Missouriensis · Missouriensis is the official publication of the Missouri Native Plant Society....

Missouriensis is the official publication of the Missouri Native Plant Society. Founded in1979 as a non-profit corporation, the Society is devoted to the conservation and study of theplants growing wild in Missouri, to the education of the public about the significance of thenative flora and its habitat, and to the publication of related information. Missouriensis ispublished once a year, and is available to Society members. For information on joining theMissouri Native Plant Society please contact the Membership Chair (see below).

CO-EDITORS George YatskievychMissouri Botanical GardenP.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166314/577-9522george.yatskievych.mobot.org

Doug LaddThe Nature Conservancy, Missouri Chapt.2800 S. Brentwood Blvd.St. Louis, MO 63144314/968-1105 [email protected]

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE: Elisabeth Hooper, Jay Raveill, Tim Smith

OFFICERS AND BOARD OF THE MISSOURI NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY

PRESIDENTJohn Oliver4861 Gatesbury DrSt. Louis, MO [email protected]

VICE PRESIDENTJohn Oliver4861 Gatesbury DrSt. Louis, MO [email protected]

SECRETARYMalissa Briggler10665 County Road 381Holts Summit, MO 65043573-301-0082) [email protected]

TREASURERBob Siemer74 Conway Cove DrChesterfield, MO [email protected]

PAST PRESIDENTPaul McKenzie2311 Grandview CirColumbia, MO [email protected]

BOARD MEMBERSMichelle Bowe (`13–`16)8878 N FR 75, Walnut Grove,MO 65770 [email protected]

Robin Kennedy (`14–`17)University of MissouriHerbariumColumbia, MO 65211573-882-6519 (wk)[email protected]

Visit us on the Web at: www.MONativePlantSociety.org

BOARD (CONTINUED)Bruce Schuette (`13–`16)678 State Route 147Troy, MO 63379314–528-7247 (wk)[email protected]

Rick Gray (`15–`18)6 Montauk CtSt. Louis, MO [email protected]

Steve Buback (`15–`18)626 Bonton StSt. Joseph, MO 64501816-271-3111 (wk)[email protected]

Justin Thomas (`14–`17)Rte 4, Box 946Salem, MO [email protected]

ARCHIVESJack Harris9708 Green Park Rd.St. Louis, MO 63123314–368-0655 [email protected]

ENVIRONMENT/EDUC.John Oliver (seePresient)

MEMBERSHIPAnn Earley1425 Bobolink Pl,St. Louis, MO [email protected]

PETAL PUSHER, EDITORBecky EricksonP.O. Box 496Ashland, MO [email protected]

DISTRIBUTION MANAGERLeslie [email protected]

CHAPTER REPSPERENNISAndrew [email protected]

HAWTHORN (COLUMBIA)Ann Wakeman5798 Windy Meadows LnFulton, MO [email protected]

EMPIRE PRAIRIE(ST. JOSEPH)Steve Buback(see Board Members)

KANSAS CITYHilary Haley204 S 15th St StBethany, MO [email protected]

OSAGE PLAINSCasey Burks914 SE Hwy ZZDeepwater, MO [email protected]

OZARKSElizabeth OlsonMDC Ozark Regional Office551 Joe Jones BlvdWest Plains, MO 65775417-255-9561 ext. 296 (wk)[email protected]

SOUTHWESTBrian Edmond8878 N FR 75Walnut Grove, MO 65770 [email protected]

ST. LOUISRex Hill4 Grantwood LnSt. Louis, MO [email protected]

Missouriensis, Volume 33 2015 1

ASCLEPIAS EXALTATA (APOCYNACEAE)DISCOVERED IN SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI

Christopher D. CrabtreeMissouri Department of Natural Resources1659 E Elm St, Jefferson City, M) 65101e-mail: [email protected]

Asclepias exaltata L. (poke milkweed or tall milkweed) is anative species found in bottomland and mesic upland forests andwoodlands of northeastern/eastern North America. It ranges fromMaine to northern Georgia, and west to Tennessee, Illinois, Iowa,and Minnesota. The plants are perennial and grow in relativelyclose groups, although they are often few in numbers. The commonname “poke milkweed” is fitting for the species, as its generalgrowth habit and leaf shape resemble pokeweed (Phytolaccaamericana). Synonyms for A. exaltata include A. phytolaccoidesPursh and A. bicknellii Vail (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991; U.S.Department of Agriculture, 2010).

Broyles and Wyatt (1993) mapped this species as beingpresent in southeast Missouri, though no records of its occurrencehad been made at the time (Yatskievych, 2006). On May 17, 2010,the author, along with Missouri State Park staff Ken McCarty,Denise Dowling, and Michael Cravens, observed a milkweed inbud stage in a drainage system in Trail of Tears State Park, CapeGirardeau County. Ken McCarty and the author discussed the plantin the field, and at the time neither could ascribe a specificidentification to it. Upon subsequent review of Missouri’s milk-weed species in both the Flora of Missouri (Steyermark, 1963) andSteyermark’s Flora of Missouri Volume II (Yatskievych, 2006), itwas found that the plant did not key to any of the species listed.Fortunately Yatskievych (2006) noted A. exaltata at the end of thedescription of the genus Asclepias and described its habitat andcharacters that would distinguish it from Missouri’s known species.A review of images on the USDA Plants website (U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, 2010) also aided in the confirmation that it was A.exaltata.

On May 18, 2010, the author, Denise Dowling and MichaelCravens revisited the location of the plants to photograph

2 Missouriensis, Volume 33 2015

(http://www.tropicos.org/Name/2601022) and voucher a specimen(Crabtree et al. s.n. [MO]). In all, 17 plants were growing in onegrouping and another six plants were growing approximately 30 mup-slope. Further searching by Trail of Tears State Park Staff SteveScheol resulted in the location of another individual plant in thegeneral area. The population included both flowering andvegetative plants. The voucher specimen collected on May 19,2010 is housed in the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium.Additional flowering plants were discovered in the park on June 6,2011 in a valley approximately 2.8 km northwest of the initialdiscovery. A small number of desiccated flowering stems werefound in the autumn of 2012, approximately 0.3 km south of the2010 observation.

The main population of A. exaltata is located on a berm orlow knoll at the base of an east-facing drainage system and isapproximately 2.5 m from the margin of the gravel drainage bed(Lat. 37.448611° Long. -089.464167°). Associated vascular plantsinclude Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Liriodendron tulip-ifera, Quercus rubra, Asimina triloba, Lindera benzoin, Actaeapachypoda, Arisaema triphyllum, Asarum canadense, Eupatoriumpurpureum, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Podophyllum peltatum,

Figure 1. View of Asclepias exaltata stems from above showing the shapes of theopposite leaves.


and Toxicodendron radicans. On April 23, 2014, Trail of TearsState Park staff member Steve Scheol documented 30 plants in fourdistinct clusters at and in close proximity to this population.

The plants discovered on June 6, 2011 (Lat. 37.462975° Long.-089.48943°), were located on a south-facing slope under a more

Figure 2. Tip of a stem of Asclepias exaltata showing leaf shape and position, aswell as a terminal inflorescence in bud. Note the twining stem and trifoliolate leafof Amphicarpaea bracteata (hog peanut) climbing on the poke milkweed stem.


open tree canopy, but the herbaceous plant associates were notnoted at the time of discovery.

As noted by Yatskievych (2006), A. exaltata would keyimperfectly to A. amplexicaulis Sm. or A. incarnata L.. The plantcan be 1.5 m tall, have a glabrous stem or may have a lightpubescence in narrow lines, have 5–8 pairs of large, opposite,broadly elliptic leaves with sharply pointed blade tips and basestapering to the petioles (Fig. 1). The large flowers are white to dullpink or purple, on slender, drooping or spreading pedicels of aloose umbel (Figs. 2, 3) with usually several umbels present.Asclepias exaltata keys in Gleason and Cronquist (1991) with thefollowing floral characters: having a horn present, floral hoods thatare about equal to the gynostegium and the horns surpassing thehoods, lateral margins of the hood essentially parallel, hoodstruncate and tubular, as opposed to scoop-shaped, and the hoodterminating in a sharp, erect tooth. Plants typically flower fromJune through July, and may be found in full bud in mid to late May,as was the case of the Missouri population.

The presence of this plant in Illinois and concentrations alongthe Mississippi River in Iowa lead to speculation that the speciesmay be present in other areas along the eastern border of Missouri,not solely in the southeast part of the state. Further searches of thewoodland and forested valleys along much of the Mississippi Rivermay lead to the discovery of additional populations.

Figure 3. Close-up view of an inflorescence of Asclepias exaltata in bud.


LITERATURE CITED

Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plantsof Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, ed. 2.New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx.

Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State UniversityPress. Ames.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service(USDA–ARS). USDA PLANTS database. [www.plants.usda.gov]. Accessed 22 December 2010.

Yatskievych, G. 2006. Steyermark’s Flora of Missouri, RevisedEdition, Volume 2. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. St.Louis.


BOTANICAL NOTES FROM THEBRANSON WILDERNESS

George YatskievychMissouri Botanical Garden

P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO [email protected]

Nestled in the amazing entertainment phenomenon that is the cityof Branson Missouri, within sight of the Dixie Stampede and othertheaters designed to entertain culturally-deprived tourists, is aremarkable piece of property. Known as the Lakeside ForestWilderness Area, this parcel in Taney County protects 140 acresoverlooking Lake Taneycomo that the city has been maintainingfor its natural characteristics, as a nature retreat from the urbanbustle.

Much of the land that is included in this park was previouslyowned by Dr. Edgar Lyle Owen. Born in 1906 in Oklahoma, Lyleand his family moved to the Branson area in 1921 (Owen, 1976,1978), during his senior year in high school. In the early 1930s, hepurchased a tract of land overlooking the White River for $14 anacre from Wilbur Winchester, who had built a three-room vacationcabin there from local stone in 1911. Dr. Owen went on to a careerteaching economics at the University of Tulsa, but visited hisBranson property in the summertime, traveling by train. During hisvisits, he accomplished ambitious feats of construction, includingimproving the house and barn, erecting an impressive array ofnearly 2,000 linear feet of retaining walls, and hand-laying a seriesof 315 stone-and-mortar steps from the house down the steep bluffto a lower terrace near the lake for access to a small cave and awet-weather waterfall. Dr. Owen retired from his professorship inthe 1970s and he and his wife, Mary, moved back to his Bransonproperty. He lived there until his death, sometime around the year2000. In 1998, Dr. Owen sold about 130 acres, all but the 7.4 acressurrounding the homestead, to the city of Branson, citing his desirethat it be protected as a “natural wilderness” and, after protractednegotiations, the city acquired the remaining acreage from hisestate in 2009 (Fig. 1).


The park is located on the east side of Fall Creek Road, justsouth of its intersection with State Highway 76 (Fig. 1). Theapproximate location of the Owen homesite is at the followingcoordinates: Lat. 36° 38' 05.44" N, Longitude 093° 14' 55.55" W.The house is near the high-point of the park at about 975 ftelevation, but the property extends eastward down a steep series ofbluffy ledges to the shore of Lake Taneycomo at about 700 ft. Thetransition from the aquatic habitat of the reservoir to the dry uplandis very abrupt along the shoreline, with little to no riparian zone.The northern portion of the park has slightly deeper soils and thewalking path from the parking lot goes through a dry upland forest

Figure 1. Map showing the approximate boundaries of the Lakeside ForestWilderness Area in Branson, Missouri. Satellite image courtesy of Google Earth,taken on 4 April 2013.


dominated by Quercus, Carya, and Fraxinus, among othermedium-sized trees. South of the house are scattered areas on theridetop where the dolomite bedrock is exposed, and the vegetationis a matrix of woodland with glade openings, many of theseencroached by Juniperus. Among the plants typical of the gladesand bluff ledges is the uncommon American smoketree, Cotinusobovatus, and many of the native calcareous glade plants onewould expect at such a site continue to persist. The BransonDepartment of Parks and Recreation, with assistance from theMissouri Department of Conservation, is beginning to manage thesite more actively to restore the native plant communities.

Because Lyle Owen was living in Oklahoma most of the time,the primary resident of the house for several decades was hismother, Stella Owen. Stella had a love for nature and ornamentalhorticulture, and she developed an extensive series of ornamentalgardens around the home. There she grew a diverse array ofperennials, both exotics and native wildflowers, many in relativelymassive plantings (Owen, 1976, 1978; Hartman, 1978). After Dr.Owen returned to the property full-time, he and his wife helped tokeep up these gardens. However, before the city acquired thehomesite it had lain fallow and untended for more a decade. Duringthis time, a number of the non-native ornamentals began to diffuseinto the surrounding landscape and became naturalized to varyingdegrees. Some of these, such as the bearded irises (Iris germanica)are relatively widespread in Missouri as local escapes from oldhomesteads. Others have not been recorded often outside ofcultivation in the state and a small group of species have notpreviously been reported as escapes.

Starting in the late 1990s, a few botanists began visiting thesite, including now-retired MDC botanist Tim Smith. The firstcollection of a naturalized exotic at the property was in 2004 byMichael Skinner, then a regional biologist with the MissouriDepartment of Conservation, who noted that Jasminum nudiflorum(see below) had become established outside of cultivation (Smithand Yatskievych, 2013). After the city acquired the property, someof its employees, notably Mona Menezes and Tara Norback, alsobegan to take an interest in the plants growing at the site. Theauthor had occasion to visit the site briefly in May 2014 andcollected several voucher specimens. More recently, the park was


botanized by retired botanist Bill Summers and MDC biologistRhonda Rimer.

The present report discusses some of the non-nativeangiosperm taxa that have become established at the site, includingboth state records and those rarely collected in the state. Allvoucher specimens are accessioned at the Missouri BotanicalGarden herbarium. Data and specimen images are available bysearching MBG’s online institutional database at www.tropicos.org. Although attempts are underway to control some of the morewidespread escapes, further botanical inventories may disclose thepresence of yet more unusual taxa that have escaped from theOwen garden.

STATE RECORDS

Dictamnus albus L. (Rutaceae)—. This attractive species is unusualamong the cultivated members of the Rutaceae in that it is a long-lived, herbaceous perennial, rather than a tree or shrub. Dictamnusalbus is currently considered by most botanists to be the onlyspecies in the genus (although as many as five species and severalinfraspecific taxa sometimes have been recognized) and is native

Figure 2. Leaf of Dictamnus albus.


from Europe to China (Zhang and Hartley, 2008). It has long beencultivated, but was more commonly grown in gardens severaldecades ago than it has been in recent years.

The plants form clumps from a woody, spreading caudex. Thestout, mostly unbranched stems are strongly ascending to nearly 1m tall. The relatively few, large leaves are alternate and pinnately

Figure 3. Inflorescence of Dictamnus albus.


compound with 7–11(–13) leaflets that are serrate (Fig. 2). Fertilestems terminate in a relatively dense, elongate spikelike raceme(Fig. 3), with each short-pedicellate flower subtended by a bract.The flowers are zygomorphic, with an inconspicuous calyx of 5lanceolate, basally fused sepals. Corollas consist of 4 ascendingpetals and 1 descending petal, these are relatively slender, up to 2.5cm long in length, and variously white, pink, and/or purple. The 10showy stamens are on descending, curved filaments and areattached to the rim of a well-developed nectar disk surrounding theovary. The strongly lobed ovary ripens into a capsule-like ring of5 basally fused follicles, each of which discharges up to 3 smallseeds explosively. The common name gas plant derives from thepleasantly lemon-scented, dense glands covering the plants. Therelease volatile oils that can be ignited by a flame (several videosdocumenting this are available on www.youtube.com andelsewhere). In fact, when the stems die-back at the end of thegrowing season, the plants are highly flammable.

Gas plant has escaped sporadically from cultivation and is arelative newcomer to the North American Flora. It was firstcollected as an escape in Michigan in 1978 (Voss, 1985), inVermont in 1981 (Zika, 1988), and was reported as potentially non-persistent in New York in 1990 (Weldy et al., 2015). Plants ofDictamnus are well established in the Owen garden, where theydraw questions from curious visitors who do not recognize thespecies. They have also escaped sporadically into the surroundingwoodlands. A voucher was collected on 7 May 2014 (Yatskievych& Holmberg 14-18).

Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. (Oleaceae)—. Winter jasmine is ahighly branched colonial shrub to 1.5 m tall with arching tospreading stems and branches. It is characterized by green topurplish-tinged, 4-angled twigs; relatively small, opposite leavesthat are mostly ternately compound; solitary, perfect, axillaryflowers with 5- or 6-lobed, yellow to reddish-tinged, trumpet-shaped corollas, and small, ellipsoid to ovoid berries that are olivegreen and turn black with age. As with other members of theOleaceae, only 2 stamens are produced per flower. Plants bloomvery early in the growing season. For a more detailed description,see Smith and Yatskievych (2013).


This species was first documented in 2004 by MichaelSkinner (Skinner 6201), who noted that plants had invaded thedegraded dolomite glade near the homesite. The cultivatedpopulation forms, large, dense patches in some of the raised bedsbounded by retaining walls below the house, providing an abundantpotential innoculum for further escapes. Smith and Yatskievych(2013) noted that southern Missouri is at the northern edge of thecold hardiness zone for this species; thus it is currently not widelycultivated in the state. This could change as average temperaturescontinue to increase, as they have in recent decades.

Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. (Caprifoliaceae)—. Beautybush is adense shrub to 2.5 m tall with opposite, entire leaves. It resemblesplants of the more widely cultivated genus Weigela Thunb.(weigela) in its profuse, pink flowers, but differs in the dense,stiffly spreading, persistent hairs on its pedicel and calyx, itssomewhat smaller corollas (15–25 mm vs. 25–40 mm long), andachenes that are embedded in the spongy to woody bracts andcrowned with the persistent calyces. This Chinese species hasescaped from cultivation sporadically, mainly in the eastern half ofthe United States. At Lakeside Forest, it has naturalized abundantlyin dry woodland and along the edges of dolomite glades, where itwas first collected in 2014 (Yatskievych & Holmberg 14-19).

Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton (Caprifoliaceae)—.Variously known as winter honeysuckle, January jasmine, andsweet breath of Spring, this species is a densely branched shrub2–3 m tall. Its stems and foliage are similar to those of other non-native bush honeysuckles in Missouri, but it differs from these inits earlier flowering time, frequently flowering as early as lateJanuary or February, usually before the leaves have developed. Italso differs in its larger red fruits, which are oblong-obovoid andhave two perianth scars apically, a result of the ovaries of theadjacent flowers in each pair becoming fused during maturation.The species is native to Asia and is widely cultivated in NorthAmerica. It has escaped widely in the eastern states andsporadically as far west as portions of Texas and Utah, and thespecies is considered an invasive exotic pest in some southeasternstates (www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3038). Afruiting voucher was collected in 2014 (Yatskievych & Holmberg


14-20) and a more recent collection of an unusual rapidlyelongating extension shoot shows the potential of the taxon toproduce whorls of three leaves at the nodes (Rimer & Summers s.n.on 22 June 2015).

Lysimachia clethroides Duby (Primulaceae)–. Gooseneck loose-strife is native to Asia, but is cultivated widely in the United States,both as an ornamental and as a bee plant. This taxon is stronglycolonial from long-creeping, branched rhizomes and differs fromother species of Lysimachia in Missouri in its alternate leaves,strongly arched, terminal, spikelike racemes, and white corollas.Bogler and Yatskievych (2013) discussed the species noting thatuntil that time it had not yet been recorded as an escape inMissouri, but that it had become naturalized widely in thenortheastern United States, including four states adjoiningMissouri: Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee. They also notedthat the species is very aggressive in gardens and in some states itis considered an invasive exotic. A recently collected specimendocuments that it is starting to escape from plantings in the Owengarden into the adjacent woodland and constitutes a first record forMissouri (Rimer & Summers s.n. on 22 June 2015).

SPECIES UNCOMMON IN MISSOURI

Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Bunge (Plumbaginaceae)—. Lead-wort is a perennial herb (sometimes somewhat woody at the base)with spreading to loosely ascending stems and alternate, obovateto somewhat rhombic leaves that often become reddish tingedtoward the end of the growing season. It produces dense clusters ofshowy flowers at the branch tips and from the axils of the upperleaves. The bracts and calyces are usually brownish red andcontrast with the blue, trumpet-shaped corollas. The species wasfirst reported as an escape in North America from Missouri byDunn (1982), based on plants in an alley in Columbia (BooneCounty). The species was treated in Yatskievych (2013). Plants atLakeside Forest escape sporadically into the woodlands sur-rounding the garden and were vouchered only recently (Rimer &Summers s.n. on 22 June 2015).


Exochorda racemosa (Lindl.) Rehder (Rosaceae)—. Commonpearlbush is a densely branched shrub 1–3 m tall with elliptic tonarrowly obovate leaves lacking stipules (an unusual character inthe family). It flowers for a short time in the Spring, producingterminal racemes of showy, white-petaled flowers. Its fruits aremore frequently encountered, and are 5-lobed capsules 6–10 mmlong that tend to break up between the lobes at maturity. Each ofthe 5 locules usually contains a single seed, this with a prominent,complete or incomplete wing around the margin. This Asian taxonescapes sporadically in the eastern U.S. (Yatskievych, 2013) andwas first collected in Missouri in 2006 at the Shaw Nature Reservein Franklin county (Holmberg 1747). It was treated in Yatskievych(2013). A recent voucher specimen documents its escape inwoodlands at Lakeside Forest (Rimer & Summers s.n. on 22 June2015).

Vinca major L. (Apocynaceae)—. The greater periwinkle is similarin appearance to its more common congener, V. minor L. (commonperiwinkle), but differs in its larger, longer-petiolate, less glossy,somewhat thinner, ovate to triangular ovate leaves, as well as itslarger flowers. It is a Eurasian native that is widely cultivated as anornamental groundcover and has escaped widely, but sporadically,in temperate North America (Bogler, 2006). In Missouri, thespecies was known previously from a single site in St. CharlesCounty, where it was first collected in 2005 by MDC biologist, LiaBollman (now Lia Heppermann) (Bollman s.n., on 11 January2005, also on 12 May 2005). Because North American plantsseldom, if ever, produce fruits, it has likely escaped from thegarden at Lakeside Forest by stem fragments spread by peopleand/or wildlife. The voucher specimens from the park (Yatskievych& Holmberg 14-18; Holmberg 5010) are the Taney County recordsand the second report of this taxon outside of cultivation inMissouri.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are due to Mona Monezes and Tara Norback of thecity of Branson, Missouri, for first raising attention to theinteresting flora of the Lakeside Forest Wilderness Area. TimSmith and Mike Skinner provided insights into Lyle Owen, whom


they met in the 1990s when they independently visited theproperty. Rhonda Rimer and Nels Holmberg provided usefuldiscussion and specimens, and Brian Edmond and John Oliverprovided information on gas plants.

LITERATURE CITED

Bogler, D. J. 2006. Apocynaceae. Pp. 115–126 in G. Yatskievych.Steyermark's Flora of Missouri, Second Edition, Volume 2.Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Bogler, D. J., and G. Yatskievych. 2013. Primulaceae. Pp. 773–793in G. Yatskievych. Steyermark’s Flora of Missouri, SecondEdition, Volume 3. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St.Louis.

Dunn, D. B. 1982. Problems in “keeping-up” with the flora ofMissouri. Trans. Missouri Acad. Sci. 16: 95–98.

Hartman, V. 1987. The backward trail: An interview of LyleOwen. White River Valley Historical Quarterly 9(7): 16–23.

Owen, L. 1976. Three Owen families of Taney County, Missouri.White River Valley Historical Quarterly 6(1): 1–7.

———. 1978. Memories of an Ozarks Mother—The 100 Years ofStella Owen. Mountaineer Press, Branson, MO.

Smith, T. E., and G. Yatskievych. 2013. Oleaceae. Pp. 492–509 inG. Yatskievych. Steyermark's Flora of Missouri, SecondEdition, Volume 3. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St.Louis.

Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II. Dicots (Sauru-raceae–Cornaceae). Cranbrook Institute of Science, AnnArbor, MI.

Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2015. New York Flora Atlas.[S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (original applicationdevelopment), USF Water Institute. University of SouthFlorida]. New York Flora Association, Albany, NY.[http://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu] Website consulted on 4August 2015.

Yang, Q., and S. Landrein. 2011. Linnaeaceae. Pp. 642–648 in Z.-Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, and D.-Y. Hong, eds. Flora of China.Volume 19. Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, withAnnonaceae and Berberidaceae. Science Press, Beijing.


Yatskievych, G. 2013. Steyermark’s Flora of Missouri, SecondEdition, Volume 3. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St.Louis.

Zhang, D.-X., and T. G. Hartley. 2008. Dictamnus Linnaeus. Pp.74–75 in Z.-Y. Wu, P. H. Raven, and D.-Y. Hong, eds. Floraof China. Volume 11. Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae.Science Press, Beijing.

Zika, P. F. 1988. Contributions to the flora of the Lake ChamplainValley, New York and Vermont, II. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club115: 218–220.


A NEW SITE FOR RUNNING BUFFALOCLOVER (TRIFOLIUM STOLONIFERUM;

FABACEAE) IN MISSOURI: IMPLICATIONSFOR ADDITIONAL SURVEY NEEDS AND

SUGGESTED MANAGEMENTRECOMMENDATIONS

Paul M. McKenzie1

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service101 Park DeVille Dr, Suite A

Columbia, MO 65203e-mail: [email protected]

Chris NewboldMissouri Department of Conservation

3500 E. Gans RdColumbia, MO 65201

e-mail: [email protected]

Running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex Eaton)was known historically from Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas,Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, and West Virginia, but few populationswere documented anywhere in the United States between 1910 and1983 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987, 1989). The discoveryof two small populations in West Virginia in 1983 (Bartgis, 1983)and in Indiana in 1987 (Homoya et al., 1989; U.S. Fish andService, 1987, 1989) led to its federal listing as an endangeredspecies under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, 1987). The rediscoveries in Indiana and WestVirginia spurred additional survey efforts in the eastern UnitedStates, and by the time the initial Recovery Plan was completed in1989 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989), 13 populations wereknown from four states: Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and WestVirginia (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989, 2008).

Trifolium stoloniferum is currently extant in Indiana,Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio and West Virginia (U.S. Fish and————— The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not1

necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


Wildlife Service, 2007, 2008). As of 2014, the species is knownfrom 110 sites scattered across the five-state region (JenniferFinfera, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbus, Ohio, pers.comm., Jan. 23, 2015). Due to the large number of populationsdiscovered between 1985 and 2008 and protection andmanagement actions undertaken, the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService recommended that running buffalo clover be reclassifiedas a threatened species in 2008 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,2008). That recommendation, however, has yet to be formallyproposed due to other priorities (Finfera, pers. comm. Jan. 23,2015). Additionally, the initial Recovery Plan approved for thespecies in 1989 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989) was revisedin 2007 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2007).

In Missouri, the species was known historically from fivesites collected between 1883 and 1901 (Tropicos: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/13034256?tab=specimens). Because searchesfor running buffalo clover failed to document any known nativeoccurrences (Thurman, 1988), experimental plantings were under-taken on Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S. ForestService land between 1990 and 1994 (Smith, 1998; Yatskievych,2013). All but one of these introductions failed to persist andplantings were recommended to cease in 1998 (Smith, 1998;Theresa Davidson, U.S. Forest Service, pers. comm. Jan. 2015).Trifolium stoloniferum was considered extirpated from the state(Thurman 1988), other than planted introductions, until itreappeared, unexpectedly, in topsoil at two St. Louis locations in1990 (Yatskievych, 2013). Attempts to document the species fromthe topsoil source were unsuccessful, but the clover was sub-sequently discovered at a natural site in Madison County in 1994(Smith, 1998; Yatskievych, 2013). The discovery of plants in 1990and 1994 led to an extensive search by Hickey (1994a) for otheroccurrences in the counties where the species had been recentlydocumented. Hickey evaluated 107 of the 146 potential sites sheidentified and conducted field surveys at many, but no newoccurrences were discovered (Hickey 1994a).

Additional searches for running buffalo clover were con-ducted in 1996 and 1997 (Smith 1998), but no additional popu-lations were found until the species was discovered at twoGasconade River accesses in Phelps and Maries counties in 1998and 1999 (Wakeman, 1999, 2001). Plants at these localities,


however, did not persist (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2007;Yatskievych, 2013). Subsequently, three subpopulations werediscovered at Graham Cave State Park in Montgomery County in2002, and two new populations were discovered at Cuivre RiverState Park in Lincoln County in 2005 and 2009 (U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, 2007; Yatskievych, 2013). In 2011, one of thelargest native populations was discovered along a private gravelroad in Callaway County. At the time of discovery, about 250flowering heads were estimated to exist, but this decreased to50–100 flowering heads in 2012 and 5–10 in 2013. It is not knownif the appearance at this locality was natural or due to a possibleintroduction via seeds contained in gravel placed on the road bed.Subsequent investigations determined that the original source ofgravel was within five miles of the nearby Auxvasse Creek.

On 30 May 2014, the authors, along with the CallawayCounty site land owner, searched the private access road but foundno evidence of plants. Interestingly, however, the land ownerreported that he had observed an unusual clover on a friend’sproperty located approximately eight miles from his residence.Upon receiving permission to access the second site, the authorsmet the land owner the same day and searched an access roadwithin the riparian corridor of Crow’s Fork Creek, a large tributaryto Auxvasse Creek. The search resulted in the discovery of a newsite for running buffalo clover that consisted of 50 rooted crownsand 26 flowering heads (Fig. 1). A voucher specimen (McKenzie& Newbold 2545) was collected and deposited at the MissouriBotanical Garden herbarium (MO).

The plants were located in the partial shade of a maturebottomland forest dominated by Acer negundo(box elder),Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky coffee tree), Juglans nigra (blackwalnut), and Ulmus americana(American elm). Associated plantsin the ground layer of the stand included Carex blanda (easternwoodland sedge), C. davisii (Davis’ sedge), Chasmanthium lati-folium (Indian woodoats), Elymus virginicus (wild rye), Festucasubverticillata (nodding fescue), Glechoma hederacea (groundivy), Juncus tenuis (poverty rush), Leersia virginica (whitegrass),Muhlenbergia schreberi (nimblewill), Plantago major (commonplantain), Poa annua (annual bluegrass), P. compressa (Canadabluegrass), and Stellaria media (common chickweed).


On 11 May 2015, the authors returned to the site to monitorthe population and counted 45 rooted crowns and 19 floweringheads. Plants at the site appeared healthy but were sufferingcompetition from the adjacent stand of Elymus virginicus.

Habitat at the new site in Callaway County is similar to otherknown locations in Missouri and elsewhere; where disturbanceoccurs in a mesic habitat, where there is partial to filtered sunlight,and in an area that is underlain with limestone or other calcareousbedrock (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2007, 2008). The newlocality is within the Ozarks Ecological Section of Missouri (Nighand Schroeder, 2002) which has been identified as one of theregions in the eastern United States where this species is currentlyextant (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2007, 2008).

In addition to the Crow’s Fork Creek, four other sites for thespecies were monitored in 2015. On 12 May, Newbold located fourrooted crowns at the Van Dyke site (Callaway County). This wasthe first time the species had been documented at this locality since2012 when it was likely impacted from a prolonged drought duringthe summer and fall of the same year. Newbold also searched the

Figure 1. Trifolium stoloniferum, running buffalo clover, just past flowering, atedge of road through riparian corridor of Crows Fork Creek, Callaway County,May 30, 2014. Photo by Paul McKenzie.


known locations of T. stoloniferum at Graham Cave State Park on12 May and observed 17 rooted crowns and two flowering heads.This was the first time the species had been documented at this sitesince 2008. The authors searched the Madison County site on 26May, but were unsuccessful in observing any plants. The lastrecorded observations at this site were in 2008 when the site wasmore open and less shaded than noted during this year’sobservations. On 21 May, the authors monitored the two knownsites at Cuivre River State Park. At the one location along adisturbed foot trail, they counted 75 rooted crowns and 108flowering heads, but noted that the site continues to be threatenedby encroachment from multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Thesecond locality is along an eroded bank of Sugar Creek that wasundoubtedly created by flash-flood scouring, where 43 rootedcrowns and 25 flowering heads were counted.

Numerous possible threats have been identified for thespecies, including permanent habitat loss due to urban sprawl;competition from non-native, invasive plant species; forest canopyclosure; fragmented populations; elimination of grazing by nativebison; excessive herbivory by insects; a reduction in pollinators;overgrazing by livestock; and the lack of minimal disturbance(Cusick, 1989; Hickey, 1994b; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,2007, 2008). Other factors such as seed scarification, viruses, lowgenetic diversity, and potential dispersal by white-tailed deer havebeen identified as elements that may contribute to the persistenceof populations, but divergent results in some studies suggest thatadditional research is warranted (Campbell et al., 1988; Sehgal andPayne, 1995; Hattenbach, 1996; Ford et al., 2003; U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, 2007, 2008). In Missouri, the lack of seed-setmay be a threat, but additional observations are needed. Althoughnot identified in previous publications (e.g., U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, 2007, 2008), climate change is likely to negatively impactpopulations of running buffalo clover across the species’ range,especially due to more frequent or severe periods of drought ormajor flood events, as postulated by Hickey (1994b). We agreewith Wilcove et al. (1998), who noted that there could be majorpotential impacts of climate change on imperiled species. Thefailure of the present authors to relocate any T. stoloniferum plantsat the initial Callaway County site in May 2014 is undoubtedlyrelated to the significant drought that occurred in the state in 2012.


There is a consensus among most authors that the need for naturalor man-made disturbance through the implementation of variousmanagement actions is essential to the conservation of the species(Becus and Klein, 2003; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2007,2008; Burkhart et al., 2013).

The sites of running buffalo clover discovered between 2002and 2014 in Callaway and Montgomery counties are less than 20miles apart and additional surveys in these counties are warranted.Provided landowner permission can be obtained, we recommendthat disturbed areas be searched along stream banks, access roads,game trails, ATV trails, or other areas that are maintained bymowing, grazing, or timber management, especially within mesicwoods or riparian corridors. Suggested areas include main streamreaches and tributaries of Auxvasse Creek, Bachelor Creek, BynumCreek, Crows Fork Creek, Little Loutre Creek, Loutre River,Prairie Fork Creek, Richland Creek, and Whetstone Creek.Additionally, we recommend surveys be undertaken in similarareas adjacent to Cuivre River State Park, including main streamreaches and tributaries of Big Lead Creek, Bobs Creek, CuivreRiver, Mill Creek, Sandy Creek, and Sugar Creek within a radiusof approximately 10 miles from the park.

We concur with others (e.g., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,2007) who have determined that populations of running buffaloclover benefit from minimal disturbance regimes. We suggestusing an adaptive management approach to evaluate whichmanagement actions will facilitate persistence of the species.Management practices that have proven successful include lightgrazing, mowing, control of competing non-native plants, and soildisturbance (Hickey, 1994b; Cusick, 1989; Homoya et al., 1989;Mardarish and Schuler, 2002; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,2007, 2008). Burkhart et al. (2013) analyzed the impact of differentdisturbance regimes on populations of T. stoloniferum at theFernow Experimental Forest in Tucker County, West Virginia, anddetermined that the species responded best to disturbance thatoccurred at an interval of once every 8–14 years. Additionally,those authors concluded that even-aged management techniquessuch as clearcutting were preferred over single-tree selection andother forms of partial harvesting. Nelson (2005) and Watt (2011)both noted, however, that disturbance regimes today are muchdifferent than those that occurred during pre-settlement times and


it will be much more difficult to duplicate such processes ontoday’s landscape. Nonetheless, we have no choice but to makerecommendations within the context and conditions that exist onthe current landscape and to do so in light of historical patterns andprocesses.

As noted by Cusick (1989) and Homoya et al. (1989), andoutlined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2007, 2008), lackof active management may cause the species to disappear orexhibit a decline in population size. Subpopulations of runningbuffalo clover at the Graham Cave State Park site in MontgomeryCounty occurred along hiking trails and a picnic area maintainedby mowing. All subpopulations at this locality were not locatedduring surveys conducted 2011–2014, possibly because of the lackof management, drought, and/or excessive flooding that occurredduring the period. At the initial Callaway County site, mowing wasimplemented post-flowering in 2011 but a decrease in floweringplants was noted in 2012 and 2013, and disappearance of thespecies in 2014 is more likely a result of the drought of 2012 thanmowing practices. Nonetheless, observations by the authors in2015 suggest that the species’ has a resilient seed bank and canreappear at sites if there is an appropriate amount of disturbanceand shading. The Madison County site is in need of disturbanceand a reduction in over-shaded conditions.

As suggested by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2008),we recommend the development of management guidelines toassist private land owners and the Missouri Department of NaturalResources Division of State Parks. We endorse the development ofdisturbance techniques that may be most beneficial to the speciesdepending on local environmental and edaphic conditions. Finally,we recommend that land owner incentive programs be developedto reward private land owners for undertaking managementinitiatives that enhance the habitat for this species.

LITERATURE CITED

Bartgis, R. L. 1983. Resdiscovery of Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl.ex A. Eaton. Rhodora 87:425–429.

Becus, M. S., and J. B. Klein. 2003. Mowing schedule improvesreproduction and growth of endangered running buffaloclover (Ohio). Ecol. Restor. 20: 295.


Burkhart, J. Q., J. R. Rentch, and T. M. Schuler. 2013. Effects offorest management on running buffalo clover (Trifoliumstoloniferum Muhl. ex A. Eaton) distribution and abundancein the Fernow Experimental Forest. Nat. Areas J. 33:156–162.

Campbell, J. J. N., M. Evans, M. E. Medley, and N. L. Taylor.1988. Buffalo clovers in Kentucky (Trifolium stoloniferumand T. reflexum): historical records, pre-settlementenvironment, re-discovery, endangered status, cultivation andchromosome number. Rhodora 90: 399–418.

Cusick, A.W. 1989. Trifolium stoloniferum (Fabaceae) in Ohio:history, habitats, decline and rediscovery. Sida 13: 467–480.

Ford, W. M., D. Madarish, and T. M. Schuler. 2003. Influence ofwhite-tailed deer digestion on running buffalo clover(Trifolium stoloniferum: Fabaceae Muhl ex. A. Eaton). Amer.Midl. Naturalist 149:425–428.

Hattenbach, M. J. 1996. Edaphic relations of an endangered plant,Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex Eaton. M.S. Thesis, OhioState University, Columbus.

Hickey, E. E. 1994a. A Missouri Survey for Running BuffaloClover (Trifolium Stoloniferum Muhl. Ex Eaton Fabaceae) inTwo Select Areas: the Lower Meramec River Basin-st. LouisCounty and Jefferson County, St. Francois Mountain NaturalSection Surrounding an Indigenous Population: MadisonCounty, and Parts of Iron, St. Francois, and BollingerCounties. U.S. Forest Service Report, Rolla, MO.

———. 1994b. Establishment of experimental populations ofrunning buffalo clover, Trifolium stoloniferum, on the MarkTwain National Forest in Missouri. U.S. Forest ServiceReport, Rolla, MO.

Homoya, M. A., J. R. Aldrich, and E. M. Jacquart. 1989. Therediscovery of the globally endangered clover, Trifoliumstoloniferum, in Indiana. Rhodora 91: 207–212.

Mardarish, D., and T. M. Schuler. 2002. Effects of forestmanagement practices on the federally endangered runningbuffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex A. Eaton).Nat. Areas J. 22:120–128.

Nelson, P. W. 2005. The Terrestrial Natural Communities ofMissouri, Revised Edition. Missouri Natural Areas Com-mittee. Jefferson City.


Nigh, T. A., and W. A. Schroeder. 2002. Atlas of Missouri Ecoreg-ions. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City.

Sehgal, O. P., and L. Payne. 1995. Viruses affecting runningbuffalo clover, Trifolium stoloniferum. Pl. Dis. 79: 320.

Smith, T. E. 1988. The reintroduction of running buffalo clover(Trifolium stoloniferum) in Missouri, 1989–1998. Missouri-ensis 19: 12–22.

Thurman, C. M. 1988. Report on a search in Missouri for runningbuffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum). Missouri Departmentof Conservation Unpubl. Report, Jefferson City.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Endangered and threatenedwildlife and plants. Determination of endangered status forTrifolium stoloniferum (running buffalo clover). Fed. Reg.52(108): 21478–21480.

———. 1989. Trifolium stoloniferum Recovery Plan. U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service, Fort Snelling, MN.

———. 2007. Running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum)Recovery Plan: First Revision. U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, Fort Snelling, MN.

———. 2008. Running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum)5-year review: Summary and Evaluation. U.S. Fish andWildlife Service Report. Reynoldsburg, OH.

Wakeman, A. 1999. A Survey for Running Buffalo Clover(Trifolium stoloniferum Muhlenb. ex Eaton) in the GasconadeRiver Basin of Missouri; first interim report for survey May& June, 1999. Rock Post Wildflowers, Report, Fulton, MO.

———. 2001. A Survey for Running Buffalo Clover (Trifoliumstoloniferum Muhlenb. ex Eaton) in the Gasconade RiverBasin of Missouri; Second Interim Report for Survey, May &June 2000, July 2001. Rock Post Wildflowers, Report, Fulton.

Watt, L. A. 2011. Edaphic, Microtopographic, and LightCharacteristics Associated with the Endangered RunningBuffalo Clover (Trifolium stoloniferum) at the BluegrassArmy Depot, Madison County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis.Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond.

Wilcove, D. S., D. Rothstein, J. Bubow, A. Philips, and E. Losos.1998. Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the UnitedStates. BioSci. 48: 607–615.

Yaskievych, G. 2013. Steyermark’s Flora of Missouri, Revisededition, Vol. 3. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.


VERBESINA OCCIDENTALIS — A PIONEER-ERA ADDITION TO THE MISSOURI FLORA?

Ben Duffield17 Dry Creek Rd

Tuscumbia, MO 65082-2343e-mail: [email protected]

The genus Verbesina (Asteraceae; Heliantheae) comprises some200–300 species, the variation in estimates in part because of thelack of a comprehensive, modern taxonomic treatment. The speciesmay be annual or perennial herbs (rarely shrubs or trees), with thegreatest diversity in the American tropics. Among the species, onlysixteen occur in the United States (Strother, 2006) and only four ofthese have been found in Missouri in the past (Steyermark, 1963;Yatskievych, 2006). Within the Missouri flora, Verbesina ismorphologically similar to Helianthus, differing mainly in itspappus of 2 relatively conspicuous awns that are persistent atfruiting (hence the name crownbeard) and fruits that are not onlystrongly flattened, but have the margins sharply angled or morecommonly winged.

A fifth species of Verbesina, V. occidentalis (L.) Walter, wasdiscovered by the author on October 21,2011, in an isolated portionof Miller County. On that day, V. occidentalis was at the end of itsblooming period while nearby plants of V. alternifolia (L.) Brittonex Kearney was already producing ripened seed. A full lengthspecimen, several feet in length, was later verified as V.occidentalis by Justin Thomas (Institute for Botanical Training)and George Yatskievych (Flora of Missouri Project).

This collection is believed to be the first definite documen-tation of the species in Missouri. It was reported earlier by Gleasonand Cronquist (1963, 1991), Gleason (1980), and Strother (2006)in lists of states in which the species grows, but without referenceto any voucher specimens. Yatskievych (2006) excluded it from theMissouri flora, noting that historical specimens collected by theRev. John Davis in Marion, Pike, and Ralls counties wereoriginally misdetermined as V. occidentalis but were subsequentlyredetermined as V. alternifolia. Yatskievych (2006) also noted thatmore recently collected specimens by Carl Darigo and Fr. James


Sullivan also resembled V. occidentalis in their mostly oppositeleaves, but proved to be V. alternifolia, based on their floral andfruiting morphology.

Individuals of V. occidentalis resemble some plants of V.alternifolia. Both are tall, erect perennials that are colonial byrhizomes and have more-or-less winged stems. In the latter species,leaves are usually all or mostly alternate (vs. opposite in V.occidentalis), but occasional populations have most of the leavesopposite. Heads of V. alternifolia have (3–)8–25+ ray florets, asopposed to 1–3(–5) in V. occidentalis. The fruits of V. alternifoliatend to be broadly winged and have the pappus only 1–2 mm long(the awns tend to be curved), vs. narrowly winged and with thepappus 3–4 mm (and relatively straight) in V. occidentalis.

Verbesina occidentalis is relatively widely distributed in theeastern United States west to Illinois and Louisiana, as well asportions of Oklahoma and Texas. The populations closest to thosein Missouri are in western Kentucky and Tennessee. How did thespecies become part of Missouri flora? It may represent a disjunctnative population, part of a recurring pattern of fragmenteddistributions caused by relatively rapid climatic shifts from the endof the last Ice Age, as species attempted to migrate northward fromrefugia farther south.

Alternatively, the species may have arrived in Missouri morerecently as a result of human migration. Verbesina virginica ismost abundant from Alabama to Virginia, especially east of theAppalachian Mountains. Moving westward, county occurrencesbecome more fragmented (USDA, 2015). This pattern isreminiscent of the dispersion associated with nineteenth centurywestward expansion by American pioneers of European descent.Miller County, Missouri ,was formed in 1837 and Tuscumbia, onthe Osage River, became the county seat. Tuscumbia served as anactive site of river commerce from that time, well into the earliestpart of the next century. Building Bagnell Dam upstream in 1931brought an end to the Osage River being used as an artery ofcommerce. The Miller County population of V. occidentalis isassociated with an early primary road leading from Tuscumbia.This artery was replaced by a superior roadway at least 80 yearsago. It is possible that V. occidentalis seed was attached to rivercargo off-loaded at Tuscumbia and later scattered by accidentwhile in transit across a land route. If this theory of origin is


correct, the Miller County population is quite old and approachingor surpassing a century of existence. In either case, the standremains quite robust.

LITERATURE CITED

Cronquist, A. 1980. Vascular Flora of the Southeastern UnitedStates. Volume 1. Asteraceae. University of North CarolinaPress, Chapel Hill.

Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plantsof Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, ed. 1.PWS Publishers, Boston

Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State UniversityPress. Ames.

Strother, J. L. 2006. Verbesina Linnaeus. Pp. 106–111 in Flora ofNorth America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America,North of Mexico. Volumes 21. Magnoliophyta:Asteridae (inpart): Asteraceae, Part 3. Oxford University Press, New York.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service(USDA–ARS). USDA PLANTS database. [www.plants.usda.gov]. Accessed 20 august 2015.

Yatskievych, G. 206. Steyermark’s Flora of Missouri, RevisedEdition, Vol. 2. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS

Missouriensis is published more-or-less once a year by the MissouriNative Plant Society. Publication in the journal is open to all. Manuscriptswill be accepted on any topic relating to Missouri or regional botany,including, but not limited to, floristic and taxonomic studies, historical andbiographical essays, naturescaping and other aspects of horticultureinvolving native species, invasive exotics and other weeds, ecologicalresearch, and reviews of books and papers of interest to Society members.Shorter announcements or timely items should be submitted to theSociety’s newsletter, Petal Pusher. Items deemed to be more approp-riately published there will be forwarded to the editor of this newsletter.

Manuscripts will be reviewed for content and appropriateness by atleast two reviewers (except book reviews). The co-editors and the editorialcommittee members will perform most reviews, but outside reviewersmay be selected if the content of a paper requires specialized knowledge.Manuscripts should be submitted electronically.

Manuscripts should follow the format of papers in recent issues ofMissouriensis. All references in the “Literature Cited” section should becited in the text, as should all figures and tables. Illustrations should besubmitted as original art work or high-resolution electronic files, ratherthan as photocopies. Photographs may be submitted as slides, prints, orelectronic files. Authors should italicize all scientific names. Commonnames should not be capitalized unless a proper noun is part of the name(e.g., Missouri evening primrose). Abbreviations of authorities forscientific names should follow Authors of Plant Names (Brummitt andPowell, 1992). Literature citations in the text should be (author, year) orauthor (year). References from books and periodicals should be cited inthe following form:

Brummitt, R.K., and C.E. Powell, eds. Authors of Plant Names.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plantsof Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, ed. 2.New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.

Palmer, E.J., and J.A. Steyermark. 1935. An annotated catalogue ofthe flowering plants of Missouri. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22:375–758, 21 pl.

When in doubt, provide more bibliographic data, rather than less. Titles ofperiodicals should be abbreviated following Botanico-Periodicum-

Huntianum and its supplement or second edition. Authors should consultthe co-editors if there are any questions concerning format prior tomanuscript submission.

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