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MLA 7th Edition Formatting and Style Guide Purdue OWL Staff Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
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MLA
7th
Edi
tion
Form
attin
g an
d St
yle
Gui
de
Purd
ue O
WL
Staf
fBr
ough
t to
you
in c
oope
ratio
n w
ith th
e Pu
rdue
Onl
ine
Wri
ting
Lab
This
pre
sen
tati
on
wil
l co
ver:
•Th
e 2
00
9 u
pd
ates
to
MLA
Sty
le (
7th
ed
itio
n)
•G
ener
al M
LA g
uid
elin
es•
Firs
t p
age
form
at•
Sect
ion
hea
din
gs•
In-t
ext
cita
tio
ns
•Fo
rmat
tin
g q
uo
tati
on
s•
The
Wo
rks
Cit
ed p
age
Overview
MLA
(M
oder
n L
angu
age
Ass
oci
atio
n) Style form
atting
is o
ften
use
d in v
ario
us
human
ities disciplines
.
Wha
t is
MLA
?
MLA
reg
ulat
es:
•D
ocu
men
t Fo
rmat
•In
-tex
t ci
tations
•Th
e W
ork
s C
ited
(a l
ist
of
all
sou
rces
use
d i
n t
he
pap
er)
Wha
t doe
s M
LA r
egul
ate?
The
7th
Ed
itio
n o
f M
LA m
ade
the
foll
ow
ing
up
dat
es/c
han
ges:
•N
o m
ore
un
der
lin
ing
(on
ly u
se i
tali
cs)
•In
clu
sio
n o
f th
e p
ub
lica
tio
n m
ediu
m (
e.g.
Pri
nt,
Web
, et
c.)
•N
ew a
bb
revi
atio
ns
(e.g
., “
N.p
.” f
or
“no
pu
bli
sher
giv
en”)
MLA
Upd
ate
2009
# 1
Rule
for
any
form
atti
ng
styl
e:
Alw
ays
Follow
your
inst
ruct
or’
sgu
idel
ines
Your
Inst
ruct
or K
now
s Be
st
An
MLA
Sty
le P
aper
sh
ou
ld:
•B
e ty
ped
on
wh
ite
8.5
“ x
11
“ p
aper
• D
ou
ble
-sp
ace
ever
yth
ing
• U
se 1
2 p
t. T
imes
New
Ro
man
(o
r si
mil
ar)
fon
t•
Lea
ve o
nly
on
e sp
ace
afte
r p
un
ctu
atio
n•
Set
all
mar
gin
s to
1 i
nch
on
all
sid
es•
In
den
t th
e fi
rst
lin
e o
f p
arag
rap
hs
on
e h
alf-
inch
Form
at: G
ener
al G
uide
lines
An
MLA
Sty
le P
aper
sh
ou
ld:
•H
ave
a he
ader
with
pag
e nu
mbe
rs lo
cate
d in
the
uppe
r ri
ght-
hand
corn
er•
Use
ital
ics
for
title
s•
Plac
e en
dnot
es o
n a
sepa
rate
pag
e be
fore
the
Wor
ks C
ited
page
Form
at: G
ener
al G
uide
lines
(con
t.)
The
firs
t p
age
of
an M
LA S
tyle
pap
er w
ill:
•H
ave
no t
itle
pag
e•
Double
spac
e ev
eryt
hing
•Li
st y
our
nam
e, y
our
inst
ruct
or'
s nam
e, t
he
cours
e, a
nd d
ate
in th
eupper
lef
t-han
d c
orn
er•
Cen
ter
the
pap
er t
itle
(use
sta
ndar
d ca
ps b
ut n
o un
derl
inin
g, it
alic
s,qu
ote
mar
ks, o
r bo
ld ty
pefa
ce)
•C
reat
e a
hea
der
in th
e up
per
righ
t cor
ner
at h
alf i
nch
from
the
top
and
one
inch
from
the
righ
t of t
he p
age
(list
your
last
nam
e an
d p
age
num
ber
her
e)
Form
attin
g th
e 1s
t Pag
e
Sam
ple
1st P
age
Sect
ion
Hea
ding
s ar
e ge
nera
lly o
ptio
nal:
•H
eadi
ngs
in a
n es
say
shou
ld u
sual
ly b
e nu
mbe
red
•H
eadi
ngs
shou
ld b
e co
nsis
tent
in g
ram
mar
and
form
attin
g bu
t,ot
herw
ise,
are
up
to y
ou
Form
attin
g Se
ctio
n H
eadi
ngs
OR
Num
ber
ed (
all fl
ush
lef
t w
ith n
ounder
linin
g, b
old
, or
ital
ics)
: E
xam
ple
: 1. So
il C
onse
rvat
ion
1.1
Ero
sion
1.2
Ter
raci
ng
2. W
ater
Conse
rvat
ion
3. En
ergy
Conse
rvat
ion
Unnum
ber
ed (
by
leve
l):
E
xam
ple
: Le
vel 1: bold
, fl
ush
lef
tLe
vel 2
: ita
lics,
flus
h le
ftLe
vel 3: ce
nte
red, bold
Leve
l 4:
cent
ered
, ita
lics
Leve
l 5: under
lined
, flush
lef
t
Sam
ple
Sect
ion
Hea
ding
s
Wit
hin
th
e te
xt M
LA u
ses
par
enth
etic
al c
itat
ion
s:•
The
form
at o
f p
aren
thet
ical
cit
atio
ns
dep
end
s o
n t
he
med
ium
(e.
g.P
rin
t, W
eb,
DV
D,
etc.
)•
Pare
nth
etic
al c
itat
ion
s al
so d
epen
d o
n t
he
sou
rce’
s en
try
in t
he
Wo
rks
Cit
ed p
age
•Th
e si
gnal
wo
rd i
n t
he
text
is
the
firs
t th
ing
in t
he
corr
esp
on
din
gW
ork
s C
ited
en
try
In-T
ext C
itatio
ns: t
he B
asic
s
In-t
ext
Exam
ple
:
Corr
espondin
g W
ork
s C
ited
Entr
y:
Aut
hor-
Page
Sty
le
Wor
dsw
orth
, Will
iam
. Lyr
ical
Bal
lads
. Lon
don:
Oxf
ord
UP,
196
7. P
rint
.
Wor
dsw
orth
sta
ted
that
Rom
antic
poe
try
was
mar
ked
by a
“spo
ntan
eous
ove
rflow
of p
ower
ful f
eelin
gs”
(263
). R
oman
ticpo
etry
is c
hara
cter
ized
by
the
“spo
ntan
eous
ove
rflow
of
pow
erfu
l fee
lings
” (W
ords
wor
th 2
63).
Wor
dsw
orth
exte
nsiv
ely
expl
ored
the
role
of e
mot
ion
in th
e cr
eativ
epr
oces
s (2
63).
Prin
t Sou
rce
with
Aut
hor
For
the
follow
ing
Pri
nt
Sourc
e B
urke
, Ken
neth
. Lan
guag
e as
Sym
bolic
Act
ion:
Essa
ys o
n L
ife,
Li
tera
ture
,an
d M
ethod
. Ber
kele
y: U
of C
alifo
rnia
P, 1
966.
Pri
nt.
If th
e es
say
prov
ides
a s
igna
l wor
d or
phr
ase—
usua
lly th
e au
thor
’s la
st n
ame—
the
cita
tion
does
not
nee
d to
als
o in
clud
e th
at in
form
atio
n. Ex
ample
:H
uman
s ha
ve b
een
desc
ribe
d by
Ken
neth
Bur
ke a
s “s
ymbo
l usi
ngan
imal
s” (3
).
VS.
Hum
ans
have
bee
n de
scri
bed
as “
sym
bol-
usin
g an
imal
s” (B
urke
3).
In-t
ext
Exam
ple
, ci
tin
g a
wo
rk w
ith
no
kn
ow
n a
uth
or:
We
see
so m
any
glo
bal
war
min
g h
ots
po
ts i
n N
ort
h A
mer
ica
like
ly b
ecau
seth
is r
egio
n h
as “
mo
re r
ead
ily
acce
ssib
le c
lim
atic
dat
a an
d m
ore
com
pre
hen
sive
pro
gram
s to
mo
nit
or
and
stu
dy
envi
ron
men
tal
chan
ge…
”(“
Imp
act
of
Glo
bal
War
min
g” 6
).
With
Unk
now
n A
utho
r
Co
rres
po
nd
ing
Wo
rks
Cit
ed E
ntr
y:“T
he
Imp
act
of
Glo
bal
War
min
g in
No
rth
Am
eric
a.”
Glo
bal
War
min
g: E
arly
Sign
s. 1
99
9.
Web
. 2
3 M
ar.
20
09
.
With
Unk
now
n A
utho
r
Cla
ssic
& L
iter
ary
Wo
rks
wit
h M
ult
iple
Ed
itio
ns
In-t
ext
Exam
ple
:M
arx
and E
nge
ls d
escr
ibed
hum
an h
isto
ry a
s m
arke
d b
y cl
ass
stru
ggle
s(7
9; ch
. 1).
Au
tho
rs w
ith
Sam
e La
st N
ames
In-t
ext
Exam
ple
:A
lthough
som
e m
edic
al e
thic
ists
cla
im that
clo
nin
g w
ill le
ad to d
esig
ner
childre
n (R
. M
ille
r 12), o
ther
s note
that
the
adva
nta
ges
for
med
ical
rese
arch
outw
eigh
this
consi
der
atio
n (A
. M
ille
r 46).
Oth
er In
-Tex
t Cita
tions
1
Wo
rk b
y M
ult
iple
Au
tho
rsIn
-tex
t Ex
amp
les:
Smith, Ya
ng,
and M
oore
arg
ue
that
tough
er g
un c
ontr
ol is
not nee
ded
in the
United
Sta
tes
(76).
The
auth
ors
sta
te “
Tigh
ter
gun c
ontr
ol in
the
United
Sta
tes
erodes
Seco
nd A
men
dm
ent ri
ghts
” (S
mith, Ya
ng,
and M
oore
76).
Jones
et al
. co
unte
r Sm
ith, Ya
ng,
and M
oore
's a
rgum
ent, n
oting
that
the
curr
ent sp
ike
in A
mer
ican
gun v
iole
nce
com
pel
s la
w m
aker
s to
adju
stgu
n law
s (4
).
Oth
er In
-Tex
t Cita
tions
2
Mu
ltip
le W
ork
s by
the
Sam
e A
uth
or
In-t
ext
Exam
ple
s:
Ligh
teno
r ha
s ar
gued
that
com
pute
rs a
re n
ot u
sefu
l too
ls fo
r sm
all
child
ren
(“To
o So
on”
38),
thou
gh h
e ha
s ac
know
ledg
ed e
lsew
here
that
earl
y ex
posu
re to
com
pute
r ga
mes
doe
s le
ad to
bet
ter
smal
l mot
or s
kill
deve
lopm
ent i
n a
child
's s
econ
d an
d th
ird
year
(“H
and-
Eye
Dev
elop
men
t” 1
7).
Vis
ual s
tudi
es, b
ecau
se it
is s
uch
a ne
w d
isci
plin
e, m
ay b
e “t
oo e
asy”
(Elk
ins,
“V
isua
l Stu
dies
” 63
).
Oth
er In
-Tex
t Cita
tions
3
Cit
ing
Mu
ltiv
olu
me
Wo
rks
In-te
xt E
xam
ple:
… a
s Q
uin
tilian
wro
te in In
stitu
tio O
rato
ria (1: 14-1
7).
Cit
ing
the
Bib
leIn
-text
Exa
mpl
e:
Ezek
iel sa
w “
what
see
med
to b
e fo
ur
livi
ng
crea
ture
s,”
each
with the
face
s of a
man
, a
lion, an
ox,
and a
n e
agle
(N
ew Je
rusa
lem
Bib
le, Ez
ek.
1:5
-10).
Oth
er In
-Tex
t Cita
tions
4
Cit
ing
Ind
irec
t So
urc
esIn
-tex
t Ex
amp
le:
Rav
itch
arg
ues
that
hig
h s
chools
are
pre
ssure
d to a
ct a
s “s
oci
al s
ervi
cece
nte
rs, an
d they
don't d
o that
wel
l” (qtd
. in
Wei
sman
259).
Mu
ltip
le C
itat
ion
sIn
-tex
t Ex
amp
le: …
as
has
bee
n d
iscu
ssed
els
ewher
e (B
urk
e 3; D
ewey
21).
Oth
er In
-Tex
t Cita
tions
5
Mis
cell
aneo
us
No
n-P
rin
t So
urc
esIn
-tex
t Ex
amp
le:
Wer
ner
Her
zog'
s Fi
tzca
rral
do s
tars
Her
zog'
s lo
ng-t
ime
film
par
tner
,K
laus
Kin
ski.
Dur
ing
the
shoo
ting
of F
itzc
arra
ldo H
erzo
g an
d K
insk
iw
ere
ofte
n at
odd
s, b
ut th
eir
expl
osiv
e re
latio
nshi
p fo
ster
ed a
mem
orab
le a
nd in
fluen
tial fi
lm.
Corr
esp
ond
ing
Work
s C
ited
Entr
y: H
erzo
g, W
erne
r, di
r. Fi
tzca
rral
do. P
erf.
Kla
us K
insk
i. Fi
lmve
rlag
der
A
utor
en, 1
982.
Film
.
Oth
er In
-Tex
t Cita
tions
6
Sou
rces
fro
m t
he
Inte
rnet
In-te
xt E
xam
ple:
One
onl
ine
film
cri
tic h
as a
rgue
d th
at F
itzca
rral
do is
“…
a be
autif
ul a
ndte
rrify
ing
criti
que
of o
bses
sion
and
col
onia
lism
” (G
arci
a, “
Her
zog:
aLi
fe”)
. C
orre
spon
ding
Wor
ks C
ited
Entr
y: G
arci
a, E
lizab
eth.
“H
erzo
g: a
Life
.” O
nlin
e Fi
lm C
ritic
s C
orne
r. T
he
Film
Sch
ool o
f New
Ham
pshi
re, 2
May
200
2. W
eb. 8
Jan.
2
009.
Oth
er In
-Tex
t Cita
tions
7
Form
attin
g Sh
ort Q
uota
tions
In-t
ext
Qu
ota
tio
n E
xam
ple
s:
Acc
ordi
ng to
som
e, d
ream
s ex
pres
s “p
rofo
und
aspe
cts
of p
erso
nalit
y”(F
oulk
es 1
84),
thou
gh o
ther
s di
sagr
ee.
Acc
ordi
ng to
Fou
lkes
's s
tudy
, dre
ams
may
exp
ress
“pr
ofou
nd a
spec
ts o
fpe
rson
ality
” (1
84).
Is it
pos
sibl
e th
at d
ream
s m
ay e
xpre
ss “
prof
ound
asp
ects
of p
erso
nalit
y”(F
oulk
es 1
84)?
Cul
len
conc
lude
s, “
Of a
ll th
e th
ings
that
hap
pene
d th
ere
/ Tha
t's a
ll I
rem
embe
r” (1
1-12
).
Lon
g Q
uo
tati
on
s, I
n-t
ext
Exam
ple
:N
elly
Dea
n tr
eats
Hea
thcl
iff p
oorl
y an
d de
hum
aniz
es h
im th
roug
hout
her
narr
atio
n:
T
hey
entir
ely
refu
sed
to h
ave
it in
bed
with
them
, or
even
in
th
eir
room
, and
I ha
d no
mor
e se
nse,
so,
I pu
t it o
n th
e la
ndin
g
o
fth
e st
airs
, hop
ing
it w
ould
be
gone
on
the
mor
row
. By
ch
ance
,or
els
e at
trac
ted
by h
eari
ng h
is v
oice
, it c
rept
to M
r.
Ear
nsha
w's
door
, and
ther
e he
foun
d it
on q
uitti
ng h
is
cha
mbe
r. In
quir
ies
wer
e m
ade
as to
how
it g
ot th
ere;
I w
as
ob
liged
to c
onfe
ss, a
nd in
reco
mpe
nse
for
my
cow
ardi
ce a
nd
i
nhum
anity
was
sen
t out
of t
heho
use.
(Bro
nte
78)
Form
attin
g Lo
ng Q
uota
tions
Add
ing/
Om
ittin
g W
ords
In-t
ext
Exam
ple
for
Add
ing
Wor
ds:
Jan
Har
old
Bru
nvan
d, in
an
essa
y on
urb
an le
gend
s, s
tate
s: “
som
ein
divi
dual
s [w
ho r
etel
l urb
an le
gend
s] m
ake
a po
int o
f lea
rnin
g ev
ery
rum
or o
r ta
le”
(78)
. In
-tex
t ex
ampl
e fo
r O
mit
ting
Wor
ds:
In a
n es
say
on u
rban
lege
nds,
Jan
Har
old
Bru
nvan
d no
tes
that
“so
me
indi
vidu
als
mak
e a
poin
t of l
earn
ing
ever
y re
cent
rum
or o
r ta
le .
. . a
ndin
a s
hort
tim
e a
livel
y ex
chan
ge o
f det
ails
occ
urs”
(78)
.
Sam
ple
Wo
rks
Cit
ed P
age:
Wor
ks C
ited
Page
: The
Bas
ics
Bas
ic F
orm
at o
f th
e W
ork
s C
ited
Pag
e:La
stnam
e, F
irst
nam
e. T
itle
of B
ook.
Pla
ce o
f Publica
tion: Publish
er,
Yea
r of Publica
tion. M
ediu
m o
f Publica
tion.
Exam
ples
:G
ille
spie
, Pa
ula
, an
d N
eal Le
rner
. Th
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ryan
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erf. K
evin
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Purd
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6 W
eb:
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://ow
l.eng
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purd
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du/
Phon
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65) 4
94-3
723
Emai
l: ow
l@ow
l.eng
lish.
purd
ue.e
du
Whe
re to
Go
to G
et M
ore
Hel
p
The
End
MLA
7th
Edi
tion
Form
attin
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yle
Gui
deBr
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t to
you
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ratio
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ith th
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Onl
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