/h always pure Electric Driving

(Heavy Urban) (Easy Urban) (Sub-Urban)

NVH Feature reduces the Fuel Economy Potential on SORT 1

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 47

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Hybrid City Bus Topology Comparison

Energy: Efficiency optimized Operating Strategy, NVH: 0 - 20 km/h always pure Electric Driving

(Heavy Urban) (Easy Urban) (Sub-Urban)

SORT 1: Advantages Serial Hybrid / SORT 2 & 3: Advantages Parallel Hybrid

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 48

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RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 49

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 50

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen

Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche

Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung

(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)

Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale

Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen

Gliederung

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 51

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Greenhouse

gas standards:

-Phase 1 :

2014- 2017

-Phase 2 in disc.:

beyond 2020

Only little

differences to

EPA standards.USA

EPA

Development of fuel

consumption & CO2 testing

procedure still under

discussion. Final

regulation expected 2016.

Certification in 2017-18

Japan

USA / California

EU

Fuel consumption & CO2

requirements since 03/2010.

Phase1 took effect in 07/2012.

Limits depending on

transportation purpose.

Phase 2 is planned w/ TA07/2015

and -14% comp. to phase1.

e.g.: large trailer truck GVW 40t:

FC 40,4L/100km.

Further steps >2020 in

discussion

Fuel Economy requirem.

since 2002. New limits will

become effective in 2015. Limits

depending on

transportation purpose,

example:

large trailer truck GVW 40t:

FC ≈ 50 L/100km.

China

Greenhouse gas & fuel economy rule finalised

in August 2011.

-Phase 1 : Effective in 2014 –‘17. Separate

limits for engine & vehicle limits depending

on transportation purpose. Example: large

trailer truck GVW 40t: 6mpg fuel economy

FC ≈ 39,2 L/100km.

-Phase 2 in discussion : beyond 2020

FC reduction ≈ -26% (compared to Phase 1)

-NPRM*: Trailer regulations announced in 2015

Overview CV CO 2 /GHG Regulations – Start to spread

Most challenging Regulation in USA defined

In EU ACEA 20-20 ‘vision’ and first Regulation Draft in Preparation.

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 52

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CO2 - Sources in Germany (2012 Estimation-(2007))

Industry 20.5%

(20.5%) Households

15.9%

(15.4%)

Traffic

19%

(18.2%) Power Plants

44.6%

(45.9%)

Source: DIW / BMU

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 53

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Energieverbrauch in Deutschland 2014 (2013) in Prozent

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 54

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Braunkohle: 850 – 1200 g CO2/kWh

Strommix: 560 g CO2/kWh

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 55

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Verbrauch Wasserstoff (H2):

10 (8) kg/100km

CO2-Emissionen Diesel- versus Brennstoffzellenhybrid

Verbrauch Dieselkraftstoff:

49 l/100km

Well to Wheel:

1.43 kg CO2/km

Randbedingungen: 2.65 kg/l CO2, 10% Zuschlag Raffinerie/Transport

Randbedingungen: Braunkohle 0.85-1.2 kg/kWh CO2,

Heizwert H2: 120 MJ/kg, 52% Wirkungsgrad der H2-Produktion

Strommix:

3.6 (2.9)

kg CO2/km Well to Wheel:

5.5 – 7.7 (4.4 - 6.2) kg CO2/km

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 56

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Reduzierung von Schadstoffemissionen

Wirkungsgrade und Kraftstoffverbräuche

Hybridvarianten zur weiteren Emissionsreduzierung

(CO2, Schadstoffe und Geräusch)

Weitere CO2 - Reduktionspotenziale

Versuch einer Zuordnung der verschiedenen Alternativen

Gliederung

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 57

Full Service from Advanced Development to SOP

Batterieelektrischer Bus

City Bus mit sehr kurzen Halteabständen.

Keine CO2-Reduktion erzielbar im Vergleich zum Dieselhybrid,

solange Kohlekraftwerke noch am Netz sind.

Dort wo lokale Emissionsfreiheit wegen unzureichendem

Luftaustausch zwingend ist .

Wasserstoff Brennstoffzellen Bus

City und Sub-Urban Bus.

Keine CO2-Reduktion erzielbar im Vergleich zum Dieselhybrid,

solange Kohlekraftwerke noch am Netz sind.

Lokale Emissionsfreiheit mit ausreichender Reichweite.

Als Notfall-Bus geeignet, da Kraftstoffspeicherung möglich.

Oberleitungsbus

Dort sinnvoll, wo das Profil eigentlich für Schienenverkehr

optimal ist, aber (noch) keine Schiene existiert.

Lokal emissionsfreier Betrieb.

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 58

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Serieller Dieselhybrid Bus

City Bus mit kurzen Halteabständen, niedrigen Geschwindig-

keiten und relativ niedrigen Leistungsanforderungen, aber

hohen Drehmomentanforderungen.

Auch geeignet in Kombination mit Gasmotoren.

Partiell lokal emissionsfreier Betrieb je nach Batteriegröße.

Beim deutschen Strommix sind mit Gasmotoren die niedrigsten CO2-Emissionen „well to wheel“ erzielbar

Paralleler Dieselhybrid Bus

Sub-Urban mit Umland, bei relativ hohen Geschwindigkeiten,

aber immer noch kürzeren Halteabständen.

Auch geeignet in Kombination mit Gasmotoren.

Partiell lokal emissionsfreier Betrieb je nach Batteriegröße.

Diesel Bus (Erdgas Bus)

Regional und Überlandbus mit langen Halteabständen.

Mild Hybrid zur Bremsenergierückgewinnung und Boostbetrieb

zur Geräuschreduktion beim Abfahren von der Haltestelle.

Kein lokal emissionsfreier Betrieb mit Diesel, aber sehr wohl mit

=1 geregeltem Erdgasmotor.

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 59

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Vielen Dank für die Unterstützung bei der Erstellung dieses Vortrags:

RESEARCH IN MOTION Research Institute of Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Engines Stuttgart 60

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Thank you for

your kind

attention!

RESEARCH IN MOTION