Mobile Data Collection tool for National ASGM Overview ...
Transcript of Mobile Data Collection tool for National ASGM Overview ...
Mobile Data Collection tool for NationalASGMOverview–UserGuide
17November2017
Version1.1
UnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearch
ChemicalsandWasteManagementProgramme
II
Copyrightandthird-partyinformationasrequired
III
TableofContents
1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................41.1...ScopeandPurpose..........................................................................................................................................................41.2...MethodologicalAspects................................................................................................................................................41.3...ProcessOverview.............................................................................................................................................................6
2 Sign-upforaFreeServer........................................................................................................................................63 UploadtheFormOntoYourServer...................................................................................................................73.1...Uploadtheform...............................................................................................................................................................73.2...Deployingtheform.........................................................................................................................................................7
4 ConfigureYourAndroidDataCollectionDevice..........................................................................................84.1...Whatdoyouneed?..........................................................................................................................................................84.2...InstalltheODKCollectApplication.........................................................................................................................84.3...Installtheformintoyourmobiledevice.............................................................................................................10
5 CollectData.................................................................................................................................................................105.1...NecessaryDeviceSettings.........................................................................................................................................105.2...Usingthedeviceonthefield.....................................................................................................................................115.3...Navigatingintheform................................................................................................................................................115.4...Uploadthecollecteddata..........................................................................................................................................12
6 ManageDataCollection.........................................................................................................................................126.1...Viewthedata..................................................................................................................................................................126.2...Addadditionaldatapointsusingthebrowser.................................................................................................136.3...Addmissinginformationofgoldproductionandmercuryusage...........................................................146.4...Sharethedata................................................................................................................................................................15
7 MakeaMapandDownloadtheData...............................................................................................................177.1...MakeaMap......................................................................................................................................................................177.2...DownloadtheData.......................................................................................................................................................18
8 FurtherConsiderations:Geospatialanalysis...............................................................................................199 MakingYourOwnForm........................................................................................................................................19
4
1 Introduction1.1 ScopeandPurposeCollectingfielddataisoftennecessarytopreparethenationalArtisanalandSmall-scaleGoldMining (ASGM) sector overview. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR)hasdevelopedamobiledatacollectiontooltoaccompanythetwomethodologiesdevelopedbytheArtisanalGoldCouncil(baselineestimates)andUNITAR(socio-economicresearchmethodology).ThedevelopmentofthistoolhasbeenfundedbyUNEnvironment.
Thetoolisatailor-madeelectronicformtobeusedwithKoBoToolbox.TheKoboToolboxisafreedatacollectionsolutionavailableforAndroidmobiledevices.IthasbeendevelopedbytheHarvardHumanitarianInitiativewithsupportfromUNOCHA.
Thetoolhasthreemainfunctions:
1. Combinelocationdatawithbasicsite-specificinformationtobuildamap2. Contextualizeandmanagethepicturestakenattheminingsite3. Managedatacollectionfromdistanceandsharetheprogresswithkeystakeholders
Theaimofthismanualistogivethereadertailoredinstructionshowtousethetoolforthenational ASGM overview, and not all aspects of KoBo Toolbox are covered. Readers areencouraged to look at support pages at http://support.kobotoolbox.org/ for furtherinstructions.Allfeedbacktodevelopthetoolfurtheriswelcome1.
1.2 MethodologicalAspectsWhenpreparingthenationalASGMsectoroverview,countriesarerelyingonthreeavailablemethodologies2:
• BaselineEstimatesfortheArtisanalandSmall-scaleGoldMiningSector-AToolkitandGuidebyTheArtisanalGoldCouncil(AGC),Draftversion,2017
• Genericmethodologyforthesocio-economicASGMstudy,UnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearch(UNITAR),Draftversion,2017
ThesetwomethodologiescombinedprovideacomprehensiveapproachtogeneratenuancedunderstandingoftheASGMsectorinagivencountry.Bothmethodologies have their own paper forms andways to process the data. The toolprovidesawaytocombinelocationdatawithkeycharacteristicsofthestudiedminingsites,thusenrichingthedataanalysisandreporting.
1PleasesendyourquestionsandfeedbacktoUNITAR([email protected]).2Inadditiontothemethodologiesmentioned,thereisadocument‘WHOguidanceonaddressinghealthaspectsinthecontextofdevelopingNationalActionPlansundertheMinamataConventiononMercury,Draftversion,March2017’,butitisnotyetpubliclyavailableatthetimeofthiswriting.
5
Thetoolcontainsthreedifferentsections:
1. Nameandcontactdetails2. GeneralSiteCharacteristics3. Detaileddatacollection
a. Extraction(digging)b. Processing(Crushing,milling,sluicing,amalgamation)c. CyanideLeachingd. HealthandSocio-economicAssessmente. EnvironmentalImpactAssessment
Sections1,2and3(a,b,c) lenddirectlyfromthemethodologydevelopedbytheArtisanalGold Council, whereas the section onHealth and Socio-economic assessment is based onUNITAR’s Generic methodology for the socio-economic ASGM study as well as the draftguidancebyWHO3.
Section3(e)onenvironmental impactassessmenthasbeenaddedtoremindtheresearchteam that key information on overall environmental impact should be included in theNationalASGMOverview4.
ASGM,asminingingeneral,canhavemanifoldenvironmentalimpacts,includingon5,6,7:
• Population(e.g.impactonstandardofliving,impactonlivelihood)• Floraandfauna(e.g.deforestation)• Land,waterandair(e.g.soilcontamination)• Landscape(e.g.landdegradation)• Climate(e.g.CO2emissions)
Athoroughenvironmentalimpactassessmentwouldrequiremorethanobservationandaninterview-basedsurvey.However,asestablishedbyObiriS,MattahPAD,MattahMM,etal.,peoplelivingintheminingareahaveremarkablyaccurateunderstandingofthepollutionoftheir environment.8Therefore, interviewing people on aspects such aswater quality and
3Ibid.4Section4.2,UNEnvironment:Developing a National Action Plan to Reduce, and Where Feasible, Eliminate Mercury Use in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining Working Draft August 17, 2015. Available at https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/11371/National_Action_Plan_draft_guidance_v12.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, accessed 17 November 2017. 5Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (ELAW): Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs, 2010. Available at https://www.elaw.org/files/mining-eia-guidebook/Full-Guidebook.pdf, accessed 16 November 2017. 6MinistryofEmploymentandEconomy:Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure for Mining Projects in Finland, 2015. Available at http://en.gtk.fi/export/sites/en/mineral_resources/EIA_guidelines_for_mining_projects_in_Finland_2015.pdf, accessed 16 November 2017. 7MozhgonRajaee,AllisonK.Yee,RachelN.Long,ElishaP.Renne,ThomasG.Robins,NiladriBasu,PulmonaryfunctionandrespiratoryhealthofruralfarmersandartisanalandsmallscalegoldminersinGhana,InEnvironmentalResearch,Volume158,2017,Pages522-530,ISSN0013-9351.Availableathttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935117302463,accessed16November2017.8ObiriS,MattahPAD,MattahMM,etal.AssessingtheEnvironmentalandSocio-EconomicImpactsofArtisanalGoldMiningontheLivelihoodsofCommunitiesintheTarkwaNsuaemMunicipalityinGhana.BasuN, KeaneS,
6
deforestationarevaluableleadstobetterunderstandtheenvironmentalimpactofmininginthe focus area. Subsequently, this information can be enriched by othermethods such assatelliteanalysisondeforestation.9,10
1.3 ProcessOverview
Usingthetoolisintendedtobesimple.Thetypicalsequenceforutilizingthetoolcontainssevensteps:
1. Sign-upforafreeserver
2. Uploadthetailoredformintoyourownserver
3. ConfigureyourAndroiddatacollectiondevice
4. Collectthedata
5. Managedatacollection
6. MakeaMapandDownloadthedata
2 Sign-upforaFreeServer
2.1 ChoosingYourServer
Oneofthebestthingsaboutthetoolisthatitisentirelyfree.Thefirstthingyouneedtodoistosignupforafreeserveraccountathttp://www.kobotoolbox.org/.Therearetwosecureandfreeserveroptionsavailable:
Figure1:Sign-upforafreeserver
MoherPB,eds.InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth.2016;13(2):160.Availableathttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4772180/,accessed16November2017.9UNITAR-UNOSAT: Satellite Mapping of Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, UN Environment 2017. Available at http://unosat-maps.web.cern.ch/unosat-maps/ID/OT20151123IDN/UNOSAT_Central_Kalimantan_Report_Feb2016o.pdf, accessed 17 November 2017. 10KennethJDavis:SatelliteImageTimeLapseofArtisanalMininginPeru,Blogpost,12March2014.Availableathttps://geovisualist.com/2014/03/12/satellite-image-time-lapse-of-artisanal-mining-in-peru/,accessed17November2017.
7
Thefirstone,providedbyUNOCHA,isadedicatedserverforhumanitarianorganizations.TheserverprovidedbyKoBoToolboxishostedbytheHarvardHumanitarianInitiative11,andthatistheoneyoushoulduse.Thereisanoptionofhostingyourownserver,howeverthisrequiresspecificITskillsonserverconfigurationandmaintenance.
2.2 DataProtection
Asinalldatacollection,ensuringdataprotectionisofparamountimportance,andneedstobeguaranteedateverystepofthedataprocess,includingdatacollection,storageandsharing.Therefore,doensureadequateanonymization,useasecureserverandclearlydefinedatasharingprotocols.
3 UploadtheFormOntoYourServer
3.1 UploadtheformThe tool is essentially a tailor-made form, which can bedistributedinMicrosoftExcel(xls)formatIfyoudon’thavetheforminxlsformatyet,youmustdownloadandsaveittoyourown computer. 12 Once logged in to the server, just click thebutton ‘new’ in the left-hand corner of the screen, choose‘upload’andselectthexlslfilefromthelocationyouhavesavedit.Donoteditthexlsfiledirectly.
3.2 DeployingtheformYou should now see a view as below and the only thing to do is to ‘deploy’ the form.Bydeployingtheform,youmakeitavailablefordatacollectionusingmobiledevices.Youcanviewtheformbyclickingthe‘eye’iconasseenbelow.
Figure3:Deploytheform
11Findoutmoreathttps://hhi.harvard.edu/about.12Theformisavailablefordownloadathttps://www.dropbox.com/s/wftpipgrdpezo82/MobileDataCollectionToolForASGMOverview16112017_form.xls?dl=0
Figure2:Uploadtheform
8
4 ConfigureYourAndroidDataCollectionDevice
4.1 Whatdoyouneed?YouonlyneedarelativelynewsmartphoneoratabletusingtheAndroidoperatingsystem2.1ormorerecent13.Itisadvisabletosteerawayfromthecheapestdevices,whichmayposeproblemsinthefieldduetoshortbatterylifeandlimitedmemory,aswellasfromthemostexpensiveones,whichconstituteanunnecessarybudgetincreaseforyourdatacollectionandmayposearisktodatacollectorscarryingthemincontextswhereexpensivemobiledevicesare attracting attention. You only need a mid-range device with GPS, Wi-Fi and camerafunctionalitieswithapowerbank14.Youdonotwanttorunoutofbatteryinthemiddleofyour fieldvisit,so it isalso importantto invest inapowerbanktoaccompanythemobiledevice.Havingadevicewithamobileinternetconnectionisanadvantage,asyoucanthensendyourdataforvalidationonadailybasis.
Figure4:Mid-rangemobiledevicewithapowerbank
4.2 InstalltheDataCollectionApplicationThecompatibleapplicationtobeusedfordatacollectionistheODKCollectapplicationwhichcanbefreelydownloadedfromtheAndroidMarket15.
13Androidversion2.1‘Éclair’wasreleasedinJanuary2010.14E.g.aPowerbankwithcapacityof6000mAh15Asitcurrentlystands(November2017)theKoboCollectapplicationlacksonekeyfunctionalityandthuscannotberecommended.ODKCollectprovidesanoptiontochoosetheimagequalitytobeuploaded,whichisnecessaryinareaslackinggoodinternetcoverage.
9
Figure5:InstallODKCollect
10
4.3 InstalltheformontoyourmobiledeviceOnce you have installed the ODK Collect application,downloadingthetoolontoyourmobiledeviceiseasy:
1. OpentheODKCollectApplication2. Clickandchoose‘GeneralSettings’3. Click‘Server’4. EntertheserverURL
https://kc.kobotoolbox.org andyourusername
andpassword5. Return to home screen and open ‘Get Blank
Form’, then download‘MobileDataCollectionFormForASGMOverview’
6. Returnhomescreenandopen‘FillBlankForm’7. Choosetheformandstartcollectingdata
5 CollectData
5.1 NecessaryDeviceSettingsBefore starting data collection, you should ensure thatthedevice isusingtherightsettings.Forthis,opentheGeneralsettingsinKoBobyclickingthesymbolofthreedots in the right-hand corner and selecting ‘GeneralSettings’asdoneinpreviousStepalready.Select ‘Formmanagement’andyoushouldseetheviewasinFigure7.
Therearetwo16importantsettingsyoushouldcheck:
1. Keepthe‘Autosend’option‘Off’asyoumightliketo go back to some of your forms beforeuploadingthemtotheserver17.
2. ChoosethemostsuitablephotofilesizeforyourpurposesfromXX.Youhavethreeoptions
a. Medium(2048px)b. Small(1024px)c. Verysmall(640px).
Make your choice depending on your networkconditions. By default, photos are uploaded in their
16Ifshortinspace,selectoption‘Deleteaftersend’aswell.17Youcaneditsavedformsbyclicking‘EditSavedForms’atthehomescreen.
Figure6:HomeScreenofODKCollect
Figure7:Formmanagement
11
nativeresolution,howeverthismaycauseproblemsin contexts with weak network connection. Option‘Small(1024px)’shouldworkfineinmostcasesevenintheruralareas.
5.2 UsingthedeviceonthefieldYou are now all set for the data collection. Werecommend you to fill-out the form at eachminingsite you are visiting. By ‘mining site’, we mean anextraction site or processing site as it has beendefined in Baseline Estimates for the Artisanal andSmall-scale Gold Mining Sector -A Toolkit andGuidebyTheArtisanalGoldCouncil(AGC).
5.3 NavigatingintheformUsingtheformissimple:Youcanmoveforwardandbackwardintheformbyswipingthescreentoleftorright with your finger. A few questions aremandatory,suchasyourname,preventingyoufromproceedinguntilyouhaveansweredthosequestions.You can also move rapidly around the form byclickingthe‘arrow’button,asshownintheFigure8. Figure8:Givingyournameismandatory
12
Thetoolcontainsthreedifferentsections:
1. Nameandcontactdetails2. GeneralSiteCharacteristics3. Detaileddatacollection
a. Extraction(digging)b. Processing (Crushing, milling,
sluicing,amalgamation,etc.)c. CyanideLeachingd. EnvironmentalImpactAssessmente. Health and Socio-economic
Assessment
Note that locating yourself using GPS might takesomeminutes, as your device is trying to capturesignalsfromsatellites.Duringthattimetheaccuracybegins to approach 6m, but you may stop theprocessany timebyclicking ‘SaveGeoPoint’whenthe desired accuracy has been acquired. In idealconditions,theaccuracycanbeupto6metres
AlsonotethatGPSdoesn’tworkindoors,sofindanopenspotatthecenteroftheminingsitewhereyourecordyourlocation.
5.4 UploadthecollecteddataTouploadyourdata,youonlyneedtoopen‘SendFinalizedForm’,selecttheformorformsyouhavebeenworkingonandclick‘SendSelected’.PleasenotethatthisrequiresanInternetconnection.
Youcanedityoursavedformsusingtheoption‘EditSavedForms’,beforeuploadingthem,incase you want to change something. To enable others (e.g. project manager) to see thecollecteddataandtominimizetheriskofdatalossifsomethingshouldhappentoyourmobiledevice,youshouldtrytosendyourcollecteddataattheendofeachday.
6 ManageDataCollection
6.1 ViewthedataWhenloggedintotheserver,theusermustselecttheformtheyareinterestedin.Incaseyouare using KoBoToolbox for the first time, you should now have only one deployed formavailable, namely ‘MobileDataCollectionFormForASGMOverview’.When you select ‘DATA’youwillbegivendifferentoptionstoviewyourdata:
• Reports(Quickglanceanalysisofthedata)• Table
Figure9:UsingGPS
13
• Gallery(Photos)• Map(Locationsoftheminingsitesonamap)• Downloads (You can download your data in various formats, including Excel.We
speakmoreaboutthisinStep7.)
Figure10:Use'DATA'viewtomanagedatacollection
6.2 AddadditionaldatausingthebrowserYoumayalsowanttoaddminingsitestothedatabasewithoutactuallyvisitingthesitesbasedonliteraturereviewsordataavailablebythegovernmentofficials.ThiscanbealsodoneattheKoBoserverasyoucanseebelow.
14
Figure11:Adddatausingbrowser
6.3 AddmissinginformationofgoldproductionandmercuryusageAsgoldproductionandmercuryusearecalculatedusingthedetailedfieldformsprovidedasapartofthemethodologyforbaselineestimates,youcanaddthatinformationlatertothedatabaseusingeitherthe‘Table’or‘Map’view18:Justopenthedata(Table)orclickthedatapoint(Map),andtheformwillbeopenedasillustratedinFigure13.Click‘EditSubmissionData’andyouarefreetoeditallsubmitteddataoraddnewinformation.Justremembertosubmittheformonceyouaredonetomakethesechangespermanent.
18Forexample,youcanaddthedataongoldproductionandmercuryuseonceyouarebackinyouroffice.
15
Figure13:Click'EditSubmissionData'toaddmissinginformationortoeditsubmitteddata.
6.4 SharethedataThe data collected is available only for authorized person. The server uses a securitycertificate to ensure all the data sent to the server are private. Sharing the datawith theprojectsteeringcommitteeorwithkeystakeholderscanbedoneeasilyattheformsettingsbyturningonthe‘Sharingbylink’option,asshownbelow.
16
Figure14:Turnon'Sharingbylink"toshareyourdata
Byenablingsharingbylink,youcansimplysharethebluelinktoanyonetogivethemaccesstoyourdata.Pleasenotethatusersreceivingthelinkcanonlyviewandcommentonthedata.Theydonothavepermissiontoalterthedataortheprojectsettings,norcantheysubmitnewdata.
17
7 MakeaMapandDownloadtheData
7.1 MakeaMapEventhoughKoBoToolboxserverdoesnotoffersophisticatedtoolsforanalysis,asimplemapcan easily be generated. In addition to only showing themap points, you can generate asimplelegendbyopening‘ViewBy’andselectingacharacteristictobeillustratedasseenintable1.Suitablebackgroundmapcanalsobechosen.Thepreparedmapcanbesavedsimplybytakingascreenshot,ashasbeendowninFigure15.
Figure15:Exampledata:LicensedGoldminesinGeneva,SwitzerlandandFrankfurt,Germany
18
Worstpracticehighlighted19 ‘ViewBy’optionselected
Wholeoreamalgamation ‘Selecttheapplicablestatementfortheprocessingsystem:’
Openburningofamalgamorprocessedamalgam
‘Areretortsused?’
Burningofamalgaminresidentialarea ‘Dotheyburnamalgaminresidentialarea?’
Cyanideleachinginsediment,oreortailingstowhichmercuryhasbeenaddedwithoutfirstremovingthemercury
‘Dotheyfirstremovethemercurybeforeapplyingcyanideinsediment,oreortailings?’
Table1:Howtohighlightselected'worstpractices'
7.2 DownloadtheDataToanalyzethegatheredinformationwithothertools,suchasMSExcel,SPSS,orQGIS,youcandownloadthedataandpicturesbyselecting‘Data’, ‘Downloads’andthenselectingtheneeded data format. Data can be downloaded in typical xls format and pictures can bedownloadedcompressedinazipformat.
Figure16:Availableformatstodownloadthedata
TodownloadthedatainaformatsuitablefortoolssuchasMSExcel,youshouldselectexporttype‘xls’andthenselectValueandheaderformatas‘XMLvaluesandheaders’.Thismakesthedownloadeddatamuchcleanertouse.
Downloadingpicturesisastraightforward,astypicaloperatingsystems being used automatically know how to opencompressed ZIP folders. Please note that the excel filemakes
19SocalledworstpracticesareoutlinedintheMinamataConvention(Article7:AnnexC).
Figure17:Choosethecorrectheaderformat
19
referencestothepicturesusingtheuniquefilenamesofthepictures.20
8 FurtherConsiderations:GeospatialanalysisTherearemultiplereasonswhyitisimportanttoconductfurtherspatialanalysisonwheregoldminingtakesplaceinacountry.Initssimplestform,youmightliketoknowwhetherminingactivitiesaretakingplaceinprotectedareas,oriftherearelakesorriversnearby.Additionally,itisillustrativetoseewhereisthenearestschoolorahealthcarecenter,asittellsusaboutthegenerallivingconditionsofminersandtheirfamilies.Theextenttowhichthiskindofdataisavailableandaccessibletothepublicdependsonthecountryandcontext.
Thereareplentyofwaystoconductgeospatialanalysis,andtwodifferentapproachesarebrieflyintroducedhere:MapXisaservicedevelopedjointlybyUNEnvironment,theWorldBankandGRID-Geneva,whosemissionisto‘supportthesustainableuseofnaturalresourcesbyincreasingaccesstothebestavailablegeospatialinformation,technologyandmonitoringtools.’ You can accessMapX at https://www.mapx.org/.Whether the analysis is done byyourselforbyhiringaGISanalyst,thereareplentyoftoolsavailablesuchasArcGIS(paid)andQGIS(free),tonameafew.
9 MakingYourOwnFormFinally,itishighlypossiblethatdependingonyourcontextyoumightconsidercustomizingthe standard form provided.21Therefore, the form has been licensed under the CreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicense.Forthis,followinstructionsoutlinedintheKoBoToolboxuserportal.22Thislicenseletsyouremix,tweak,andbuildupontheprovidedformevenforcommercialpurposes,aslongasyoucreditUNITARandUNEnvironmentandlicenseyournew formunder the identical terms.Wewouldalsohighlyappreciate, if youwouldsendusacopyofthenewformyoucreatedforourreferenceandlearning.
20TolinkthepicturesattheKoBoToolboxservertoyourExcelfile,youcantofollowinstructionsavailableattheKoBoToolboxsupportforum:http://support.kobotoolbox.org/customer/portal/questions/16294267-photo-collection,accessed17November2017.
21Detailedinstructionsonhowtobuildoreditaformcanbefoundathttp://support.kobotoolbox.org/customer/en/portal/topics/690866-creating-forms/articles,accessed17November201722Toviewacopyofthislicense,visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
20