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MIS 2000 Class 2: Basic Concepts Updated May 2015.
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Transcript of MIS 2000 Class 2: Basic Concepts Updated May 2015.
MIS 2000
Class 2:
Basic Concepts
Updated May 2015
Basic Concepts
Outline
• Data, Knowledge, Information
• Data, Knowledge, Information in Organizations
• Information System (IS)
• IS User
• Information Technologies
• Summary
2 of 16
Information
• Is this information:
Treuliodd y rhif cwsmer ١٨ bron i dri chant o ddoleri mewn un pryniant - gwerthiant mwyaf y mis diwethaf!
- Why yes/no?
• Is this information:The customer number 18 spent nearly three hundred dollars in one purchase -- the largest sale last month!
- Why yes/no? *
3
Data
Basic Concepts
• Symbols created by people for communication purposes (voices, letters, numbers, pictures).
• Data are organized at different levels:• letters words text report
• Data quantity can be precisely measured (bits, bytes, kilobytes… or the number of words). Information quantity is harder to assess.*
• Information systems help to organize and transform data (sorted text, tabulated numbers, structured report).
4 of 16
Information
• We will define information from the process perspective taken in this course* in this way:
– Information is a result of interpreting data by using knowledge.
Or, information refers to data that are understood by a person.
• Understanding data refers to grasping a meaning of data, which happens in the human brain. So, information is the meaning of data.
5
1. DATA organized into a SALES REPORT
COMPUTER delivers:
2. Manager
observes Report
Process of informing
MANAGER UNDERSTANDS:Customer number 18 spent about300 dollars in one purchase, which is the largest sale last month.
4. INFORMATION is understood(Manager “gets it”.)
MANAGER KNOWS: - Language, to read text, numbers, graphs, sales report… - Concepts of customer, purchase, time, salesperson, how these relate to each other… -- What parts of report to look at…
3. KNOWLEDGE selects & interprets DATA
Information
• Information to occur takes a whole process, process of informing. An example:
6 of 16
Information (more)
• The term “information” is overused today. It comes as a handy choice for any content. This causes confusion in communication as it is not clear what exactly different people mean by “information.”
• It is better to name the content that is addressed. Example: customer address or phone number, or customer record (details) for all this - instead of “customer information” *
• Particular problem is with the economy of screen space in mobile devices where the word information unnecessarily clutters the screens. **
• Every MIS 2000 student who can replace the word “information” with an appropriate term gets a participation credit!
Basic Concepts 7
Knowledge
Basic Concepts
• Complex structures in human memory.
• Knowledge implies understanding
• What something is (concepts, relationships, taxonomies)
• Why something is (cause-effect relationships between concepts)
• How to do something (procedures, experience)
• Knowledge can be represented in talk, books, information
systems, and other forms.*
8
Knowledge, Data, & Information
• Knowledge uses data to create information, i.e., enables interpreting of data to grasp the meaning of it.
• New information advances knowledge, adds to it, changes it.
Basic Concepts
Info
rmat
ion
Knowledge
Data
1
pro
cess
es…
3advances
2 to create
9
Data, Information, Knowledge in Organizations
• Most of work in modern organizations is about data, knowledge and information.
• Occupational groups: Managers, Professionals, Clerks
Basic Concepts
ProfessionalsUse knowledge to analyze & resolve professional problems & advance knowledge.
ClerksManipulate
data
Information Know
ledgeData
ManagersInterpret data in reports
and elsewhere to get informed for
managing.
10
Systems and Information Systems (IS)
• Any system is a set of related parts with a common purpose to produce some output from inputs.* (see Note)
• Systems are differentiated on the purpose – the outputs they produce.
• Purpose of educational system is to produce graduated students.*
• Purpose of IS is to organize and/or transform data for system’s users.
Basic Concepts 11
Information System (IS)
Basic Concepts
• Definition: An IS is a system that outputs transformed and organized data for informing the user.
• A computer-based IS is a whole that consists of (1) data, (2) computer hardware and software (information technologies), and (3) procedures applied to data, software & hardware.*
ENVIRONMENT
keyboard, mouse
Hardware
Data storage;Processors (Hardware) ;Application Software
(works with data)System Software
(works with hardware)
screen, printer
HardwareData Transformed
& OrganizedData
User Procedures (know how-to-do)
INPUT part PROCESSING part OUTPUT part
• Data are the heart of an IS. Inputted data are different than outputted data.
12 of 16
Information System User
IS for Management
Primary User: direct use, manipulates data & IT
Secondary User: indirect use, interprets outputted data
Information SystemData
Transformed & OrganizedData
Basic Concepts
IS User is a person that uses an IS by manipulating it or by interpreting its output.
• Many higher level managers are (still) secondary users of IS.
13
Information Technologies (IT)
• Electronic IT are machines and devices for managing data.
• A machine works on its own and performs multiple functions. Examples: computer,* smart phone.
• A device works under control of people or machine and performs usually a single function. Examples: hardware & software making computer input and storage devices; cell phone.*
• In a computer-based IS, each part (input, central unit, output…) is made from particular kinds of IT:
– hardware parts (monitor, motherboard with main circuitry, keyboard)
– software: Application Software (Application) vs Systems Software
Basic Concepts 14
Basic Concepts
Summary 1/2
• Data are symbols created by people for communication purposes (voices, letter, numbers, pictures). Data can be recorded in various ways.
• Knowledge is complex structures in human memory that make a person ������understand what something is, why something is, and how to do something. Knowledge is in human brain and it can be represented in complex data structures.
• Information is the data that are understood by people, or the meaning of data. There is no understanding of data without knowledge. Information is created in human brain, although people often assume that external data is already "information."
• In organizations, clerks mostly deal with data, managers with information, and professionals with knowledge.
• Any system is a whole made of related parts with a common purpose to produce some output from inputs. Systems are differentiated on outputs, that is, purpose.
15
Summary 2/2
• The purpose of information system is to store, organize and transform input data.
• A computer-based IS is a whole that consists of data, computer hardware and software (information technologies), and procedures applied to data, software & hardware.
• Data are the heart of IS. System procedures are often work procedures (the way tasks and job are done).
• The IS user can be primary or secondary user. Most managers are secondary users.
• Electronic information technologies are machines (computer, smart phone) and devices (computer storage, keyboard) for managing data.
Basic Concepts 16 of 16