Mineral Formation
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Transcript of Mineral Formation
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Mineral Formation
Inside Earth Chapters 4.2 & 4.3Pages 128-138
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How do Minerals Form?
• Recall that minerals form through naturally occurring processes
• There are two main ways:– When melted materials cool– Liquids evaporate.
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Cool Your Crystals
• Minerals form as liquid rock cools, either inside the crust or outside– Magma: molten
material below the crust
– Lava : magma that reaches the surface.
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• Deeper in the earth, magma cools slowly. Slow cooling means bigger crystals.
Olivine cools at 1200 degrees Celsius
Cool Your Crystals
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• Faster cooling occurs closer to or at the surface. This means smaller crystals.
Cool Your Crystals
Quartz cools 700 degrees Celsius
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• Problem: How does the cooling temperature affect crystal size?
• Hypothesis: Minerals that cool at a higher temperature
have larger crystals.
Minerals that cool at a lower temperature have smaller crystals.
Sizing Up the Problem
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• Some elements dissolve into hot water below Earth’s surface
• This creates a solution:– A mixture in which one
substances dissolves in another.
Hot Water Solutions
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• Heated water solution races upwards through cracks in the rock
• In the cracks, they crystallize to form veins:-- Narrow channels or slabs of minerals that are very different from the surrounding rock.
Hot Water Solutions
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• Minerals also form out of solution when the water evaporates
• This is what happens when salt water evaporates, leaving only the salt behind.
Formation by Evaporation
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Mineral Deposits
• Ore: a mineral that contains a metal or economically useful mineral.
• Prospecting: searching for an ore deposit.– Geologists use features and rocks on the
surface.
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Mining – looking for ore deposits
1. Strip Mine2. Shaft Mines3. Open Pit Mines
Mining
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• Strip Mine– Earth-moving equipment scrapes away
soil to expose ore.
Mining
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• Shaft Mines: Network of tunnels
that extend deep into the ground, following the veins of ores.
Mining
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TauTona
3.9 kilometers deep
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• Open Pit Mines: use giant earth-moving equipment to dig a huge pit.
Mining
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• Gemstones• Metals• Glass• Cement• Alloy
Uses of Minerals
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What to Work On
• Chapter 4 Unit Review on page 142Answer as many questions as you canFor each question, include the number of
the page you found the answer onYou may work in groups
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How can we tell one mineral from another?