Mind Apr-Jun 2002

Editorial

Mensa India is unique because of the diversities ofboth Mensa and India. This magazine is a commonthread that runs through our far-flung presence. Thereare reports, articles, poems and more, many of themwritten just for this first issue. There is also a “Reader’sMind” from the next issue onwards that will featureyour letters.

This platform invites fresh inputs and perspectivesas well as local chapter news and announcements. Itinvites your literary contributions and your ideas. It isever-revolving and dynamic. After all, it is your MInd.Use it. And, most importantly, enjoy what it comes upwith.

Amish Mody

Nirav Sanghavi

Co-Editors

[email protected]

[email protected]

Contents

Intelligence and Education ............................... 2

Floreat Mensa ................................................... 3

Beginnings of Mensa in India ............................ 4

AstroSIG .......................................................... 5

Your Mensa ...................................................... 7

ISIG:Bots .......................................................... 8

The Top 1 Percentile ........................................ 9

SIGLit ............................................................... 10

The Math World ............................................... 12

The Body and Soul of Mind ............................. 13

My Visit to JPL ................................................. 14

Bowling Them Bulls Over ................................. 16

1

Send in your articles / contributions in plain textformat to : [email protected]

Next Issue Deadline : MAY 31, 2002

Your letters, ideas, feedback, brick-bats and bouquetsare all very welcome at : [email protected] OR

at Reader’s Mind

Mensa India (Mumbai)184/87, S. V. Road,Jogeshwari (West),Mumbai 400 102.

GEARING UPImagine 4 cog wheels in a constant mesh. The

largest cog has 10 teeth, the next 8 teeth, the next 6teeth and the smallest 5 teeth. They begin torevolve as all cogs do. How many revolutions willthe smallest cog do before they assume exactly thesame position again?

THE PHILANTHROPISTA philanthropist lived in a town of 1260 adults.

He decided to give Rs.100 to each man and Rs.75to each woman. Of the men only one quarterclaimed the money and of the women only onethird. How much did he give away altogether?

Answers on page 15

VOLUME-I APR - JUN 2002

www.indianmensa.orgwww.mensa.org

I was in a remote village in the Kutch district ofGujarat in the beginning of March 2002. The villagewas at the tip of an island off the coast of Kutch,surrounded by the white salt-sheet of the Ran ofKutch. We were visiting the village to see how we canaugment the rehabilitation work going on since theearthquake of last January. One villager was with usfrom the morning till noon. He asked us to go with himto his farm to see whether we could find some sites forconstruction of bunds. His farm was a lonely spotabout eight kilometres from the village. He wasstaying on the farm because of its distance from thevillage where his family lived. His elder sonaccompanied us from the village to the farm.

As we approached the farm the villager called hisyounger son who was supposed to be on the farm.But the farm-house was empty. The father waspuzzled but not worried. After about fifteen minuteswe saw a bullock cart coming by a short-cut from thevillage, driven by a lad of ten years. On arriving, hecasually told his father that the neighbouring farmerliving another kilometre away had fallen ill and that hehad taken him to the village and got him admitted inthe dispensary.

The puzzled look on the father’s face was gone andhe started us showing around the field. Without givingus a second look the young lad started driving thegrazing cattle together. After examining the field wewent ahead for another errand. While we werereturning after an hour, it was dusk and the farmer waswaiting by his farm-house. He stopped us and he satinto the jeep with his elder son for a ride back to thevillage. We asked him whether the younger son wasalso coming. He said that someone had to stay withcattle, twenty-two cows and buffaloes in all, so theyoung one would stay behind.

While driving back to the village we asked himwhether his children go to school. His reply wasrevealing. He said that the younger one was useful, sohe stayed with him, the elder one was not that smart,so he stayed in the village with his mother and went toschool. We too could see that there was a differencebetween the two boys. The elder one was like anyother child while the younger one, with his confidentbearing, was above average.

From his conversation, his remarks and retorts, hisunderstanding of things without speaking showed thatthe younger one was intelligent. But from hischildhood he was being educated by on-the-jobtraining. We could see that he was learning his lessonswell. Then what is the use of education? There wecould see what schooling had done to the elder son.He knew about what lay beyond Kutch; he had heardabout Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Though notaware what it meant, he had heard of TV andcomputers. The younger one with all his intelligencewas learning only what he was exposed to. Thoughconfident, bold, active and resourceful, his horizonwas narrow. He would grow to take care of himselfand his family. He may do it well. But not aware ofthe world beyond his island, he would remainprovincial in his outlook.

The elder one may not be too bright, but hishorizon was wider. He knew that he was a part of abigger whole. He had a role to play in that biggerentity.

Every intelligent person has to see that thoughtalented, he or she has to get educated and widen thehorizon, so that one can exercise one’s intelligence ina wider arena.

Mensa India, I feel, has a duty to make its membersaware that the horizon is always beyond ourspecialisation. We cannot afford to be provincials inour field of specialisation. We may be nodes orlinkages, but we are part of a network. Our everyaction brings about some effect on the network, whichis made up of all people, not just the top 2%.

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Intelligence and Education

Dr. Girish Bapat, Chairman, Mensa [email protected]

Mensa Entrance Tests are held regularly inMumbai, Pune, Kolkata and Bangalore. If youknow someone who wants to appear for the test ina place OTHER THAN THE ABOVE, THENONLY ask for a Mensa Entrance Test RequestForm from the Mumbai Office OR download itfrom www.indiamensa.org.

“We have loved the stars too much to be fearful ofthe night.”

- From the log book of two amateur astronomers

Irrespective of the size of population of a country,every National Mensa (NatM) has had to start with justa few members.

The speed with which membership grows, untila NatM can be formed, varies in every country. Themain ingredient is willingness to work by the originalmembers, allied to perseverance.

It can be likened to a snail climbing the wall of awell. For every yard gained it will have slipped downa few inches but, eventually, it will reach the top.

The members who have joined may find that thereare not enough fellow members to create andmaintain a good programme of events so they driftaway. It is essential that a good newsletter ormagazine be produced and that events are organisedwherever there are sufficient members to warrant it.

There are two essentials to ensure growth. Firstlythere is the recruitment of members. This may seemto be obvious but cannot be emphasised enough. Themedia have to be utilised at every opportunity. Givethem any item of interest however unimportant it maybe. Provide them with relatively simple puzzles andalways try to ensure that a contact telephone number,e-mail or postal address is published. Websites are themain source of membership enquiries in all the majorMensas. Every member can help by recommendingprospective new members.

Always be friendly and open with the media andavoid any actions that could be construed as elitist orwhich might portray you as a know-all society.

The second essential is the retention of members.Let them know how valued they are and let themknow what they have gained by becoming a member.

It may not have happened in India yet but, sooneror later, the whole population will know of Mensa andits acceptance in the world.

In many countries, particularly Britain, the UnitedStates, Ireland, Germany and some others, Mensa isalmost a household name. The media approaches uswhenever the subject of intelligence, in any form, is inthe news. Our name is used in crossword clues andanswers and membership is sought after and is prizedby most of those who have been accepted asmembers.

The international scene is tremendous. In arelatively short time Mensa has established chapters in

40 nations. Every Mensa member (Mensan) isautomatically a member of Mensa International. Thatorganisation is made up of officers elected by everyMensan and the International Board of Directors(IBD) is made up of representatives from every NatM.The Board is advised by the International GeneralCouncil (IGC), which comprises every Mensa,irrespective of size.

As a Mensan each member is entitled to the useSIGHT, which is hospitality to travelers. Mostcountries have a SIGHT officer and any visitor will beentertained and, possibly, given accommodation witha SIGHT host.

There are web sites on the Internet and mostcountries have several, with chat rooms anddiscussion groups. There are hundreds ofinternational Special Interest Groups (SIGs)covering different topics and, if you wish, you can startyour own provided you can obtain a few members oflike interest.

The International Journal (IJ) is published tentimes a year and is available to every member.

Pride of membership is essential. Not simplybecause you have been blessed (or cursed) with ahigh IQ but because of the position Mensa holds in thecivilised world. Entry requirement is the sameeverywhere and our standards are stringentlymaintained. Mensa has no opinions and membershipconfers no superiority on anyone but, just to havebeen accepted, is an achievement in itself and anachievement that is much prized by the majority ofMensans.

The Annual Gatherings (AGs) and RegionalGatherings (RGs) are held in most countries and arealways an attraction to visitors as well as the localMensans.

India, with its large population could, statistically,be one of the largest NatMs. Those of you who arereading this are fortunate to be in during the early ofdays of Mensa India. With perseverance you willreach the goal of NatM status, poised to become oneof International Mensa’s largest and, perhaps, mostvibrant Mensa.

I wish you every success in your endeavours.

Floreat Mensa.

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* may Mensa flourish, flower

Floreat Mensa*

David Schulman - Dublin, Ireland.Honorary President - Mensa International

In 1963, when I was cramming for my HigherSecondary exams in the following year, I qualified forMensa through a test sent by post from London.

Then Mensa had about 4,000 membersworldwide, nearly three-fourths of whom were inBritain. When I wrote to Mensa, the Chairman VictorSerebriakoff himself replied and encouraged meabout getting Mensa going in India. Victor, probablyTHE most important person in the history of Mensa,took a keen interest in the development of Mensaworldwide. The main thrust of International Mensawas then to expand in USA, but in1965 we tooreceived permission to conduct supervised testing inCalcutta and to charge much lower rates thanprevalent in Britain.

From 1966 we started inserting personal columnads in newspapers and the membership in India grewfrom 12 then to about 100 in 1970, much of whichwas in Calcutta. From ‘66, regular Mensa meetingswere held in Calcutta at residences of some members.Most Mensans were then college and universitystudents and often they were very argumentative.Often it was necessary for the host to produce adictionary to settle disputes about the meaning of aword.

From 1966, the then “Indian Mensa” had acyclostyled newsletter of irregular periodicity that wassent by post. We conducted some opinion surveysand one interesting result was that a majority of themembers responding to a survey thought that Indiashould try to reduce the population to 300 million!The percentage of FMs (female Mensans) was alwaysrather low, but some of them were very good hosts(i.e. the snacks they served were superb).

We had some very interesting people. PranabGhosh, who had a photographic memory and alwayscame first in all exams, was ardent about his hobby offlying kites (i.e. the ones made of paper). TrinanjanMitra and Raghu went on exchanging witticisms likean unending game of table tennis. He had shortenedhis original name Raghupati Raghavan because of“that damn song”. Devinder Singh Garewal, whosefather was a Brigadier, was ultra-patriotic, and anyonecriticising the Indian armed forces could expect averbal lashing from him. (Trinanjan got a MBA in

Brussels and has settled down in Luxembourg. Thethree others did Ph.D. from USA and Canada and arenow established scientists.)

From 1966, the Calcutta Ms started meetingvisiting Mensans from different countries through theSIGHT service of International Mensa. TwoAustralian FMs were so interested in the problems ofCalcutta that we made an appointment with the FordFoundation experts of C.M.P.O. The town plannersgave such an impromptu seminar about the 25-yearperspective plan for Calcutta that we Indian Ms alsocould also learn a lot. A Californian ecophile praisedIndian garbage highly for its bio-degradability. Ayoung German M was so concerned about powershortage in India that he kept the fan shut in the roomhe was staying at the residence of a Mensan host.

The number of Ms in Calcutta increased steadilyfrom 1963 to 1970. Most of the active members werestudents of the same age group. Starting from 1970within two years a large majority of them completedtheir studies in Calcutta. Then suddenly a largenumber of them moved out of the city for highereducation or for employment. I remained in Calcuttabut had to disengage from organising Mensa by thepressure of M.Tech study and the subsequent researchfellowship.

Just when Mensa was in a poor shape in Calcutta,in 1973 we heard that Dr. V.V.Pendse of Pune hadmet Mensa International officials in Europe andwished to play an active role in organising Mensa inIndia. In September that year, two Mensans, PrabirMukhopadhyay (working in Bombay after studies inCalcutta) and myself visited Pune and met Dr. Pendseat Jnana Prabodhini, the school for intelligentchildren. The school had impressive facilities byIndian standards and he offered to use them to set upa permanent headquarters of Indian Mensa with theready availability of qualified psychologists.

Then “Mensa India” was launched in Pune shortlyafterwards and the headquarters of Mensa India arestill there. There were a number of problems that heldup the growth of Mensa in India. But, to understandthe prospects, let us see how the number of Mensansin India have grown as compared to USA and thewhole world :

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(continued on page 15)

Beginning of Mensa in India

Amit DasMensa [email protected]

Where to begin in Astronomy? - Anattempt to answer this seriousquestion.

Our AstroSIG has come a long way since January2000 when it was formed. My experience with thequestion “Where do I begin?” is what I’d like to sharewith you all.

Astronomy for most people begins as a fascinationfor the starry sky. Many people have a belief that whena wish is made upon seeing the first star at night itcomes true. This first star is not generally a star. It’s theplanet Venus, seen just during and after sunset nearthe setting sun. Many people have seen shooting stars.Well, these shooting stars aren’t really stars. Thenwhat are they? They’re meteors. OK, enough aboutmyths. Lets get down to business.

Some tips on how to go about being anastronomer. Trust me, it’s easy. Else, I wouldn’t be anastronomer.

Learn as much as you can about thenight sky with the naked eye.

The first lesson I recommend is to observe the skywith the naked eye. There’s lot to learn just by simpleobservation. Krunal, member of AstroSIG, has learntsome skills from simple observations. He can tell timeby just looking at the position of stars. I have learntthat the moon rises 52 minutes later today thanyesterday, everyday. These are just some examples.There’s a lot to learn just by simple observations.

Be patient.I have observed one common mistake people

make. They rush to buy a telescope thinking that theycan “buy” their way into astronomy. This just leads tofrustration. I wouldn’t be surprised if someone said“How do I see anything with this #^*@%$telescope?” Again, be patient, it has great rewards inastronomy. Knowledge of the sky and ability to readstar charts is a must. That’s why it is listed as anobjective of AstroSIG.

Of course, we do have an expensive short-cuthere. It’s called a GO-TO type telescope. It’s like anastronomy genie waiting for your command. Make awish (equivalent = punch the right code) and voila,

the object is in the eyepiece. I don’t recommend sucha telescope since it kills the real fun. The real fun is inlearning to do it yourself.

Start with binoculars.Surprising but true. I learnt it the hard way. I

bought a telescope first up. I figured out my wayaround the sky. But now, guess what? I want to buy apair of good binoculars. Not that the telescope isn’tgood. The trouble is that most telescopes aren’t easyto carry around. I enjoy travelling. Many times thetelescope can’t go where I can. In such a situation it isbest to have binoculars. There are other advantages ofstarting with binoculars. Almost any pair of binocularsis a great start. They provide a wide-angle view of thesky making it fairly easy to find objects. To add to allthis, the image is upright unlike most types oftelescopes (where it is inverted).

Good time to get your hands on a skymap.

The binoculars and the sky map are almost all thatan amateur astronomer would need to make a goodstart. Start sweeping the sky. Let your curiosity get thebetter of you (this does not mean peep into that prettygirl’s apartment). Observe the moon. Learn torecognize constellations. Observe the “neighbour-hood” of prominent stars.

Where to get a sky map & how to read it?Hmmm.... read on.

Find other amateur astronomers.This is by far the best way to make progress.

Amateurs are often best teachers. They are learningthemselves. When would it be a better time to teachothers? Knowing an amateur astronomer is like hittinga gold mine. He can guide you where to obtain skymaps from, help you to read them, even help youwhen you decide to make your first telescopepurchase.

Don’t forget the World Wide Web.It’s all there for the taking. Any information you

need about sky maps, tips and tricks, new cometdiscoveries, how to observe a meteor shower orabsolutely anything else is available on the internet.

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AstroSIG : Amateur Astronomy SIG

(continued)

You’ll know when it’s time to buyyour first telescope.

Don’t jump to buy the first telescope you see. Ifyou think that you can wait another year or so, saveup, and buy a better telescope. It may really be worthit. Play around longer with your binoculars. There arelots of things binoculars will show. You’ll be surprisedwhen I say that I have seen galaxies, moons of Jupiter,Saturn’s rings, all with a pair of binoculars.

Lose your ego.Two important lessons learnt by being an

astronomer - patience and humility. You can’t doanything about the fact that nearly half a year is lost toclouded skies. You can’t do anything about the factthat some objects are visible only at certain times orthe fact the comets show up once in several years.Learn the two lessons and you’ll have good friends forlife. I mean it. I see constellations as my friends who Idon’t meet so often. But each meeting brings me asmuch joy.

Amateur astronomy should be calming and fun. Ifyou find yourself getting wound up over youreyepiece’s aberrations or Pluto’s invisibility, take adeep breath and remember that you’re doing thisbecause you enjoy it. Take it only as fast or as slow, asintense or as easy, as is right for you.

Objectives :n Monthly stargazing field trips/ monthly meetings

when stargazing not possible.

n Astrophotography

n Interacting with other astronomy SIGs, and othergroups like Amateur Astronomers’ Association,Mumbai.

n Ensuring that all members of the SIG can read thebasics of star charts.

n Visits to observatories and planetariums wheneverthey are accessible.

n Organizing lectures on subjects of interest.n Ensuring growth of the SIG.n Using the internet as source of information and

informing members of SIG about interestingwebsites.

Rules to Follow :All optical equipment (telescopes, cameras, lenses,

binoculars) are fragile so they must be handled verycarefully (especially if it does not belong to you).

Field trips for observation are generally doneoutside Mumbai on open fields (generally belongingto someone else). Members of the SIG making thefield trips are expected to maintain discipline.

Activities :AstroSIG was formed in January 2000. Since

then, AstroSIG has conducted number of field trips toVangani (80 Kms from Mumbai).

Leonid Meteor shower was observed with greatsuccess.

Three extended field trips (1 week each) were alsoconducted in July 2000, Dec. 2000 and Dec. 2001 inKutch, Gujarat. The active members of the SIG areRavi Shroff(Co-ordinator), Nirav Sanghavi, Rishi Lal,Bhavya Mehta, and Krunal Cholera. Other membersinclude Pramod Pai, Ashish Patwardhan, and AmishMody. The AstroSIG is 45 M objects old. Ravi, Bhavya& Krunal presented a lecture on Black Holes to fellowMensans and Dr. J. J. Rawal of Nehru Planetarium.

Equipment :3" Reflector, 4" Reflector, 4.5" Reflector, 5"

Reflector, 20 X 60 Binoculars (with tripod).

Eyepieces: 40mm Plössl, 14mm & 12mm wideangle and various other eyepieces.

Membership :The only criterion for membership for any Mensan

is contribution in some way towards the objectives ofAstroSIG. At present, the membership is FREE.Non-Mensans can only join some activity of AstroSIGas special invitees when permitted by theco-ordinator.

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AstroSIG (contd.)

Ravi Shroff, Mensa MumbaiCo-ordinator, AstroSIG,[email protected]

MInd is currently published on a shoe-string budgetfrom Mensa India (Mumbai). Ads from sponsors,financial contributions from persons andorganisations are solicited and welcome. Mensa Indiacan offer 8OG certificate to donors. Members arerequested to use their skills and determination to raisefunds for better forthcoming issues..

Mensa Bangalore is now growing fast. Mr. CasperAbraham has been a member since 1990,some others joined in the ‘90s. His report is as below :

In July 2001 supervised IQ testing of applicants forMensa recruitment was started in Bangalore. In abouteight months, over 125 aspirants were tested. Ofthem, 60 have qualified.

The new members are mainly students and freshgraduates working mainly in the computer andsoftware industry. Such persons obviously aremore likely to get information through e-mails andwebsites. In the absence of promotions it was easier toreach them.

Efforts are being made to correct this and reachout for testing to older, other professions, and morewomen. Currently there are only 4 lady members inBangalore.

We have now met 4 times, starting Decemberonce a month, typically first Saturday afternoon. Moreinteresting events are being planned to build andmaintain an interest among existing members.

The Mensa Bangalore websitewww.in.mensa.org/bangalore is alive and starting tokick. It is the place to be. Each local member is beingassigned a membership number, use rid andpassword access. We wish to thank the support ofCasper Abraham and Ionidea for their support in thisregard.

The official email for Mensa Bangalore is [email protected]. Thus, withincreased testing and members, SIG’s would beintroduced, committees formed and more formalmeetings organised.

The founder of the Bangalore group is CasperAbraham. He visited the London office of MensaInternational and with their support launched Mensain Bangalore. His internet company, Ionidea, isproviding the office, testing and meeting facilities toMensa Bangalore.

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Your Mensa

ACROSS6 Bloom.7 Holy writings.8 One robbing the honey bees.9 Derived form of capacitance.10 Aliens.

DOWN1 A person who likes, knows about, and appreciates a usually

fervently pursued interest or activity.2 One who does not know how to read or write.3 Squandering.4 Old French for writing desk.5 Internet roamers.

Annual Membership expires every March 31, withoutnotice. Please issue your cheques / drafts in favour of“MENSA INDIA” for an annual fee of Rs. 200.00.You can also opt for a one-time Life Membership of“MENSA INDIA”, by paying Rs, 2,000.00.

Mensa brochures are available from the Mumbaioffice for putting up on notice boards or providingto influential persons. Other promotional materialincluding posters are in production.

You can buy a Mensa cap with a raster-basedembroidered Mblem. Desk and car stickers (whiteand blue - innies and outies) and limitedsweatshirts (blue and grey) are also available fromthe Mumbai office. Mensa merchandise is formembers’ use only.

If MxE = 6; NxS = 20; ExS = 15; ExN = 12; SxA = 30;Then M x E x N x S x A = ?

[Answer on page 15]

The personal computer has come long way frombeing a simple word and data processor. Would youbelieve it if one were to tell you that your PC today hasmore processing power than the entire computersystem aboard the first space craft which landed onthe moon in 1969? And the best part is that as a user,you are not expected to have a PhD in computerscience to harness its power. All you’re expected tohave is a little bit of curiosity and a little bit of patienceto learn and adapt this power to your application.

Today the computer with the right software can beconverted into your digital secretary. It can help youremember your appointments and important events.

You can maintain an address book, phone book,and even have your computer dial phone numbers foryou! The right software will offer comprehensive helpon using just about any software or even the Internet.The best part is all this processing and assistance isprovided to you using natural language. Simply put,you’re not expected to be a top-notch programmer orexpected to understand a couple of hundred lines ofcode to get the job done. All you need to do is tosimply instruct or question your PC in plain English!Speech recognition software has even eliminated theactive use of the keyboard to input data. All one has todo is speak aloud. A large amount of this simplificationfor end users has been made possible by the advent ofBots. To get a taste of the true power of a bot, try goingto the site and downloading a bot called Hal(Remember “Space Odyssey”?)

What is a bot?The word “bot” is short for robot of course, which

is derived from the Czech word robota meaning work.A bot is a script written to respond to commands givenby the owner and users, and also certain events thattake place Bots can be fun and/or annoying,depending on what they do. There are also differenttypes of bots, which perform different commands (e.g.a data-mining bot is a software tool for diggingthrough data). You can give a bot directions and makeit bring back answers.

On the Web, robots have taken on a new form oflife. Since all Web servers are connected, robot-likesoftware is the perfect way to perform the methodical

searches needed to find information. For example,Web search engines send out robots that crawl fromone server to another, compiling the enormous lists ofURLs that are the heart of every search engine.Shopping bots compile enormous databases ofproducts sold at online stores

Bots were not invented on the Internet, however.Robotic software is generally believed to have beencreated in the form of Eliza, one of the first publicdisplays of artificial intelligence (Visitwww-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html for a live chat with Eliza!).Eliza is a computer program that can engage a humanin conversation: Eliza asks the user a question, anduses the answer to formulate yet another question.Seems pretty useless, huh? Well, it’s not! This was amajor contribution to the field of artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence is an advanced form of computerscience that aims to develop software capable ofprocessing information on its own, without the needfor human direction.

At times, Webmasters look on some forms ofrobots as a nuisance. A spider robot may uncoverinformation the Webmaster would prefer wouldremain secret; occasionally, a bot will misbehave as itcrawls through a Web site, looking for URLs over andover, and slowing down the server’s performance. Asa result, search engine developers have formed andhow they can be excluded from Web sites.

If bots have tickled your fancy, here’ssome interesting links that you mightlike to check out:www.botspot.com

This is one of the most comprehensive internet sitesabout bots. BotSpot classifies Bots and IntelligentAgents by subject. Most of the bots you’ll finddiscussed at BotSpot can be downloaded and used onyour computer; some require a fee for permanentregistration. Others are completely free. This site hasseveral types of bots such as:Surveillance Bots: These monitor Internetpublications, discussion forums, bulletin boards andelectronic mailing lists for references. Surveillancebots written specially for monitoring financial dataalso monitor things such as public reputation, rumors,stock manipulation and insider trading.

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ISIG : The Internet SIG

Indraneel PanditCo-ordinator, ISIG, Mensa [email protected]

1. At the Barcelona Olympics, why did MichaelJordan drape himself with a U.S. flag on thevictory stand?

2. Who co-invented CD technology?

3. “Now geography is history” was the ad-line forthe satellite telephony service provider Iridium.Why did they name it Iridium?

4. In an employee-employer relationship, what is a“threshold agreement”?

5. Which is the longest word in the English languagethat is typed only with the left hand?

6. Which is the only 10-letter English word that canbe typed with the top row of a QWERTYkeyboard?

7. The Oberoi group of hotels was the first Indianhotel chain to recruit female housekeepers in the1960s. Who was the first female housekeeperrecruited by the Oberoi group?

8. Wal-mart has the second largest database in theworld. Who has the largest?

9. What is the significance of the ZIP codes 10047and 10048?

10. Which strategic location did Nike use to displaytheir logo at the 1997 Wimbledon?

11. In the tourism industry, what are “cruises tonowhere”?

12. In advertising, what is known as “spare partadveritising”?

13. What invention of the confectioner George Smithwas named after a famous racehorse of the 20thcentury?

14. Which Indian company had a team of‘consultants’, none over the age of 16 years, forproduct development and feedback analysis?

15. Why did Rupert Murdoch become a U.S. citizen?

16. April 1 is known as All Fool’s Day. However, aneminently sensible financial reform wasintroduced by the government of India on April 1,1957. What was it?

17. India’s first TV commercial was aired on January1, 1976. What was the brand?

18. The central bank of Sweden celebrated its 300thanniversary in 1968 in an extremely memorable

manner. What did they create that later had aspecial significance for India in 1998?

19. What was founded in 1694 to fund the battleagainst the Dutch?

20. What was the first patent in the world given for?

9

The Top 1 PercentileAnswers:1.TheReebok-sponsoredU.S.teamhadtowearReebok

tracksuitsandMichaelJordanisaNikeman.2.Philips.3.Theyhadplanned77satellitestocovertheglobeandthe

atomicnumberofIridiumis77.4.Payhikeifinflationrisesaboveacertainpercentagewithina

specifiedperiodintime.5.Stewardesses6.Typewriter7.MonaChawla,motherofJuhiChawla8.ThePentagon.9.TheyareforWTC1andWTC2.10.MonicaSele’sunderpants.11.Touristspotswheregamblingisbanned.Peoplesailto

internationalwaters,onlyforthepurposeofgambling,andcomebackwhentheyaredone.

12.Adsinwhichonlyapartofthemodel’sbodyisshowne.g.handforwatchesorlegsforshoes.

13.Thelollipop.14.Candico,theSouth-basedcandyandchocolatecompany.15.FortakingovertheFOXTVchannel.IntheU.S.foreign

nationalsareforbiddenfromowningnationalTVchannels.16.Introductionofdecimalcoinagei.e.Re.1=100paise

(replacingthearchaicsystemofannas).17.GwaliorSuitings18.TheyinstitutedtheNobelPrizeforEconomicsthatAmartya

Senwonin1998.19.TheBankofEngland.20.Epsomsaltsintheyear1698.

Sanjeev Mohta, Mensa [email protected]

If you want to receive meeting information etc. bye-mail, please request the same by emailing yourchapter and membership status (life or annual) [email protected] your membership has expired, please renew thesame before making this request.

“Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not onlytruth, but supreme beauty; a beauty cold andaustere, like that of sculpture, without the gorgeoustrappings of painting or music, yet sublimely pureand capable of a stern perfection, such as only thegreatest art can show.”

- Bertrand Russell

LITERARY...LOVERS

To write is to love; to read is to be loved.The intensity of passion, which a writer tries to pen onpaper, is a laudable and a remarkable attempt.The happy facility of the reader to devour it is asincere one.The genius of great writers makes to be loved, seem, agreater feeling than to love.The genius of a great reader makes that seempossible.Both the reader and the writer are equally important.For love. is made in a pair.The simplest of sentences can make, the greatest ofliterature, if it’s meaning truly felt, its passion trulyexperienced; for beauty lies in the eyes of thebeholder.Great writers like true lovers raise the fiercest tempestsof passion, and great readers like true lovers bracethem.Love but is a soothing balm, which heals our bleedingwounds. The reader and the writer make a wonderfulpair, one understanding, the other caring and thesame words healing both.They say love never ends and the story goes on.For to write is to love, to read is to be loved.

Malhar Vadke.

Mensa Mumbai

[email protected]

WHEN…

When a Priest forgets to pray,Does his conscience leave him alone?When a soldier cannot mercilessly slay,Does he get shot through the bone?

When a bull can’t till the land,Does it expect to live for long?When a failure is unplanned,Does it strike you as wrong?

When the corrupt leader has been elected,Does the society repent?When you are elated,Does this crooked world seem bent?

When an addict gets a high,Does he see the downside?When you see you can’t fly,Does it hurt your pride?

When a thief tiptoes into your house,Does he think of prisons?When your neighbor has a grouse,Does he think of your relations?

When a kid drops out of school,Does he realize what he’s lost?When we make war like fools,Does man reflect on the cost?

When your mind is strong,Does a provocation hurt?When you have heard this song,Does it seem short and curt?

Vigneshwar. K.

MM16, Mensa Baroda

I ain’t no Indian. I am a World Citizen!!

India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democraticrepublic. So who doesn’t know that?

But, one question has been haunting me for a verylong time.

The freedom that we claim we have achieved…dowe have it or is it just like the fire we visualize when wecan hardly smell the smoke? I racked my brains to findarguments that might have pacified me. I found none.This is an honest confession of my opinion on thematter. Here are some thoughts I share with you.

First is social freedom. Apparently, we have socialfreedom because we are not tied to chains, we are notsubjugated by people with lesser melanin and wethink we donot have to bow our head to anybody inthis world. But, social freedom is much more, and Iemphatically say, we are still bound by a lot of factors.Every teenager here will say she/he is oppressed byteachers and parents. Every woman in India today willsay she is oppressed by our male-oriented society andevery man here will say that he has to kneel beforeauthority in India because his boss will promote himonly if he butters the latter like a juicy leg of chicken.So, social freedom has gone out of the window for usIndians!

10

SIGLit : The Literary SIG

Next in line is judicial freedom. Take any of ourrights. Say the right to property, for instance. It isflaunted so evidently and people on the wrong side ofthe law escape or rather ‘aren’t caught’. If you stillbelieve you have this right, try buying a house inMumbai and tell the local don to go to hell when hismen ask you to pay them their commission. Youwon’t live long to observe what happens because oneof his henchmen would have put a bullet in your headand probably will never have to see the interiors of aprison for that. And what about the famed Mr.Veerappan? So much for judicial freedom!

What about the green stuff that makes the worldgo round?? Economic freedom is the last thing we willget on this planet as long as the USA, the EU and theMiddle East exist as they are. Take anything aroundyou for an example. Take the car parked outside. It isshipped in from Germany. Opel, you see! Theradiator and tires and come from the USA, Purolatorand Goodyear, you see! And what about the petrol? Itwas lying under the UAE for a million years until aSheikh came along. He came, he pumped, he sold itto India!!! How can any sane person claim economicindependence when our rupee falling like an anvildropped from the Eiffel tower against the dollar andthe euro??

So what can we do? Not much. Put on thehappiest face possible and instead of saying “I am aproud Indian”, say “I am a World Citizen”. ‘Tis fartruer and besides… its much more fashionable!!!

Vigneshwar. K.Mensa Baroda

[email protected]

THERE GOES 2001There goes 2001And many say ‘Thank God, the year is done.’Its been a year of down and upsAs many people have had great hiccupsTerrorism dominated this yearAs people lived in great fearSports may have been dominated by IndiaAs they experienced the death of ScindiaTehelka became very famousBut for India it was very dangerousFor India cricket was not too goodAs the captain did not excel with his woodBut the best cricket match was in Lagaan

In which the man of the match was Aamir KhanThe political situation was just the sameWhere the politicians just wanted fameMany politicians were good, that’s what many thoughtBut at last the police had them caught.The highlight was the summit at AgraTo solve the problem at the border of Bagah.But that did not succeedSoon after which Osama took the leadAnd that was the worst partAs terror filled in many a person’s heartNepal too received a setbackBecause of Dipendra who drankIf you think I have forgotten then you are wrong’Cause I know that the quake destroyed all

Gujarat groundWhat a thing to happen at what a timeWhen India’s Republic Day was at its shineAll in all it is a year that should not come againThe experience is just for us to gain.

Mihir Mangalvedhekar

MM13, Mensa Mumbai

[email protected]

HOPE AND PEACE

After the rescue workers arrived on the sceneThere was no piece of peace to be seen.Bewilderment, perplexity and confusionThey were like colours of illusion.The two buildings crumbled like a house of cardsStony debris were thrown by many yards.

Death was certain, no hope of lifeGleamed in the eyes of both husband and wife.Inside was trapped their only sonSeeing him alive was their intuition.Rescue workers searched day and nightBut the parents couldn’t sleep of fright.Till one day they couldn’t stand it any longerTheir will to see their son was much stronger.A rescue party was organized by them both“We’ll find him alive”, was their oath.They worked tirelessly, day and nightThey knew what they were doing was right.After a few days their son was foundAmazingly, he was safe and sound.After they drew back their sorrow and painThe parents were united with their son again.

11

SIGLit (contd.)

Mehul MangalvedhekarMM11, Mensa [email protected]

Once upon a number, there was a math planetconsisting of six continents. The names of thecontinents were the lands of Division, SouthMultiplication and North Multiplication, the lands ofAddition, the island continent of Subtraction, and theinfinite land. There was a positive and negative pole.Roman numerals and Arabic numerals lived happilyhere.

The land of Subtraction was a wide, lush greencontinent. There were hardly any cities. In fact, therewas only one. It was the capitol and its name wasMinusopolis. All the buildings were very short. Whenthe numbers tried to build taller buildings, every timethey tried to add a story, some number would take itaway. The numbers in Subtraction preferred to takeaway for some reason.

Addition was just the opposite. It was desert andmountains all over. There were a lot of cities; Plus,Add, More, Increase, and Greater to name a few. Thecapitol city of Addition was Higherville, where thebuildings were very, very high. The King kept orderingthat more stories be built onto every building to houseall the numbers moving into Addition from the othercontinents.

The continent of Multiplication kept getting largerbecause volcanoes were always erupting and all thatlava made the continent grow. On this continent, thecities were named Multiply, Tables and the capitol wasan X. The numbers that lived here were having apopulation explosion. It was already more than thecontinent could hold. Factor trees lined the streets, butno prime numbers were allowed to live there. Divisionwas on the opposite side of the Math planet fromMultiplication.

Division was completely forest. Some of thenumbers in Division tired of being divided in half andmoved away to other lands. Zero lived there, too. Hewas especially fond of bragging that he was the bestnumber because no matter how many times he wasmultiplied or divided he would always be Zero. He feltvery special and proud.

Infinity Land is where numbers greater than aquadrillion lived. As a group, they were simply called

infinity because they were so large. Infinity Land waswhere old numbers lived. The numbers never diebecause every year they live, another one is addedinto the ones column. All the numbers go to infinity totake their holidays. To relax on their holidays, thenumbers would go swimming in the Sea of Fractions.But, they had to be greater than four to go into thewater.

All of the numbers were afraid of the terrible1/10-bergs that floated by and sunk ships. All thenumbers were careful to stay clear of the bridges sothey could not get swept out to the positive pole. Oneday, Roman numerals I, V, and X were swimming inthe Sea of Fractions when a 1/10-berg caught them.They had no choice but to hold on. Luckily, theyfound a wide crack in the 1/10-berg and it was wideenough for them to go in all together, by three.Luckily, they had brought food supplies with them forsnacks: a bag of pretzels, a bag of candy, a bag ofcookies, and an apple.

After a rough month at sea, the little Romannumerals finally bumped into the shore of Addition.The numbers there gave them help and took them tothe bridge back to Infinity. When they arrived back toInfinity, the vacationing numbers were just about todepart for their home country of Multiplication. I, V,and X joined them and lived happily ever after. Theend.

12

The Math World

The Math World By George C. Leef (age 7)

[Reprinted from “Head Line”, newsletter of Mid-Michigan

Mensa, September 1997; John H. Garrison, Editor]

BRAIN TAX

A man received a tax rebate and he found thatmistake had been made. The rupees had beentransposed for paise and vice versa. Since it wasto his advantage, he cashed the cheque. Onspending Rs.4.50 he realized he now had twicewhat the cheque should have been worth. Howmuch ought he to have received?

Answer on page 15

Hospital : A place where, if at all one managesto fall asleep, one is woken up to be given asleeping pill.

This page has a format that we will devote a part ofthe page to the latest scientific and medical updates,possibly a laughter section along with a “Do YouKnow?” that will feature interesting facts. We shall alsohave articles shedding light on a particular topic inscience from time to time.

I would appreciate a feedback and I sincerely hopethat you will send in articles and contributions for theforthcoming issues.

Let us now move on to a very interesting conceptcalled the countre coup mechanism that explains thereason why the boxers usually suffer from blindness.To understand this we have to first know the majorlobes of the cerebrum or the big brain. It is divided intothe

1) frontal lobe in the front concerned with decisionmaking and primary motor and sensory activities.

2) paired parietal lobes by the side and situatedposteriorly.

3) the occipital lobe situated at the back concernedwith integration, association and perception ofvision.

4) Paired temporal lobes by the side and below theparietal lobes.

When we a person is hit on his forehead, the brainmoves behind with the skull but the occipital lobe isstripped of the connection with the skull and a partialvacuum is created. After the recoil of the head whenthe head stops, the skull becomes stationary but thebrain moves due to inertia and its occipital lobecollides with the skull causing damage. So instead ofthe frontal lobe which is in the front and more likely toget damaged by the blow the occipital lobe isdamaged. Now since the occipital lobe is concernedwith vision, vision is affected leading to partialblindness or complete blindness.

The hazards of wearing high-heeled shoes

are generally tripping. Why is it so?

This can be explained on the basis of thearticulation of the bones and the movements

associated with it. The tibia and the fibula are thebones of the legs, which articulate, with the talus (it isone of the metatarsals) of the foot. The talus bears ahead, neck and body. When we plantarflex our foot(the movement which occurs when we stand on ourtoes), the narrow part of the talus articulates with thetibia and the fibula. This increases the range ofeversion and inversion of the foot, which is carried outat the transverse talar and the subtalar joints. Howeverthe range of inversion increases more than eversionbecause the fibula is longer than the tibia because of alonger styloid process. This is the reason why ladieswith heels having their legs in the unstableplantarflexed position generally fall by inverting theirfoot and tripping.

Another hazard of wearing heels has beenimplicated as a danger during childbirth because thebaby has to maneouver its way through the birthcanal. For this we have to understand that the normaluterus has an anteverted and an antiflexed position[this means that at the junction of the body of theuterus and the cervix (the terminal part) and the cervixonwards is bent forwards]. After wearing heels thisangle changes and the fetus during delivery tries toreach the cervix at that inclination it jams into the wallof the uterus because the internal os (opening)position has been altered. Hence surgical interventionbecomes necessary.

13

The Body and Soul of MInd

Nishaki Mehta, Mensa [email protected]

DO YOU KNOW?

n One can suffer from a heart attack merelyby sleeping with the legs propped upagainst a pillow. This is because the venousreturn to the heart becomes sluggish andslow flow of blood is conducive to theformation of clots that may move with theblood (a moving clot is called an embolus)and enter the heart causing an attack!

n The strongest bone of our body is not thefemur but the mandible i.e. the jaw bone.

The Stars and Planets in the sky always fascinatedme and it was my dream to work at the Jet PropulsionLaboratory [JPL] that is a part of National Aeronauticsand Space Administration [NASA], which is also oneof the topmost institutions in the world in the study ofAstronomy. I got this opportunity when I visited JPLon 11th February 2002. How did all this happen? Howdid a 15 year-old like me go to a place like JPL? Readon.

In 2003 NASA is going to send another of itsmissions to Mars – The Mars 2003 Surveyor Mission.On this mission, NASA will send a spacecraft to Mars.It will consist of an orbiter, lander and inside thelander, a rover. The orbiter will go in orbit aroundMars and with the help of the onboard instruments itwill make a complete study of the Martian surface. Thelander will land on a specific region on Mars. Thatregion will be a safe one with not too many bouldersbut will also be interesting from the point of view offinding water over there. The rover will travel acrossthe surface of Mars in search of interesting places. Inorder to include the participation of students from allover the world in such a planetary exploration,Planetary Society in co-operation with NASA hadorganized a worldwide competition called “Red RoverGoes To Mars”. Tests were held in various countriesand finally from all over the world 8 students wereselected. I am one of them. I got the training from thePlanetary Society via the internet. The trainingincluded information on nuclear science, variousinstruments and geology. I used to get the materialfrom them over the internet and then based on thematerial, they used to ask me questions and I used toanswer them. The training was divided into variousactivities and each activity had a stipulated time like,say, a month.

In nuclear science, I was given the basicinformation on the atom and radioactivity. Then, inthe second phase of the training, I was giveninformation of the various instruments onboard therover the APXS, Mossbauer Spectrometer, the variouscameras etc. The functioning of various other ImagingInstruments like CCDs was also given to me. The lastof the activities was that on geology. It dealt with thevarious kinds of rocks and also how to read thespectrum of such rocks. Comparing the geology ofMars to that of Earth was also one of the aspects.

I reached US on February 7, 2002 in the evening. Ihad a look around in the city of Pasadena where thecenter of NASA is situated. Our actual trainingprogram was to start from the 11th. Theaccommodation arrangements of all the 8 studentshad been made in one hotel itself. On 11th I along withthe other students were taken to JPL. There, theofficials at JPL took us to a round around the campus.We were given information of the various activities ofJPL and also given information of the variousmissions that JPL had undertaken thus far. Our jobover there was to navigate the rover through aSimulated Martian Terrain. Since we knew thefunctioning of the various instruments, we were alsotold to analyse the readings of those instruments. First,for the next two days, we were given training on howto operate the rover through the use of a computerprogram known as Web Interface for Tele Science[WITS]. The training gave us an idea as to what wewere supposed to do on the next day – the actualmission day.

On 14th we were again taken to JPL. Now we hadto do everything on our own. We formed 2 groups of 4students each. We then made a list of around 25commands that the rover was supposed to execute.This was a very complex process as many things hadto be taken into consideration like power limitationsand scientific achievements. After the two groups hadmade their command sequence, we combined boththe sequences and made a final sequence and told therover to execute it. It took about 2 hours for the roverto do that. After that we went to Mars Yard where therover was situated. It was about 200 m away from ourlab. We then saw how the rover had done its job andalso took some snaps along with the rover becausethis same rover along with some slight modificationswill be going to Mars in 2003-2004!!

It was a very great experience working with theNASA scientists. They are technologically veryadvanced but they treated all of us very nicely andrespectfully. Out of the 8 students 2 were fromAustralia and America each, one from Poland and themaximum, 3, from India! Back at home, everyonewas very happy. I was one of the representativesamong the three from India and I feel that I have donemy country proud by doing so. I am interested innuclear science and cosmology and will be lookingforward to working with NASA again!

14

My Visit to JPL

Bhushan Mahadik Mensa [email protected]

15

Miscellanea

(continued from page 4 ...)

Year Approximate number of Mensans in

India USAWholeworld

1964 4 800 4,000

1970 100 13,000 17,000

2001 700 50,000 100,000

If we can organise Mensa properly in India, there isno reason why in the next few years it should not growhere the way it did in USA between 1964 and 1970.

(continued from page 8 ...)

Game bots: These bots can help you, such as onesthat patrol certain game play areas for you. Some alsocan be tough opponents. If you’re a serious gamer,you should know about these bots.

Shopping bots: These are intelligent agents doingprice and other information comparison live on theWorld Wide Web.

There are many more types of bots. Explore them!

For those who are enthused after reading this article,this site also has a list of resources which help you inactually building a bot.

http://www.robotstxt.org/wc/faq.html

This is a pretty comprehensive list of frequently askedquestions about web robots.

ANSWERS

n Gearing Up (from page 1) : 24 revolutions

n The Philanthropist (from page 1) :Rs: 31500 . In this puzzle there is no need toknow how many men and women there are.

n Brain Tax (from page 12) : Rs: 46.98

n (from page 7) : MxExNxSxA = 720

IQ TEST

[Reprinted from “Broadcast”, newsletter of FrenchBroad Mensa, February 1998; Wayne Stanko,Editor]

Fill in the blanks to give the word defined by theone on the right.01) _ I Q _ _ _ _ _ Cordials02) _ _ _ I Q _ _ _ Make new items look old03) _ _ I Q _ _ Sole04) _ I Q _ _ _ Spurred05) _ _ I Q _ _ Exclus ive group06) _ I Q _ _ _ Card game for two07) _ I Q _ _ _ Fluid08) _ _ _ _ I Q _ _ Decorate with cutouts09) _ I Q _ _ _ _ Spicy10) _ I Q _ _ _ _ Melt11) _ _ I Q _ _ _ _ _ Proprietary12) _ _ _ _ _ _ I Q _ _ _ Official announcements13) _ _ _ I Q _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Occurring twice in

three months14) _ I Q _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Converting assets to cash15) _ _ _ I Q _ _ Slant ing16) _ _ _ _ _ I Q _ _ _ Stanching device

ANSWERSTOIQTEST:

1.Liqueurs;2.Antiqued;3.Unique;4.Piqued;5.Clique;6.Diquet;7.Liquid;8.Applique;9.Piquant;10.Liquefy;11.Etiquette;12.Communiques;13.Semiquarterly;14.Liquidates;15.Oblique;16.Tourniquet.

Calling first-time, never-been-published,amateur writers for future issues of MInd. Youget published, famous and read the world overby intellectuals. All absolutely free! Now, youdidn’t think you’re going to get paid for it too,did you?

To Research a Stock is like watchinga cricket match. Each one can do it

Ask a person, who would win the India – WestIndies Series, or who would the man of the series be?He would have the answer perhaps even before thestart of the series. Ask him which is the stock to investin? He needs to contact his broker.

To Research a stock is as simple as passingjudgments while watching a cricket match. Here’sHow…

& The products: The company’s (i.e. the team’s)performance depends on how well its products(players) perform in the market. Having productswith good market share gives the company an edgeover its competitors. India has been known for itssingle-handed wins by its star perform er Sachin.

& The Crowd Support: That reminds me of the1999 Indo-Pak World Cup match at Bangalore.The crowd support for a company comes in theform of the money support it enjoys from theborrowers as against its own funds and its capacityto bear the cost of the borrowed funds.

& Quarter-on-Quarter Evaluation: This is done toestimate whether the company would reach the settarget. Personally to me, a score of 100 runs in first25 overs looks comfortable for a team to get a scoreof 225.

& The Reputation: Reputation plays a veryimportant role in judging the performance of thecompanies as it does for any other field. SouthAfrica’s performance on the field, its professionalapproach is surely ranked higher than that of India.

& Technical Analysis: The information about thepast performance of the team gives a judgmentabout its future performance. The same is true forthe price of a stock. A win at a final againstZimbabwe after losing 9 finals consecutively showsa turn and good hopes for West Indies series.

& Insider Information: One thing vividly commonto both are the scams in both these fields. Insiderinformation, that is leaked in the corporate world,

comes in the form of match fixing between theBookies and the cricketers.

Cricket involves sentiments of a few thousands ofcricket fans under their nationality while the stockmarkets involve millions purely for money. Whatmakes the task difficult and different is that there are7000 listed companies as against 14 teams playing thegame.

One can count the external factors affecting cricketon one’s fingertips namely weather, pitch and outfieldcondition and an umpire (if biased or incompetent).

Stock market involves a host of external factorsfrom economic outlook, rains, export- import parity,demand-supply scenario, policies to FinanceMinister’s health, President Bush, Kashmir, BinLaden, Ganpati drinking milk…………..

16

Manish BalwaniCo-ordinator, FinSIGMensa [email protected]

VIRUS KILLER

A ribozyme, an enzyme which can be used tokill the deadly hepatitis e virus was designed byIndian scientists. It was designed by using viralclones and would kill the virus by cutting theRNA. The efficacy of the enzyme is being testedat the cellular levels after which it will be testedon animals. It can be used for diagnosticpurposes by producing recombinant viralproteins that are capable of generating antigenand antibody reactions. The potential forcreating drugs based on information of viralgenome is enormous. Kudos to our Indianscientists.

Mensa is for the benefit of its members too. If youneed to rent a new house, want guidance inbiomechanics, or simply like playing chess buthave no one to survive you, you can make thatrequest here. Write to the Editor.

Bowling Them Bulls Over

Mind Apr-Jun 2002

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Transcript of Mind Apr-Jun 2002