Natural resources in the form of minerals.

The general definition of a mineral encompasses the following criteria:1. Naturally occurring

2. Stable at room temperature

3. Represented by a chemical formula

4. Usually abiogenic

5. Ordered atomic arrangement

The term Mineral Resource is used to refer to any of a class of naturally occurring solid inorganic substances with a characteristic crystalline form and a homogeneous chemical composition.

Identified resources - a mineral occurrence which is known but is not known to be recoverable at a profit, either because it is too remote, too low grade, too small, not enough information, or a wide variety of other factors.

Undiscovered resources - a resource which has not been discovered. An example would be a property being explored by a mining company, hoping they find something.

Reserve - a resource which can be recovered at a profit. This will be a mine either in production or going into production.

Underground mining -occurs when minerals are deep below the ground. This is the most widespread method used for mineral extraction and involves digging a main shaft, with parallel shafts allowing the maximum extraction of minerals

Hydro-mining - involves using high pressure

water to blast against the face of seams to

remove coal and carry it to a dewatering plant

or to the surface. This technique improves the

efficiency of coal

extraction, but also

increases the potential

for impacts to the

environment from

mine drainage into

surrounding soils and

streams.

Opencut or opencast mining - is generally

cheaper than underground mining and a

greater proportion of the mineral deposit can

be extracted.

Opencut mining

involves the removal

of surface topsoil,

vegetation, and rock

to allow excavation

of shallow

underground mineral

seams.

Ventilation throughout a mine is crucial because

a number of toxic gases are present.

Sharp or projecting objects are removed or

clearly labeled so that

miners do not hurt

themselves.

Miners wear respirator to prevent

their mouth, nose and throat.

Miners also wear heavy clothing

and boots to protect their

bodies.

Mines also use extensive lighting systems for

visibility.

Miners sign in and

out when they report

for work every day,

and they make each

other aware of their

positions inside the mine. If a miner does not

surface at the end of the day, teams will search for

him until he is located.

Water Pollution: Mining can have adverse effects on surrounding surface and ground water if protective measures are not taken. The result can be unnaturally high concentrations of some chemicals, such as arsenic,sulfuric acid, and mercury over a significant area of surface or subsurface.

Acid mine drainage:

refers to the outflow

of acidic water from

(usually abandoned)

metal mines or coal

mines.

Deforestation: With open cast mining the

overburden, which may be covered in

forest, must be removed before the

mining can commence. Although

the deforestation due to mining may be

small compared

to the total amount

it may lead to species

extinction if there is

a high level of local

ecosystem.

Sand mining and gravel mining creates large

pits and fissures in the earth's surface. At

times, mining can extend so deeply that it

affects ground

water, springs,

underground wells,

and the water table.

Mountaintop mining is a destructive and

unsustainable practice that benefits a small

number of corporations at the expense

of local communities

and the environment.

Presented By:-

Devidas Barge

Pratik Dalvi

Gopesh Chilveri

Sonal Jagdale