Ming Ming & &

Qing [Manchu]Qing [Manchu]

GoaGoa MalaccaMalacca OrmuzOrmuz BataviaBatavia LuzonLuzon MindanaoMindanao CantonCanton Macao Macao

EdoEdo DeshimaDeshima Asian Sea Trading Asian Sea Trading

Network: [Zones]Network: [Zones]•Arab – Indian - Arab – Indian - ChineseChinese

FactoriesFactories Dutch Trading Dutch Trading

EmpireEmpire

Francis XavierFrancis Xavier Robert DiNobiliRobert DiNobili ZhengheZhenghe Matteo RicciMatteo Ricci Adam SchallAdam Schall NobunagaNobunaga Toyoto HideyoshiToyoto Hideyoshi HongwuHongwu ChongzhenChongzhen

School of National Learning

Caravel Mercantilism Friars Manchu Treaty of Gihanti

What contributions did the Ming What contributions did the Ming Dynasty make toward Dynasty make toward exploration?exploration?

How did the Ming eliminate the How did the Ming eliminate the influences of the Mongols?influences of the Mongols?

How did Zhu Di’s successor’s How did Zhu Di’s successor’s isolationist policies undermine isolationist policies undermine China’s role in the global China’s role in the global community?community?

Admiral ZhengheAdmiral Zhenghe

Centralized government control•Rebuilt wall to resist Mongol incursions

•Restored cultural traditions

DeclineDecline•Pirates on the east Pirates on the east coastcoast

•Corruption & Corruption & inefficiency of inefficiency of eunuchseunuchs

•Famines & peasant Famines & peasant rebellionsrebellions

•Manchu invasion – Manchu invasion – emperor suicideemperor suicideEmperor ChongzhenEmperor Chongzhen

The ManchuThe ManchuOriginally pastoral nomadsOriginally pastoral nomads

•Captured Korea & Manchuria Captured Korea & Manchuria Then ChinaThen China

Kangxi (1661-1722)Kangxi (1661-1722)•Enlightened ruler Enlightened ruler •Confucian scholarConfucian scholar•Conquered Taiwan, Conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, Tibet & Mongolia, Tibet & CentralCentral Asia Asia

Period of expansionPeriod of expansion

Qianlong (1736-95)Qianlong (1736-95)• Sophisticated, Sophisticated,

learned manlearned man• Brought Vietnam, Brought Vietnam,

Burma, & Nepal as Burma, & Nepal as vassal statesvassal states

China enjoyed China enjoyed peace, prosperity, & peace, prosperity, & powerpower

Son of HeavenSon of Heaven•The EmperorThe Emperor•Privileged lifePrivileged life•Awesome Awesome authorityauthority

•Unrestricted Unrestricted powerpower

Scholar/BureaucratsScholar/Bureaucrats•Academic Academic professionalsprofessionals

•Rigorous civil Rigorous civil service examsservice exams

•Long preparation Long preparation for thesefor these

First passed district examsFirst passed district exams•These became tutors & teachersThese became tutors & teachers

Then provincial examsThen provincial exams•These held government These held government positionspositions

Promoted upward social mobilityPromoted upward social mobility Years of studying Confucianism Years of studying Confucianism

molded the values of candidatesmolded the values of candidates

To enrich your family, there is no To enrich your family, there is no need to buy good land: need to buy good land: Books hold a thousand measures Books hold a thousand measures of grain. of grain. For an easy life, there is no need For an easy life, there is no need to build mansion: to build mansion: In books are found houses of In books are found houses of gold. gold. When you go out, do not be upset When you go out, do not be upset if no one follows you: if no one follows you: In books there will be a crowd of In books there will be a crowd of horses and carriages. horses and carriages. If you wish to marry, don't be If you wish to marry, don't be upset if you don't have a go-upset if you don't have a go-between: between: In books there are girls with faces In books there are girls with faces like jade. like jade. A young man who wishes to be A young man who wishes to be somebody somebody will devote his time to the will devote his time to the Classics. Classics. He will face the window and read. He will face the window and read.

The Song Emperor, RenzongThe Song Emperor, Renzong

Filial PietyFilial Piety Duties:Duties:

• Children to fatherChildren to father• Subject to Subject to

EmperorEmperor Important to Important to

functions of clanfunctions of clan

Gender RelationsGender Relations Patrilineal Patrilineal

• Favored boysFavored boys• Males inheritMales inherit

PatriarchalPatriarchal• Male authorityMale authority

Foot bindingFoot binding• More prominentMore prominent

American food American food crops impact growthcrops impact growth• Maize – sweet Maize – sweet

potatoes - potatoes - peanutspeanuts

Increased:Increased:• 100 M in 1500100 M in 1500• 225 M in 1750225 M in 1750 America has nearly America has nearly

300 M 300 M todaytoday

Trade from Trade from New SpainNew SpainTo East Asia To East Asia via the via the PhilippinesPhilippines

Foreign Trade Export vast

quantities• Silk• Porcelain• Lacquer ware • Tea

Compensate exports by importing silver

Government & Technology• Trade under tight

government control

Favored stability over technological innovation• Large # skilled

workers inhibited technological innovation

Jesuit > Matteo Ricci & Adam Schall Dazzled Chinese with European science Clocks, harpsichords, prisms, math & astronomy

Very tolerant of Chinese traditions Few converts Franciscans & Dominicans critical

Pope sided with them Kangxi ordered end of Christianity

in China

Exposed China to Exposed China to •European science and European science and technologytechnology

Exposed Europe to Exposed Europe to •civil service exam systemcivil service exam system•rational morality of rational morality of ConfucianismConfucianism

•Could this have impacted Could this have impacted the European the European Enlightenment?Enlightenment?

1600 - c. 1720

Japanese Snow Monkey Photos © 2008 Mark Hemmings Photography

Nobunaga Nobunaga •Originally unified HonshuOriginally unified Honshu

Toyotomi HideyoshiToyotomi Hideyoshi•Tried to expand beyond Tried to expand beyond Japan and challenge Spain Japan and challenge Spain in the Philippinesin the Philippines The first hint of Japanese intensions The first hint of Japanese intensions beyond their home beyond their home islands.islands.

Tokugawa leyasuTokugawa leyasu•Unifier,Unifier,•descendents descendents ruled until 1867ruled until 1867Capital: EdoCapital: EdoTokoyo Tokoyo

•Defacto RulerDefacto Ruler

Controlled Daimyo:Controlled Daimyo:• BAKUFUBAKUFU military military

governmentgovernment Japanese name for Japanese name for

what westerners what westerners call Shogunatecall Shogunate

Alternate Alternate attendance attendance

Daimyo family Daimyo family marriages by marriages by approval of Bakufuapproval of Bakufu

DaimyoDaimyo

NoblesNobles SamuraiSamurai

Shinto PriestsShinto Priests

Peasant FarmersPeasant Farmers

ArtisansArtisans

MerchantsMerchants

Laborers / RoninLaborers / Ronin

Aristocracy Aristocracy

CommonersCommoners

ShogunShogunEmperor = FigureheadEmperor = Figurehead

GI -GI -Honesty and JusticeHonesty and Justice

YU - YU - Heroic Heroic CourageCourageJIN - JIN - CompassionCompassion

REI - REI - Polite Polite CourtesyCourtesyMEYO - MEYO - HonorHonor

MAKOTO - MAKOTO - Complete SincerityComplete Sincerity

CHUGO - CHUGO - Duty and LoyaltyDuty and Loyalty

"The way of the samurai is found in "The way of the samurai is found in death."death."------Hagakure Hagakure (from the code of bushido)(from the code of bushido)

ISOLATIONISTISOLATIONIST Strict control of Strict control of

trade trade • Only open port at Only open port at

Deshima in Deshima in Nagasaki BayNagasaki Bay

Never completely Never completely successfulsuccessful

POPULATION POPULATION GROWTHGROWTH

Agricultural Agricultural production production doubled 1600-doubled 1600-17001700

1/3 pop. Increase1/3 pop. Increase Population control:Population control:

• contraceptioncontraception• infanticide infanticide • late marriagelate marriage• abortionabortion

Social ChangeSocial Change• By 1800sBy 1800s• Social peace changed Social peace changed

warrior [samurai] warrior [samurai] rolesroles many had financial many had financial problemsproblems

• Merchants b/c Merchants b/c prominentprominent controlled more $ controlled more $ than ruling elitethan ruling elite

Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism •official ideology of Tokugawaofficial ideology of Tokugawa

Native LearningNative Learning•Scorned it as outside influenceScorned it as outside influence•Sought debate on Japanese Sought debate on Japanese identityidentity

Floating WorldsFloating Worlds•urban centers, entertainment urban centers, entertainment & pleasure quarters, & pleasure quarters, teahouses, theaters, brothels, teahouses, theaters, brothels, public bathspublic baths

Kabuki & Bunraku become Kabuki & Bunraku become popularpopular• theater & puppet theatertheater & puppet theater

The most direct translation of geisha into English would be "artist" or "performing artist".

JesuitsJesuits• Francis Xavier Francis Xavier & Adam Schall& Adam Schall

Remarkable initial Remarkable initial successsuccess

Anti-Christian Anti-Christian campaigncampaign

Popularity alarmed Popularity alarmed ShogunShogun

Buddhists & Buddhists & Confucians resentedConfucians resented

Shogun campaigns;Shogun campaigns;• 10 K lives lost10 K lives lost

Shogun impressed with Dutch Shogun impressed with Dutch learninglearning• Based upon science w/o religious Based upon science w/o religious

undertonesundertones Tokugawa lifted ban on foreign booksTokugawa lifted ban on foreign books European influences on Japan:European influences on Japan:

• artart• medicinemedicine• sciencescience

How can we evaluate the How can we evaluate the Chinese and Japanese responses Chinese and Japanese responses to contact with the West?to contact with the West? [Especially focus on culture, [Especially focus on culture,

technology and religion.]technology and religion.]