Missouri Applies for Statehood Sectionalism becomes a major issue when Missouri applies for...
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Transcript of Missouri Applies for Statehood Sectionalism becomes a major issue when Missouri applies for...
Missouri Applies for Statehood• Sectionalism becomes a major issue when Missouri
applies for statehood.• The people of Missouri wanted to be a slave state.• When Missouri applied their were 11 free states and 11
slave states.
Tallmadge Amendment
• For months the states argued over admitting Missouri.
• James Tallmadge of New York proposed in Congress that slavery be banned in Missouri.
• Angered Southerners argued that the Constitution did not give Congress the right to ban slavery.
Missouri Compromise• Both sides feared the other side would gain the majority in
Congress.
The Compromise:• Henry Clay who was Speaker of the House suggested that
Maine and Missouri be entered into the Union together.• This compromise maintained the balance of power in
Congress.• Slavery will not be permitted North of the Southern border
of Missouri. • The Missouri Compromise is a temporary fix.
The Election of 1824• In 1824 the peaceful time of politics from the “Era of
Good Feelings” had come to an end.
• Five candidates from the Democratic-Republican Party ran for office.
• John Quincy Adams was nominated because he was the vice president under Monroe.
• Andrew Jackson, John Q. Adams, William Crawford, and at one point John C. Calhoun who later withdrew.
WHO WON???????
Jackson won 41% of the popular vote and 99 electoral votes.
John Quincy Adams won 30% of the popular vote and 84 electoral votes.
Nobody had a electoral majority. The decision had to be left up to Congress by order of the Constitution. 131 electoral votes were needed to win.
Henry Clay who had no chance of winning persuaded his supporters to support Adams.
Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson felt that the election of 1824 had been stolen from him, that the will of the people had been ignored.
For four years the split between the supporters of Jackson and the supporters of Adams grew.
Democrats: supporters of Jackson
Republicans: supporters of Adams
John Quincy Adams
• In 1828, Jackson’s Democrats will come out in full force to oppose special privilege that was personified by John Quincy Adams.
• The campaign was bitter. Adam’s campaign portrayed Jackson as an illiterate, back woodsman, murderer, and adulterer.
Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson
“To the Victor Belong the Spoils.”
Jackson 278 electoral votes
Adams 83 electoral votes
Spoils System: the practice of giving government jobs to political supporters.
Jackson opponents charged that this practice was corrupt.
It typically would result in unqualified people holding government office.
A New Political Era
As president, Jackson will face three major issues:
1. The Status of Native Americans.
2. The Rights of States
3. The Role of the Bank of the United States.
Rising Sectionalism
When Jackson took office the country was being pulled apart by conflicts among its three main sections- The Northeast, the South, and the West.
Legislators were arguing over three economic issues:
1. The Sale of Public Lands
2. Internal Improvements
3. Tariffs
Sale of Public Lands
The federal government had acquired land through conquests, treaties, and purchases.
It raised money by selling land to the public. Northerners became concerned that land being sold at such a low rate would cause their workers to move west.
Factory owners could not afford to lose their workers. The government wanted low rates to encourage settlement.
Internal Improvements
•The issue of internal improvements also pulled the sections apart.•The Northeast and the West approved of government spending on roads and canals.•The South disapproved of spending on transportation because the projects were financed through tariffs.•The South did not want an increase of taxes on imported goods. They were opposed to rising tariffs because their economy relied on foreign trade.
Tariff of Abominations
•In 1828, during the last months of Adams presidency, Congress passed a bill that raised tariffs significantly.
•Southerners were outraged. The had to sell their cotton at a very low rate just to be competitive. They hated the tariff and called it the “Tariff of Abominations”.
Abomination: a hateful thing
•The crisis hit South Carolina especially hard because their economy was in a slump.
Crisis Over Nullification
The crisis was so serious that some states considered leaving the union.
John C. Calhoun was the Vice President. He understood the problems of the South and proposed a Doctrine of Nullification.
Doctrine of Nullification: each state had a right to nullify, or reject, a federal law that it considered unconstitutional.
State’s Rights Debate
•Calhoun’s idea of nullification was an extreme form of state’s rights.•One of the most famous debates in the history of the United States took place over the issue of state’s rights.•The Webster Hayne Debate took place in 1830
The Webster-Hayne DebateThe Webster-Hayne DebateThe Webster-Hayne DebateThe Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster
[MA][MA]
Sen. Robert Sen. Robert
HayneHayne[SC][SC]
•Webster argued that it was the people and not the states that made the Union.
•Hayne argued that the doctrine gave the states the right to defend its freedom by not allowing laws that it thought was unconstitutional.
•Jackson and Calhoun will become bitter enemies over the issue.
South Carolina Threatens to Secede
•Jackson made it clear that he opposed the Doctrine of Nullification. He did not want to drive the South out of the Union so he asked Congress to reduce the tariff.
•Southerners thought the reduced rates were still too high.
•South Carolina nullified the tariff acts in 1828 and 1832 and then voted to build its own army.
•They began to threaten secession, or withdrawal from the Union.
Jackson’s Reaction
Jackson was enraged and vowed to enforce federal laws in South Carolina. He stated:
“I’ll hang the first man of them I can get my hands on.”
Election of 1832
•Jackson runs for re-election in 1832 without Calhoun.
•After he won he made it clear that he would use force to ensure that federal laws were obeyed.
•Henry Clay introduced a compromise tariff in 1833. Congress quickly passed the bill and the crisis ended.
Jackson’s Native American Policy
•Since the 1600’s, white settlers had pushed Native Americans westward as they took more land.•Some whites hoped that Native Americans would adapt to the white people’s way of life. Others wanted them to keep moving west.•Many people believed that Native Americans were uncivilized and did not want to live near them.•By the 1820’s, only 100,000 Native Americans lived East of the Mississippi.
The American Population Moves West
The Cherokee Nation
•More than any other tribe, the Cherokee adopted many white customs, including their way of dressing.•Cherokee owned farms and cattle ranches, and some even owned slaves.•In 1827, the Cherokee drew up their own constitutions and founded the Cherokee Nation.
Gold Discovered
•One year after the drafting of their constitution, gold was found in the Cherokee land in Georgia.•The discovery of gold increased the demand by whites to move the Cherokee.•The government proceeded with a plan to move all Native Americans from the Southeast.
Rock-A-Bye Baby
•Although there is no evidence as to when the lyrics were written, it may date from the seventeenth century and have been written by an English immigrant who observed the way native-American women rocked their babies in birch-bark cradles, which were suspended from the branches of trees, allowing the wind to rock the baby to sleep.[
Jackson’s Removal Policy
•Andrew Jackson had long supported the policy of moving Native Americans west of the Mississippi.•He first dealt with the Southern tribes during the war of 1812.•Jackson believed that the government had the right to regulate where Native Americans lived.•After the discovery of gold Georgia and other southern states passed laws that gave them the right to take over Native American lands.•Jackson supported the states.
Indian Removal Act
•To solve the problem, Jackson had Congress pass a law that would require all Native Americans to move west or submit to state laws.•The law called for new treaties with Native Americans.•Jackson considered the law “just and liberal”.
Trail of TearsTrail of TearsTrail of TearsTrail of Tears
New Treaties
• With whites invading their territory many Native Americans felt they had no choice but to sign treaties exchanging their land for land in the west.
• Under the treaties the Native Americans would be moved to an area that is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska.
TreatyLand in this territory will be controlled by the following
tribes:vnfjdjfdjvmndjdjfhedjfjdjfdjdjdjfdjdjdjdjfdjfjdhsujswurdueyswygfurfsefjsdjhfdjhsujdhsujdjdjsjhdjhsdjsjdjdjsjjdjhfdasklhf
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tribes:vnfjdjfdjvmndjdjfhedjfjdjfdjdjdjfdjdjdjdjfdjfjdhsujswurdueyswygfurfsefjsdjhfdjhsujdhsujdjdjsjhdjhsdjsjdjdjsjjdjhfdasklhf
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askjfaslk
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‘
U.S. Supreme Court• The Cherokee appealed to the
U.S. Supreme Court to protect their land from being seized by Georgia.
• The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee were not subject to the laws of Georgia and did not have to follow them.
• Andrew Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court ruling.
Trail of Tears•In 1838, federal troops rounded up about 16,000 Cherokees and forced them into camps. Soldiers took people from their homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs.•The Cherokee set out for the long journey in the cold, rain, and snow. Many became weak and ill along the way.•One fourth of the people died.
Native American Resistance
• Not all Cherokee moved west in 1838.
• One old Cherokee farmer named Tsali refused to leave and fought with soldiers.
• Tsali fled to the mountains with his family.
• They were eventually forced to surrender and all but one of his sons were shot by the army.
•Political cartoons help make complex issues and personalities more accessible.
•They often have a great impact on the attitudes about a chief executive.
•In this cartoon, Jackson is portrayed as a strong president who used the office forcefully to pursue his agenda.
•Many opponents who feared his use of power called him “King Andrew”.
KING ANDREW
Mr. Biddle’s Bank• The Second Bank of the United States was the most
powerful bank in the country. It was set up by Alexander Hamilton during Washington’s administration.
• The bank held government funds and issued money.
• Nicholas Biddle was the president of the bank and controlled the money supply.
• The bank made loans to Congress and Biddle would openly make comments about how he had influence in Congress.
• Jackson was weary of banks and felt the bank had too much power.
Problems with the Bank
• It concentrated an excessive amount of the nation's financial strength into a single institution
• It exposed the government to control by "foreign interests"
• It served mainly to make the rich richer • It exercised too much control over members of
the Congress • It favored Northeastern states over Southern
and Western states
The Bank Charter• The bank had to have a Charter, or written grant from the
Government, in order to operate. The bank was granted the charter without question year after year.
• In 1832, when Congress voted to renew the charter, Jackson vetoed it. Jackson’s actions were supported by his Cabinet.
• Jackson stated that the bank was a monopoly that favored the few at the expense of the many.
• Jackson’s war on the bank will become the main issue of the Election of 1832.
The Bank & the Election of 1832
HENRY CLAY• Henry Clay was a
candidate set to run against Jackson.
• A strong national bank was a key element of Clay’s American System. Clay was backed by Nicholas Biddle who had several clashes with Jackson.
ANDREW JACKSON• Jackson denounced
the bank as unconstitutional and harmful to state’s rights.
• Jackson will present himself as the spokesperson of the ordinary man and enemy of special privilege.
Election Results
• The Democrats successfully paint Clay as the defender of the Bank and of privilege.
• Jackson acquires 219 electoral votes to Clay’s 49.
• Jackson will proclaim that the election gave him a popular mandate to act against the bank.
War on the Bank
• The current charter was not set to expire until 1836. Jackson removed all the federal money into state run banks.
• The Cabinet and the Senate objected to Jackson’s move but there was nothing short of impeachment that they could do.
Biddle Fights Back
• Biddle fought back by making it difficult to borrow money.
• Biddle withheld money from the people and cut the money supply. Biddle’s actions caused the American people to side with Jackson.
• Jackson won the war but the economy would suffer.
Henry Clay and the Censure
• Censure: severe reprimand by Congress on another person in the government.
• *Henry Clay led a move to censure Jackson.
• Henry Clay stopped Jackson’s protest of the Senate’s censure of his administration and its bank policy.
• This cartoon depicts Jackson attacking the bank and its many branches.
• King Andrew the First• Born to Command.• Had I Been Consulted.• Of Veto Memory.
This is the house that Jack built.
Explanation
• A crudely-drawn, anonymous satire on the Jackson Administration, alleging political intrigue behind Jackson's September 1833 decision to remove federal deposits from the Bank of the United States.
This is the House that Jack Built
1. The House: The Bank2. Jack: Nicholas Biddle3. The Malt: The scene shows crates
labeled "Post Office Revenue," "Public Land Sales," "Custom House," "Bonds," and "Pension Fund,“
4. The Rat:. . The depiction of the rat is to symbolize the Cabinet.
5. The Cat. . .The Secretary of the Treasury William Duane is the cat that caught the rats.
6. The Dog: Andrew Jackson is worried about Duane and dismisses him as secretary.
7. The Cow. . The Senate is the cow that tosses the dog with the censure of Jackson.
8. The Maiden: ." John C. Calhoun as a milkmaid laments over a spilled
9. Man all Tattered and Torn:, has Martin Van Buren in old Dutch clothing.
• 10. The Priest: Washington "Globe" editor Francis Preston Blair.
• 11. A rooster with the head of William Henry Harrison stands on a globe "Ohio" as the sun rises behind it. Harrison will head the Whig Party.
• 12. The Farmer: The People
Inflation• Many people prospered after the bank failed because it was easier to get money from the bank in loans.
• The rise in the money supply caused the dollar to drop in value.
• As a result of this the price of everything rose.
Inflation: the increase of prices and decrease of the value of money.
Specie Circular
• Jackson was alarmed at the widespread use of paper money which he blamed for causing inflation.
• Proclamation by Andrew Jackson that stipulated that only gold or silver could be used to purchase public land.
Martin Van Buren
•Van Buren was referred to as the “Little Magician” because of his small stature and political ability.•He served as Secretary of State and Vice President under Andrew Jackson.•His years in the presidency were rocky because of the unstable economy.•The U.S. suffered its first depression.
Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular
Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular
$ Banknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.
$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!
Panic of 1837
•A few months after Van Buren was elected a widespread fear about the nation’s economy spread throughout the country.•People took their paper money to the banks and demanded gold or silver in exchange.
Gold Standard: system in which all currency is backed by gold.
The Depression
•The country suffered from a severe economic slump.•The depression caused hardship across the nation. People had very little money so manufacturers could not rely on customers to buy their goods.•90% of the factories in the East had to close.•People starved to death and froze to death outside in the winter on the streets.
Reaction from the Government
•Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster argued that the government needed to help the economy.•Van Buren disagreed and believed that the economy would improve on its own.•Many blamed Van Buren for the panic even though he was only in office for two weeks when it happened.•The continued depression made it impossible for him to win the election in 1840.
The Whig Party
•Van Buren faced a new political party in the election that had formed when Jackson had declared war on the banks.
•The Whig party was named after the British party who opposed royal power.
•In 1840, the Whigs chose William Henry Harrison as their candidate.
William Henry Harrison
Harrison ran with the running mate John Tyler.
Harrison was nominated because of his military record and was known as “Old Tippecanoe”.
The campaign slogan was: “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”
Photo of Andrew Jackson Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844in 1844
Photo of Andrew Jackson Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844in 1844
1767 - 18451767 - 1845
