Model Intro+Conclusions pentru licenta

8/12/2019 Model Intro+Conclusions pentru licenta

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Introduction

This research paper addresses the question of translatability as a key concept forunderstanding encounters between cultures and interactions within cultures. In this view,

translatability implies translation of otherness without subsuming it under preconceivednotions.

The following chapters are aimed at exploring the notion of translatability by pointing outwhy this has become an issue not only in the manifold operations of our day-to-dayliving, but also in relation to what has become a prime concern of the humanities : i.e.cultural studies.

e usually associate translation with converting one language into another, be it foreign,technical, professional, or otherwise. !owadays, however, not only languages have to betranslated. In a rapidly shrinking world, many different cultures have come into closecontact with one another, calling for a mutual understanding not only in terms of theculture to which one belongs, but also in terms of the specificity pertaining to the cultureencountered. The more the latter becomes the case, the more a kind of translation is

bound to occur, as the specificity of the culture encountered can be grasped only when pro"ected onto what is familiar. In this respect a foreign culture is not simply subsumedunder one#s own frame of reference$ instead, the very frame is sub"ected to alterations inorder to accommodate what does not fit.

The first chapter, %Introducing translation&, aims at comprehension of the term and process of the act of translation, when encountering between cultures or interactions between levels of culture involving either assimilation or appropriation by makinginroads into one another, trying to get out of a different culture or the different intra-cultural levels what seems attractive, useful, or what has to be combated and suppressed

for whatever reasons.Translatability, however, requires construing a discourse that allows for transposing aforeign culture into another. 'eaning, functions and purpose in translation areconsequently discussed in the second chapter, applying modern ideas of hermeneutics.(ll the arguments presented in this chapter underline the importance of properunderstanding of the original functions as well as the purposes before doing a translation.

The third chapter presents the different approaches to the )un*translatability of texts,giving special attention to the theories generated in the nineteenth and twentiethcenturies. It analyses the views of scholars who adopted a monadist stance, and thosewho chose a universalist interpretation )+ugene (. !ida, for instance*. It is argued thatthe shift of attention away from the concept of untranslatability, which has characteri edrecent theories is only superficial and that it has resulted, on the one hand, from theexpansion of the concept of translation itself and, on the other, from a wish to leave

behind traditional, ideologically motivated arguments which could be perceived as problematic.

hapter three, %The communicative nature of language and translation and the degree oftranslatability& contains different examples, which highlight the different perception andmental organi ation of reality, which can be used to explain the existence of certain


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gaps between languages. (ll these can turn translation into a very difficult process.Translators have to be aware of these gaps, in order to produce a satisfactory target text.(cceptance of the hypothesis that each language conditions the way in which its speakers

perceive and interpret the world presupposes:

That there will be terms which are specific to each linguistic community.

That there will be concepts which are common to two or more linguisticcommunities and nevertheless have different connotations in each of them.

That each linguistic community structures reality in a different way, according toits own linguistic codes.

(ll these factors have to be borne in mind when approaching the translation of any text.They can give rise to translatability problems, but the fact that they apply to very specificitems which can be distinctly outlined implies that they cannot support a hypothesis oftotal untranslatability.

If a translation nevertheless should fail to measure up to the original in terms of quality,

the reason will normally be an insufficiency of syntactic and lexical inventories in that particular T/ 0target language1.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate, with examples, that even those apparentlyuntranslatable units )phrases, expressions, texts* may have an ingenious translation,which translates the full meaning of the source item.

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INTRODUCTION

Translation, this controversial discipline, has always incited the minds oflinguists and writers. This was mainly due to the fact that in order to better understand thesecrets of translation, one has to deal with it from an interdisciplinary point of view. 2orthis, concepts from linguistics, text theory, semiotics, aesthetics, philosophy, sociology,

psychology and psycholinguistics are needed. The complementarity of this discipline brought to me the interest for and choice of my dissertation topic, namely, dealing withidioms and with the elements needed to translate them.

3esides the elements mentioned previously, translation invite thecomprehension and interpreting of the original. (s (ndrei 3antas and +lena roitoru put


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it in their work Didactica Traducerii , 4who gets to comprehend is able to translate5. 3othin one language and between two or several languages, the communication betweenhumans is a form of translation. Thus, translation as an act of communication has the roleof an 4authority5 which censors the effect of diversity produced by the multitude oflanguages.

The first chapter of the paper will offer not only a description over theevolution and the concept of translation and the translator5s status in different stages ofhistory, but will also provide information about the principles applied in the process oftranslation. In this chapter, the emphasis will lie upon translation approached in adiachronic development, but also upon the attempts made by different theorists andtranslators regarding the establishment of a set of rules needed to guide them )and manyothers* in their work.

The second chapter will deal with the concept of language and with its properties. The goal will be that of showing how language varies, what comes out of itsvariation, and how it interacts with register.

In the third and the last chapter, the focal point will be that of describingthe concept of dialect, and the effects caused by the usage of slang vocabulary on thelanguage spoken hip hop artists.

This paper is meant to hopefully assist in demonstrating the complex process that the translation of idiomatic structures is, and also to show the effect of therelation between dialects and register on the process of translation.

Conclusions

Translation is considered to be an act of reproduction, through which the meaning of atext is transferred from one language to another.

There are basically two perspectives we could choose from to study translation: there isthe historical perspective, focusing on the paths already taken in the effort to bridge thedifferences between languages. 3ut we can also view translation as a set of possiblecorrespondences between languages, and each translation as a contextuali ed instance of

these possibilities.The ob"ect of translation is not so much what may be expressed and hence translated, it isthe way in which something is expressed in one language as opposed to another. 6r,more precisely, it is the way in which the differences in the expressive power of twolanguages may be overcome.

(s 7usan 3assnett points out, contemporary translation studies are struggling against theold binary concept of translation 0which1 saw original and translated text as two poles,


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seeking in contrast to conceptuali e translation as a dynamic activity fully engaged withcultural systems )3assnett 899 :;;*.

The translator#s task is therefore to continually search and research, to deconstruct andreconstruct the text. In a large sense, the translator is identified with any communicator ormediator )whether listeners or readers, monolinguals or bilinguals* as they receive signalscontaining messages encoded.The sender selects the message and the code, encodes the message, selects the channel ofcommunication and transmits the signal containing the message. The receiver receivesthe signal containing the message, recogni es the code, decodes the signal and finallyretrieves and comprehends the message.

The translator is both a receiver and a producer, a special category of communicatorwhose behavior )act o communication* is conditioned by the previous one and whosereception of that previous act is intensive. ord-for-word translation

> /iteral translation

> 2aithful translation> 7emantic translation

> (daptation

> 2ree translation

> Idiomatic translation

> ommunicative translation

./iteral translation is also a pre-translation process:

ord-for word translation - the 7/ words are closely followed. 7/ word order is preserved, word meanings are taken out of context. ultural words are literallyrendered.

/iteral translation - the 7/ grammatical constructions are converted to theirnearest T/ equivalents.


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2aithful translation tries to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the 7/words but within the constraints of the T/ grammar. ultural words aretransferred and the same applies to the T/ grammatical and lexical

abnormalities )as compared to the 7/*. This kind of translation is as faithful as possible to the writer#s intentions. It can be labelled as uncompromising and

dogmatic.

7emantic translation focuses on the aesthetic value )the beautiful and the naturalsound* of the 7/ text, compensating and compromising on meaning. ulturalwords may be translated by a third culturally neutral term or by a functional termand not by cultural equivalents,. 7emantic translation is more flexible, morecreative, and more imaginative$ it largely allows the translator#s empathy towork.

(daptation is said to be the freest form of translation. It is mainly used for plays)comedies* and poetry. 6f course, the themes, characters, and the plot are preserved. The 7/ cultural terms are converted to the T/ culture and the text is practically re-written.

2ree translation - reproduces the matter without the manner, the context withoutthe form of the original.

Idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the original, but distorts shadesof meaning by showing preference to colloquialisms and idioms where these donot appear in the 7/ text.

ommunicative translation attempts to convey the most precise contextualmeaning of the original. 3oth content and language are readily acceptable andcomprehensible.

6f all these methods, only semantic and communicative translations fulfill the two ma"oraims of translation: accuracy and economy. 7imilarities between the two methods arealso to be noticed: both use stock and dead metaphors, normal collocations, technicalterms, colloquialisms, slang, phaticisms, ordinary language.Throughout history, translators have had to contend with the fact that the target languageis deficient when it comes to translating the source text into that language. 7uchdeficiencies can be clearly identified as, for example, lexical or morpho-syntacticdeficiencies or as problems of polysemy. 'ore often, however, the deficiency in thereceiving code has to do with the relation between signs and their users, a relation that


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reflects such things as individuality, social position, and geographical origin of thespeakers.

'ost of the differences are tied to the grammatical properties of the linguistic structure,that is, to those properties that bind words together into phrases and relate them to classesof sentences constituted by different words but similar relations.

The interlingual translation is bound to reflect the translator#s own creative interpretationof the 7/ text. 'oreover, the degree to which the translator reproduces the form, metre,rhythm, tone, register, etc. of the 7/ text, will be as much determined by the T/ systemas by the 7/ system and will also depend on the function of the translation.

To sum up, after integrating the research achievements of modern day translation circles,translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the sense of a text in onelanguage - the source text - and the production of another, equivalent text in anotherlanguage - the target text . The goal of translation is to establish a relationship ofequivalence between the source and the target texts )that is to say, both textscommunicate the same message*, while taking into account the various constraints placed

on the translator. These constraints include the rules of grammar of the source language,its writing conventions, its idioms and the like.The term translation is also used for the

product of this procedure. Translation is also the name given to a profession whichconsists of transferring ideas expressed in writing from one language to another.

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CONCLUSIONS

The purpose of this paper has been that of demonstrating that translation ismuch wider and complex a field than many people believe it to be. If only the sub"ect of

this paper, that is, idioms and problems related to their translation, proved to be quite vastand intricate, as I myself have found out, only think how large this field of translating isand how many other fields are also involved in the process of rendering a goodtranslation.

The complex analysis of a text which is to be translated encompasses thefields of linguistics, psycholinguistics, semantics, pragmatics, discourse analyses, textualtypology, cultural context and comunication competence. (ll these fields involved in the

process of translation re"ect the idea that translation only means reelaborating a text fromanother language, so that the surface meaning is approximately the same and thestructures of the original text are preserved, if only they do not affect the structures of thetranslation.

In the first chapter of the paper I have tried to present the evolution of theconcept of translation in different historical periods starting with the ?oman period andending with the twentieth century. The changes suffered by the concept of translationhave been underlined. The controversial status of the translator has also been a topic fordiscussion in this first chapter.


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The second chapter has dealt with the problem of translating idioms. (lso,it has presented some issues of translation methods. This chapter has emphasi ed the

problems with idioms and texts containing idioms.

The third chapter has had as purpose the translation of texts containingidioms from different fields. In this chapter I have also tried to group some idioms insynonymic series. (s a more general conclusion, the translation of idioms is a delicate

problem even for proficient +nglish speakers, because there are no fixed rules to followand the meaning of the idioms has either to be learned by heart or deduced from thecontext.

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