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Transcript of Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg...
![Page 1: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Modeling
Aaron BloomfieldCS 445: Introduction to Graphics
Fall 2006(Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)
![Page 2: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OutlineOutline
AcquisitionAcquisition
• SeashellsSeashells
• FractalsFractals
• VolumesVolumes
• Constructive Solid GeometryConstructive Solid Geometry
• Modeling ProgramsModeling Programs
![Page 3: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Model Construction
Interactive modeling tools CAD programs Subdivision surface editors :)
Scanning tools CAT, MRI, laser, magnetic, robotic arm, etc.
Computer vision Stereo, motion, etc.
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Interactive Modeling Tools
User constructs objects with drawing program Menu commands, direct manipulation, etc. CSG, parametric surfaces, quadrics, etc.
Cosmoworlds, SGI
![Page 5: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Interactive Modeling Tools
Example: Mechanical CAD
H&B Figure 9.9
![Page 6: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Model Construction
Interactive modeling tools CAD programs Subdivision surface editors :)
Scanning tools Laser, magnetic, robotic arm, etc.
Computer vision Stereo, motion, etc.
![Page 7: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Scanning tools
Acquire geometry of objects with active sensors CAT/MRI Laser range scanner Magnetic sensor Robotic arm etc.
Stanford Graphics LaboratoryLorensen
![Page 8: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Scanning tools
Acquire geometry of objects with active sensors CAT/MRI Laser range scanner Magnetic sensor Robotic arm etc.
Dep
thC
olor
Xp (Xc,Yc)
![Page 9: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Laser Range Scanning
Stanford Graphics Laboratory
Example: 70 scans Volumetric reconstruction
![Page 10: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Scanning tools
Acquire geometry of objects with active sensors CAT/MRI Laser range scanner Magnetic sensor Robotic arm etc.
![Page 11: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Scanning tools
Acquire geometry of objects with active sensors CAT/MRI Laser range scanner Magnetic sensor Robotic arm etc.
![Page 12: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Computer Vision
Infer 3D geometry from images Stereo Motion Constraints etc.
![Page 13: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Computer Vision
Infer 3D geometry from images Stereo Motion Constraints etc.
![Page 14: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Computer Vision
Infer 3D geometry from images Stereo Motion Constraints etc.
Debevec96
![Page 15: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Procedural Modeling
Goal: Describe 3D models algorithmically
Best for models resulting from ... Repeating processes Self-similar processes Random processes
Advantages: Automatic generation Concise representation Parameterized classes of models
![Page 16: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
OutlineOutline
• AcquisitionAcquisitionSeashellsSeashells
• FractalsFractals
• VolumesVolumes
• Constructive Solid GeometryConstructive Solid Geometry
• Modeling ProgramsModeling Programs
![Page 17: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Example: Seashells
Create 3D polygonal surface models of seashells
Fowler et al. Figure 7
“Modeling Seashells,” Deborah Fowler, Hans Meinhardt, and Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 92), Chicago, Illinois, July, 1992, p 379-387.
“Modeling Seashells,” Deborah Fowler, Hans Meinhardt, and Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 92), Chicago, Illinois, July, 1992, p 379-387.
![Page 18: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Example: Seashells
Sweep generating curve around helico-spiral axis
Fowler et al. Figure 1
Helico-spiral definition:
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Example: Seashells
Connect adjacent points to form polygonal mesh
Fowler et al. Figure 6
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Example: Seashells
Model is parameterized: Helico-spiral: z0,zr0,r Generating curve: shape, Nc,c
Fowler et al. Figure 1
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Example: Seashells
Generate different shells by varying parameters
Fowler et al. Figure 2Different helico-spirals
![Page 22: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Example: Seashells
Generate different shells by varying parameters
Fowler et al. Figure 3Different generating curves
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Example: Seashells
Fowler et al. Figures 4,5,7
Generate many interesting shellswith a simple procedural model!
Generate many interesting shellswith a simple procedural model!
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OutlineOutline
• AcquisitionAcquisition
• SeashellsSeashellsFractalsFractals
• VolumesVolumes
• Constructive Solid GeometryConstructive Solid Geometry
• Modeling ProgramsModeling Programs
![Page 25: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fractals
Defining property: Self-similar with infinite resolution
H&B Figure 10.100Mandelbrot Set
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Fractals
Useful for describing natural 3D phenomenon Terrain Plants Clouds Water Feathers Fur etc.
H&B Figure 10.80
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Fractal Generation
Deterministically self-similar fractals Parts are scaled copies of original
Statistically self-similar fractals Parts have same statistical properties as original
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Deterministic Fractal Generation
General procedure: Initiator: start with a shape Generator: replace subparts with scaled copy of original
H&B Figure 10.68
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Deterministic Fractal Generation
Apply generator repeatedly
H&B Figure 10.69
Koch Curve
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Deterministic Fractal Generation
Mandelbrot Figure X
Useful for creating interesting shapes!
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Deterministic Fractal Generation
Mandelbrot Figure 46
Useful for creating interesting shapes!
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Deterministic Fractal Generation
H&B Figures 75 & 109
Useful for creating interesting shapes!
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Fractal Generation
Deterministically self-similar fractals Parts are scaled copies of original
Statistically self-similar fractals Parts have same statistical properties as original
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Statistical Fractal Generation
General procedure: Initiator: start with a shape Generator: replace subparts with a self-similar random
pattern
Random Midpoint Displacement
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Statistical Fractal Generation
Example: terrain
H&B Figure 10.83b
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Statistical Fractal Generation
H&B Figure 10.83a
Useful for creating mountains
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Statistical Fractal Generation
H&B Figure 10.82
Useful for creating 3D plants
![Page 38: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Statistical Fractal Generation
H&B Figure 10.79
Useful for creating 3D plants
![Page 39: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
OutlineOutline
• AcquisitionAcquisition
• SeashellsSeashells
• FractalsFractalsVolumesVolumes
• Constructive Solid GeometryConstructive Solid Geometry
• Modeling ProgramsModeling Programs
![Page 40: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Solid Modeling
Represent solid interiors of objects Surface may not be described explicitly
Visible Human(National Library of Medicine)
SUNY Stony Brook
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Motivation 1
Some acquisition methods generate solids Example: CAT scan
Stanford University
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Motivation 2
Some applications require solids Example: CAD/CAM
Intergraph Corporation
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Solid Modeling Representations
What makes a good solid representation? Accurate Concise Affine invariant Easy acquisition Guaranteed validity Efficient boolean operations Efficient display
Lorensen
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Voxels
Partition space into uniform grid Grid cells are called a voxels (like pixels)
Store properties of solid object with each voxel Occupancy Color Density Temperature etc.
FvDFH Figure 12.20
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Voxel Acquisition
Scanning devices MRI CAT
Simulation FEM
SUNY Stony Brook
Stanford University
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Voxel Storage
O(n3) storage for nxnxn grid 1 billion voxels for 1000x1000x1000
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Voxel Boolean Operations
Compare objects voxel by voxel Trivial
=
=
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Voxel Display
Isosurface rendering Render surfaces bounding volumetric regions of
constant value (e.g., density)
Isosurface VisualizationPrinceton University
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Voxel Display
Slicing Draw 2D image resulting from intersecting voxels
with a plane
Visible Human(National Library of Medicine)
![Page 50: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Voxel Display
Ray casting Integrate density along rays through pixels
Engine BlockStanford University
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Voxels
Advantages Simple, intuitive, unambiguous Same complexity for all objects Natural acquisition for some applications Trivial boolean operations
Disadvantages Approximate Not affine invariant Large storage requirements Expensive display
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Quadtrees & Octrees
Refine resolution of voxels hierarchically More concise and efficient for non-uniform objects
Uniform Voxels Quadtree
FvDFH Figure 12.21
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Quadtree Boolean Operations
A B
A BA B
FvDFH Figure 12.24
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Quadtree Display
Extend voxel methods Slicing Isosurface extraction Ray casting
Finding neighbor cell requires traversal of hierarchy (O(1))
FvDFH Figure 12.25
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OutlineOutline
• AcquisitionAcquisition
• SeashellsSeashells
• FractalsFractals
• VolumesVolumesConstructive Solid GeometryConstructive Solid Geometry
• Modeling ProgramsModeling Programs
![Page 56: Modeling Aaron Bloomfield CS 445: Introduction to Graphics Fall 2006 (Slide set originally by Greg Humphreys)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649d9e5503460f94a89034/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
Represent solid object as hierarchy of boolean operations Union Intersection Difference
FvDFH Figure 12.27
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CSG Acquisition
Interactive modeling programs CAD/CAM
H&B Figure 9.9
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CSG Boolean Operations
Create a new CSG node joining subtrees Union Intersection Difference
FvDFH Figure 12.27
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CSG Display & Analysis
Ray casting
Circle Box
Union
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OutlineOutline
• AcquisitionAcquisition
• SeashellsSeashells
• FractalsFractals
• VolumesVolumes
• Constructive Solid GeometryConstructive Solid GeometryModeling ProgramsModeling Programs
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Popular rendering programs
3D Studio Max ($3.5k) Made by Autodesk (makers of CAD programs) Runs only on Windows (Win32 and Win64) Movies made w/Max: Incredibles, X-Men, Star Wars III, etc.
Maya ($2k or $6k) Made by Alias
Originally by SGI Bought by Autodesk in Oct 2006
Runs on Windows, Linux Blender (free!)
Others are less well known and less used
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:3dsmax8Screenshot.jpg
3D Studio Max
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Maya
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Autodesk_Maya_8.0_win32.png
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Blender_node_screen_242a.jpg
Blender
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Comparison of renderers
http://wiki.cgsociety.org/index.php/Comparison_of_3d_tools
And a better formatted version…
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Elephant’s Dream
Downloadable at http://orange.blender.org/ An open movie
Meaning you can download the Blender files that were used to make it Made using only open-source software
Blender, GIMP, CinePaint, Inkscape, etc. Length is 11 minutes (including 90 sec of credits)
That’s 19,800 frames Took a 2.1 TFLOPS supercomputer cluster 125 days to render
Used Bowie State’s XSeed supercomputer Took 9 minutes and 2.8 Gb per frame
An “average” high-end PC has only a “few” GFLOPS (not TFLOPS!) So if you had a 3 Ghz computer w/4 Gb of RAM, it would take over 200 years to
render! Or 3 days per frame Assuming a 3 Gz computer can do 3 TFLOPS (a generous assumption)