Millennium Development Goals(MDG)

Lecture by Jinat Hossain Faculty, FASS

Why the MDGs ?The 1990s: a decade of faltering progress progress continued … but too slowly to reach agreed targets … and progress slowing down ….. need more care on Under-5 mortality rate

Maternal mortality rate Child malnutrition Water and sanitation Income poverty Primary education

MDGs are meant to accelerate progressMDGs are meant to accelerate progress

• In Sep 2000, representatives of 189 countries met in In Sep 2000, representatives of 189 countries met in New York at the U.N. Millennium Summit.New York at the U.N. Millennium Summit.

• The agreed binding outcome of the Summit was the The agreed binding outcome of the Summit was the Millennium Declaration.Millennium Declaration.

• Rich countries are held accountable for providing Rich countries are held accountable for providing greater support, i.e. providing more debt relief and greater support, i.e. providing more debt relief and allowing greater access to their marketsallowing greater access to their markets

• So developing countries are motivated to adopt MDG So developing countries are motivated to adopt MDG development strategiesdevelopment strategies

• A U.N. working group later supplemented the A U.N. working group later supplemented the Declaration by devising a set of 8 Goals, which were Declaration by devising a set of 8 Goals, which were eventually formulated as 21 Targets, which were eventually formulated as 21 Targets, which were measured by 60 Indicators.measured by 60 Indicators.

The millennium goals: an overview1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (1.2 billion have less than $1 a day,

800 million are hungry)

2. Achieve universal primary education (113 million children are not in school)

3. Promote gender equality and empower women (60% of children not in school are girls, women have on average only 14% of seats in parliaments)

4. Reduce child mortality (every day 30,000 children die of preventable causes.)

5. Improve maternal health (In Africa, a woman has 1 chance in 13 of dying in childbirth)

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (40 million are living with HIV/AIDS, 75% of them in Africa)

7. Ensure environmental sustainability (1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water, over 2 billion to sanitation)

8. Develop a global partnership for development (ODA declined from 53 to 51 billion from 1990 to 2001)

MDG: Target and IndicatorsGoal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and HungerTargets 1 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people

whose income is less than one dollar a dayIndicators (3) 1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day

1.2 Poverty gap ratio 1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Targets 2 Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people

Indicators (4) 2.1. Growth rate of GDP per person employed2.2. Employment to population ratio2.3.Proportion of employed people living below $1 per day2.4. Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

Targets 3 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Indicators (2) 3.1. Prevalence of underweight children under-five years 3.2. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

MDG: Target and Indicators Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary EducationTargets 4 Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls

alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

Indicators (3) 4.1. Net enrollment ratio in primary education4.2. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary education4.3. Literacy rate of 15–24 year-olds, women and men

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower WomenTargets 5 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary

education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015

Indicators (3) 5.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education5.3. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector5.4. Proportion of seats held by women in parliament

MDG: Target and Indicators Goal 4: Reduce Child MortalityTargets 6 Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the

under-five mortality rateIndicators (3) 6.1 Under-five mortality rate

6.2 Infant mortality rate6.3 Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized

Goal 5: Improve Maternal HealthTargets 7 Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the

maternal mortality ratioIndicators (2) 7.1 Maternal mortality ratio

7.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Targets 8 Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive healthIndicators (4) 8.1 Contraceptive prevalence rate

8.2 Adolescent birth rate8.3 Antenatal care coverage 8.4 Unmet need for family planning

MDG: Target and Indicators Goal 6: Combat HYV / AIDS, Malaria and other diseasesTargets 9 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of

HIV/AIDSIndicators (4) 9.1. HIV prevalence for aged 15–24 years

9.2. Condom use at last high-risk sex9.3. Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS9.4. Ratio of orphans to non-orphans school attendance aged 10–14 years

Targets 10 Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

Indicators (1) 10.1. Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs

Targets 11 Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive healthIndicators (5) 11.1. Incidence and death rates associated with malaria

11.2. Proportion of under 5 children sleeping at mosquito-bite11.3. Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with anti-malarial drugs11.4. Incidence, prevalence, and death rates for tuberculosis11.5. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment

MDG: Target and Indicators Goal 7: Ensure Environmental SustainabilityTargets 12 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country

policies & programs and reverse loss of environmental resourcesIndicators (5) 12.1. Proportion of land area covered by forest

12.2. CO2 emissions, total, per capita, and per $1 GDP (PPP)12.3. Consumption of ozone-depleting substances12.4. Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits12.5. Proportion of total water resources used

Targets 13 Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss

Indicators (2) 13.1. Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected13.2. Proportion of species threatened with extinction

Targets 14 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

Indicators (2) 14.1. Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source14.2. Proportion of population using an improved sanitation

Targets 15 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

Indicators (1) 15.1. Proportion of urban population living in slums

MDG: Target and Indicators Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for developmentTargets 16 Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-

discriminatory trading and financial systemTargets 17 Address the special needs of the least developed countriesTargets 18 Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and

small island developing StatesTargets 19 Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing

countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

Indicators (5) 19.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national income19.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)19.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied19.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes19.5 ODA received in small island developing states as a proportion of their gross national

Identifying MDG Progress (Numerical)• Rates of progress – actual rate• – required rate• Actual annual rate of progress - deprivation indicators (poverty,

hunger, IMR…)

Xti - Xt0 Xt0 t1-t0

t0 – 1990 or closest yeart1 – most recent yearXt0 – value of indicator in t0 yearXt1 – value of indicator in t1 year

Required Rate of Progress (RP): α

α Indicator-1/2 Poverty incidence-2/3 Under-5 mortality-3/4 Maternal mortality ratio- 1 Net enrolment ratio (no non-enrolled)-1 Gender ratios (no girls deprived)

-1/2 Percentage of access to safe drinking water to non-access group

Year Baseline-YearTarget RP

Progress: Actual vs Required Rate

Assessment ConditionSlow or reversing Actual rate of progress is less than

half required rate of progress

Moderate Actual rate of progress is more than half but less than the required rate of progress

Fast Actual rate of progress is equal to or greater than required rate of progress

Eradicate Extreme Poverty

Target: Reduce extreme poverty by halfWorld Bangladesh

Year Value Year ValueBaseline year value 1991 33 1991 58.8Goal year value 2015 16.5 2015 29.4Current year value 2005 22 2005 40Actual rate of progress -0.023 -0.022Required rate of progress (α=-1/2)

- 0.021 -0.021

Assessed rate of progress Fast Fast

Progress but created disparity in Bangladesh, However, the situation was not good in 2008. Gini coefficient in income

increased from 0.259 in 1991 to 0.306 in 2000, Inequality increased in Bangladesh.

Reduce Child MortalityTarget: Reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds

World Bangladesh

Year Value Year Value

Baseline year value 1990 93 1991 151

Goal year value 2015 31 2015 50

Current year value 2007 67 2006 62

Actual rate of progress -0.016 -0.039

Required rate of progress (α=-2/3)

- 0.027 -0.027

Assessed rate of progress Moderate Fast

Higher progress in Bangladesh Under five mortality greatly reduced in Bangladesh because of rising

awareness and expanding vaccination programs in both rural and urban areas.

Improve Maternal HealthTarget: Reduce maternal mortality by three-fourth

World Bangladesh

Year Value Year Value

Baseline year value 1990 430 1991 574

Goal year value 2015 108 2015 144

Current year value 2005 400 2006 290

Actual rate of progress -0.005 -0.033

Required rate of progress (α=-3/4)

- 0.03 -0.03

Assessed rate of progress Slow Fast

Higher progress in Bangladesh, Maternal mortality greatly reduced in Bangladesh because of expanding

maternal health care programs both by government and NGOs.

Achieve Universal Primary EducationTarget: 100% enrollment and completion of primary education

World Bangladesh

Year Value Year ValueBaseline year value (non-enrolled %) 1991 18 1991 40

Goal year value (non-enrolled %) 2015 0 2015 0

Current year value (non-enrolled %) 2007 11 2006 13

Actual rate of progress -0.024 -0.045Required rate of progress (α= -1) among non-enrolled boys and girls

-0.04 -0.04

Assessed rate of progress Moderate Fast

Higher progress in Bangladesh Primary school enrollment in Bangladesh increased highly because of

free distribution of books, food for education /stipend programs, ete.

Promote Gender InequalityTarget: Made Ratio of boys to girls in all levels of education to 1

World Bangladesh

Year Value Year Value

Baseline year value (girls deprived)

1991 0.11 1992 0.54

Goal year value (girls deprived) 2015 0 2015 0

Current year value (girls deprived) 2007 0.04 2005 0.46

Actual rate of progress -0.045 -0.012

Required rate of progress (α= -1) among girls deprived

-0.04 -0.04

Assessed rate of progress Fast Slow

Slow progress in Bangladesh, Disparity reduced in primary and secondary level but not much in tertiary

education, It is, however, expanding because of government incentive programs

Ensure Safe Water ResourceTarget: Reduce the proportion of population have non-access to safe water resources by half

World Bangladesh (rural)

Year Value Year Value

Baseline year value (non-access) 1990 23 1990 31

Goal year value (non-access) 2015 11.5 2015 15.5

Current year value (non-access) 2006 13 2006 25

Actual rate of progress -0.03 -0.012

Required rate of progress (α= -1/2)

-0.02 -0.02

Assessed rate of progress Fast Moderate

Slow Progress in Urban Bangladesh Actual progress for urban areas in Bangladesh is almost zero indicating

that the availability of safe water resources are reversing in urban Bangladesh.