Mishkat Al Moumin, PhD. Founder and CEO of Women and the Environment Organization
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The Role of Environmental Services in Post-Conflict
Countries The International Civil Society
Workshop on Environmental Norms and Military
Activities
Mishkat Al Moumin, PhD.Founder and CEO of
Women and the Environment Organization
11/26/2009 1
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Successful Transition to Peace.
Meeting the basic environmental
needs such as: safe drinking
water, reliable energy supplies,
sanitation services, and trash pick
up is essential to ensure a
successful transition to peace.
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Post-Conflict Settings
• Policymakers understand environmental needs as “protecting the trees.”
Thus,• Environmental needs are given
less priority in the post-conflict stage.
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Back to conflict Successful
transition to peace
Post-Conflict
• According to World Bank, in 44% of all post-conflict situations, the conflict resumes in the first five years after the conflict has stopped. ( World Bank 2004. P.8)
• 50% of post-conflict countries relapse back to war in first decade of peace ( Collier 2003. P.7)
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The Role of Environmental Services
Failing to provide services creates: - On-going frustration and
grievance among the majority of the population.
- Widens the gap between social groups; winners and losers.
- Encourages migration to the cities where these services are offered (limited supply and increases of demand).
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Weak States
• A weak state that has just emerged from a conflict lacks both human and financial resources to provide services.
• Due to the conflict, most of the state infrastructure is destroyed.
• The challenges of the post-conflict stage are overwhelming, most policymakers do not know where to begin.
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Lack of Services Triggers Violence
• Insurgency is the function of grievance and opportunity ( Dixon 1999)
Thus,• a weak state + frustrated
population = Insurgency
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Case Studies
• Al Madi Army, an insurgency group operates from Sadr City in Iraq. However, the city lacks basic environmental needs
• Anbar Province where Sunni insurgency operate in Iraq- 60% of the population lacks access to safe drinking water
• Zapatista insurgency based in Chiapas- 21% of the population lack access to safe drinking water
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Recommendations
• Identify the immediate environmental response(s) that should be taken after major military operations come to an end.
• Adopt policies and operational measures that can provide effective protection to manage environmental resources and sustain them.
• Adopt policies that can be implemented successfully at the local level
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Questions?
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