Mikhail ShalaginovPHYS 522

Nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond as a true gift of nature

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Evolution of information society

Information Storage: 1986 - 0.5 GB per person2007 - 44.5 GB per person

Information Transmission: 1986 - 0.281 EB 2007 - 65 EB

Computation: 1986 - 0.3G MIPS2007 - 6400G MIPS

M. Hilbert and P. López,Science , 332(6025), 60–65 (2011)

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Promising ways of IT evolution

Optical computing

Quantum computing

Spintronics

DNA computing

Artificial intelligence

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Storage of quantum information

Superconducting resonators and Josephson junctions

SiGe gate-defined spin qubits

Majorana fermions in superconductor/semiconductor

nanowire hybrid materialsSpin defects in solids

Hyperfine states in trapped ion systems

J. N. Eckstein & J. Levy, MRS Bulletin (2013)

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Transmission of quantum information: single photon sources

Single terrylene molecules in a p-terphenyl crystal

B. Lounis, et al, Nature (2000)

CdSe/ZnSe Quantum DotsX. Wang, et al, Nature (2009)

Trapped Ba Ionscourtesy of B. Blinov, University of Washington (2011)

NV Color CentersF. Jelezko, et al, Phys. Status Solidi A (2006)

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Questions to uncover about NV centers

1. General facts and a little bit of history2. Electronic level structure3. Distinct properties4. Applications5. My research in this area

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General facts about NV center

Historical facts• More than 50 years of NV research:

• In 1997 J. Wrachtrup et al: photostability room temperature operation, optically detected magnetic resonance

How to create it• Naturally can be found in diamond

crystals (N most common impurity)

• Artificially created by ion/electron irradiation and subsequent annealing

Jorg Wrachtrup

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Electronic structure of NV- center

D.D. Awschalom , et al, PNAS ( 2010 )

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Electronic structure of NV- center

• Optical initialization• Spin-dependent

fluorescence• Switching between spin-

states by using microwave signal

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Single-shot readout (SSR) technique

•  

• P. Neumann, et al, “Single-shot readout of a single nuclear spin.,” Science, vol. 329, no. 5991, pp. 542–4, 2010.

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Broad emission spectrum of NV center

J. Wrachtrup, phys. stat. sol. (a) 206wikipedia

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Applications of NV centers

• Quantum bits/registers • Quantum photonic networks• Nanoscale sensors of electric and magnetic field• Nanoscale thermometer• Biomarking

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Optical &quantum computer technologies based on NV centers

NV center as a single-photon source:• photostable • operates as single-photon source at room temperature, • broadband emission spectrum

NV center as a quantum memory unit:• long electron-spin coherence time• can be optically read out

nitrogen-vacancy (NV)color center in diamond

Effeciency of NV center as a component of quantum computers and networks is directly related to its optical emission rate!

Jelezko, Wrachtrup, Phys. Status Solidi A (2006) Kurtsiefer, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2000) Maurer, et al, Science (2012)

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Ways to enhance emission efficiency

diamond-silver aperturesJ. T. Choy, Nat. Photon. 2011

diamond microring resonatorA. Faraon, Nat. Photon. 2011

photonic crystal cavityA. Faraon, PRL 2012

gold nanoparticlesS. Schietinger, Nano Lett. 2009

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Hyperbolic metamaterials & broadband Purcell effect

Z. Jacob, et al, Appl Phys B, (2010) H. N. S. Krishnamoorthy, et al, Science (2012).

22 2

2

kkc

eff effRe 0, Re 0^e < e >P

2'

i f2T f H i

O. Kidwai, et al, Phys. Rev. A (2012)M. A. Noginov, et al Opt. Lett. (2010).

M. Y. Shalaginov1,2, V. V. Vorobyov3,4, J. Liu5,J. Irudayaraj5, A. V. Akimov4,6,7, A. Lagutchev2, A. V. Kildishev1,2,

and V. M. Shalaev1,2

1School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA2Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA

3Photonic Nano-Meta Technologies, Moscow Region, Mytischi, Olimpijskij Prospekt 2, 141009 Russia 4Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia

5Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA6Russian Quantum Center, Novaya str., 100, BC "Ural", Skolkovo, Moscow region, 143025, Russia

7Lebedev Physical Institute RAS, 53 Leninskij Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia

Single-photon source based on NV center in nanodiamond

coupled to hyperbolic metamaterial

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Milestones

1. “Characterization of nanodiamonds for metamaterial applications” (Applied Physics B 105.2 (2011): 191-195)

2. “Broadband enhancement of spontaneous emission from nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds by hyperbolic metamaterials” (Applied Physics Letters 102.17 (2013): 173114)

3. “Towards single-photon source based on NV center in nanodiamond coupled to CMOS-compatible hyperbolic metamaterial” (to be submitted)

4. “Effect of planar hyperbolic metamaterial on radiation pattern of single-photon source” (to be submitted)

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Experimental set-upHanbury Brown-Twiss interferometry

Time –correlated single photon counting

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Broadband enhancement of spontaneous emission from NV centers in nanodiamonds by HMMs

radiative decay increased 2.5 times in comparison to glass surface (total decay rate is increased 13.5 times).

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Towards single-photon source based on NV center in nanodiamond coupled to CMOS-compatible hyperbolic metamaterial

Al0.7Sc0.3N

TiN2 nm

1st epitaxial single crystalline metal/semiconductor superlattice G. Naik, et al, PNAS (2014)

Photon anti-bunching statistics

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Effect of planar hyperbolic metamaterial on radiation pattern of single-photon source

radiation pattern becomes more narrower directed and collected emission power for the single dipole emitter (averaged over its all polarizations) located on top of TiN-based HMM is increased about 2

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Conclusions

• Observed decrease in lifetime and enhancement in registered emission rate from NV centers on top of multilayer HMMs

Future work• To develop methods of efficient outcoupling of high-k modes