Mobile Commerce and Pervasive Computing

Mobile commerce (m-commerce, m-business): Any e-commerce done in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet

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1G: The first generation of wireless technology, which was analog based

2G: The second generation of digital wireless technology; accommodates mainly text

2.5G: Interim wireless technology that can accommodate limited graphics

3G: The third generation of digital wireless technology; supports rich media such as video clips

4G: The expected next generation of wireless technology

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Short Message Service (SMS): Technology that allows for sending of short text messages on some cell phones

Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS): An extension of SMS capable of simple animation, tiny pictures, and short tunes

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): The next generation of wireless messaging; will be able to deliver rich media

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1. Mobile financial applications (B2C, B2B)2. Mobile advertising (B2C)3. Mobile inventory management (B2C, B2B) 4. Proactive service management (B2C, B2B)5. Product locating and shopping (B2C, B2B)6. Wireless reengineering (B2C, B2B)7. Mobile auction or reverse auction (B2C)8. Mobile entertainment services (B2C)9. Mobile office (B2C)10. Mobile distance education (B2C)11. Wireless data center (B2C, B2B)12. Mobile music/music-on-demand (B2C)

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Specific attributes of m-commerce Mobility Broad reach

Benefits of value-added attributes Ubiquity (everywhere, very common) Convenience Instant connectivity Personalization Localization of products and services

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Widespread availability of devices No need for a PC The handset culture Vendors’ push Improvement of bandwidth

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M-commerce hardware Cellular (mobile) phones Attachable keyboard PDAs Interactive pagers Screenphones

A telephone equipped with a color screen, possibly a keyboard, e-mail, and Internet capabilities

E-mail handhelds

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Required infrastructure hardware Suitably configured wireline or wireless

WAN modem, wireless LAN adapter, or wireless MAN (metro-area network) adapter

A Web server with wireless support, a WAP gateway, a communications server, and/or a mobile communications server switch (MCSS)

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An application or database server with application logic and a business application database providing e-commerce functionality

A GPS(Global Positioning System) locator that is used to determine the location of the person carrying the mobile computing device

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Software Microbrowsers

Wireless software designed with limited bandwidth and limited memory requirements

Mobile-client operating system Bluetooth

Chip technology that enables voice and data communications between many wireless devices through low-power, short-range, digital two-way radio frequencies

Mobile application user interface Back-end legacy application software

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Application middleware Wireless middleware Wireless Application Protocol

A set of communications protocols designed to enable different kinds of wireless devices to talk to a server installed on a mobile network so users can access the Internet

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Wireless Markup LanguageScripting language used for creating content in the wireless Web environment; based on XML, minus unnecessary content to increase speed

Voice XMLAn extension of XML designed to accommodate voice

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Wireless LAN (WLAN): LAN without the cables; used to transmit and receive data over the airwaves

Wireless access point: An antenna connecting a mobile device (laptop or PDA) to a wired LAN

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Voice systems for m-commerce Hand- and eyes-free operations Disabled people can use voice commands Voice terminals are designed for

portability Voice terminals are more rugged than

keyboards Communication is about two-and-a-half

times faster talking than typing Speaking results in fewer data entry

errors

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Interactive voice response (IVR): A computer voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through regular telephone lines or through 1G cell phones

Voice portal: A Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call

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Physical securitya stolen device can provide the thief with valuable data and digital credentials

Transactional issuestransactions are routed over a public network

Post-transaction issuessome method of proving that a particular transaction has occurred

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Mobile banking A large percentage of banks offer

mobile access to financial and account information

Surveys indicate there is strong latent demand for these offerings that is waiting for the technology and transmission speeds to improve

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Wireless electronic payment systems Wireless payment systems

transform mobile phones into secure, self-contained purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network for goods and services

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Micropayments: Electronic payments for small-purchase amounts (generally less than $10) Wide-ranging applications, such as

making payments to parking garages, restaurants, grocery stores, and public utilities

Success depends on the costs of the transactions

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M-wallet (mobile wallet): A wireless wallet that enables cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their wireless device

Bill paymentsA number of companies are now providing their customers with the option of paying their bills directly from a cell phone

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Shopping from wireless devices Wireless shoppers are supported by

services similar to those available for wireline shoppers

Cell phone users also can participate in online auctions (eBay and Amazon.com)

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Targeted advertising Knowing the current location of

mobile users (using GPS) and their preferences or surfing habits, marketers can send user-specific advertising messages

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Hotels Hotels now offer their guests in-

room, high-speed Internet connections

A small number of hotels are testing the use of this technology for check-in and check-out, for making purchases from hotel vending machines and stores, for tracking loyalty points

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Wireless telemedicine The storage and forwarding of

digital images from one location to another

Videoconferencing used for real-time consultation with a patient in one location and a medical specialist in another

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Location-based commerce (L-commerce): M-commerce transactions targeted to

individuals in specific locations, at specific times

L-commerce offers: Safety Convenience Productivity

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L-commerce basic services revolve around five key areas:

1. Location2. Navigation3. Tracking4. Mapping5. Timing

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Necessary location-based and network technologies: Position-determining equipment

(PDE) Mobile positioning center (MPC) Location-based technology Geographic content Location-specific content

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Global positioning system (GPS): A wireless system that uses satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on the earth

GPS handsets can be: stand-alone units plugged into a mobile device or

completely embedded in one

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Geographical information system (GIS): System that integrates GSP data onto digitized map displays

Wireless 911 (e-911): Calls from cellular phones to providers of emergency services

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Automatic crash notification (ACN): Device that automatically sends the police the location of a vehicle that has been involved in a crash

Telematics: The integration of computers and wireless communications to improve information flow using the principles of telemetry

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Barriers to L-commerce Accuracy The cost-benefit justification The bandwidth of GSM networks Invasion of privacy

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Pervasive computing: Invisible, everywhere computing that is embedded in the objects around us

Also know as: ubiquitous computing embedded computing augmented computing

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Properties of pervasive computing Invisible devices Embedded microchips Always on Ubiquitous network Life-enhancing applications Consumer-centric solutions Increasing productivity Long-term vision

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Technical foundation of pervasive computing Everyday objects have to contain

embedded microprocessors A ubiquitous network is needed to

connect these microprocessors The microprocessors must be able

to communicate with the ubiquitous network

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Smart homes—home automation systems support: Lighting Energy management Water control Home security and communications Home theater

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Smart appliancesInternet-ready appliance that can be controlled by a small handheld device or desktop computer via a home intranet or the public Internet

Home Alliance (internethomealliance.com)

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A networked appliance could provide a manufacturer and the owner with information that could be used for: Capturing or reporting on the

operation, performance, and usage of a device

Diagnostic purposes—monitoring, troubleshooting, repairing, or maintaining the device

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Improving the performance or features of a device

Controlling and coordinating devices into a sequenced pattern of behavior

Profiling and behavior tracking of a device

Monitoring consumption Tracking and optimizing the service

support system

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Smart cars—increased use of automobile microprocessors sophisticated engine controls to meet

emissions and fuel-economy standards advanced diagnostics; simplification of

the manufacture and design of cars reduction of the amount of wiring in cars new safety features new comfort and convenience features

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Growing trend is connecting car microprocessors to mobile networks for support services including:Emergency assistanceDriving directionsE-mail

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Services provided by OnStar (onstar.com) include: Air Bag Deployment Notification Voice-activated nationwide wireless calling

service Emergency services and roadside assistance Route Support Stolen Vehicle Tracking Remote Door Unlock Remote Diagnostics

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