MigrationMigration

Going from there to here.Going from there to here.

Migration is a type of mobility that involves the Migration is a type of mobility that involves the spatial movement of a residencespatial movement of a residence particularly particularly when that movement involves longer distances, when that movement involves longer distances, time spent in the new location, and political time spent in the new location, and political boundaries crossed. boundaries crossed. Movement with the intent to Movement with the intent to staystay is an important consideration in migration, is an important consideration in migration, but may not be the defining variable. but may not be the defining variable.

General RuleGeneral Rule

People migrate in People migrate in response to response to some form of some form of stress. stress.

Types of StressTypes of Stresswith common exampleswith common examples

Economic – Economic – “I can’t afford to live here “I can’t afford to live here anymore.”anymore.”

Political – Political – “My neighbors are too “My neighbors are too conservative.”conservative.”

Cultural – Cultural – “The neighborhood has “The neighborhood has changed.”changed.”

Environmental – Environmental – “It stinks out here.”“It stinks out here.”

Push and Pull FactorsPush and Pull Factors

Push and pull factors Push and pull factors are factors that are factors that make you want to make you want to leave one location leave one location and go to another. and go to another.

Push FactorsPush Factors

Push factorsPush factors are characteristics of your are characteristics of your current location that make you want to current location that make you want to leave it. They are negative factors. leave it. They are negative factors.

Pull FactorsPull Factors

Pull factorsPull factors are characteristics of your are characteristics of your destination that make you want to go destination that make you want to go there. They are positive factors. there. They are positive factors.

Types of MigrationTypes of Migration

““Primitive”Primitive” Forced or InvoluntaryForced or Involuntary Impelled or “Voluntary under duress”Impelled or “Voluntary under duress” Free MigrationFree Migration Illegal MigrationIllegal Migration Return MigrationReturn Migration Failed MigrationFailed Migration

““Primitive” MigrationPrimitive” Migration

Usually associated Usually associated with pre-industrial with pre-industrial peoples moving in peoples moving in response to response to ecological ecological necessity. The necessity. The decision to move is decision to move is made at the group, made at the group, rather than the rather than the individual, level.individual, level.

Forced or Involuntary MigrationForced or Involuntary Migration

Occurs when people Occurs when people are forced to move are forced to move out of an area. It is out of an area. It is most often most often associated with associated with extreme political extreme political circumstances circumstances including ethnic including ethnic cleansing and cleansing and slavery. slavery.

Impelled MigrationImpelled Migration

Also called “Voluntary, Also called “Voluntary, but under duress,” but under duress,” this occurs when the this occurs when the individual makes the individual makes the decision to move but decision to move but is offered little or no is offered little or no tangible choice. tangible choice. Examples include Examples include fleeing oppressive fleeing oppressive political regimes, war political regimes, war zones, and natural zones, and natural disasters. disasters.

Free MigrationFree Migration

This type of migration occurs when people This type of migration occurs when people (an individual or a group) make the (an individual or a group) make the decision to move based on utility. decision to move based on utility.

Illegal MigrationIllegal Migration

This type of migration occurs when people, This type of migration occurs when people, either as an individual or a group, cross a either as an individual or a group, cross a political border without official approval. political border without official approval.

Return MigrationReturn Migration

This occurs when This occurs when people move back people move back to their original to their original location.location.

Failed MigrationFailed Migration

This type of This type of migration occurs migration occurs when people move when people move back to their back to their original location original location because they were because they were not successful in not successful in the new location.the new location.

Other types of MigrantsOther types of Migrants

RefugeesRefugees EvacueesEvacuees Internally Displaced Internally Displaced

PersonsPersons

RefugeesRefugees

Refugees are people seeking Refugees are people seeking refugerefuge. Refugees are . Refugees are impelled to move and frequently want to return to impelled to move and frequently want to return to their original location after the reason they left is their original location after the reason they left is no longer present. Asylum seekers typically seek no longer present. Asylum seekers typically seek “political refugee” status.“political refugee” status.

EvacueesEvacuees

These are people who These are people who move in response to move in response to some form of some form of immediate disaster or immediate disaster or threat. They intend to threat. They intend to return to their original return to their original location as soon as location as soon as the threat has passed. the threat has passed. Evacuees may be Evacuees may be “impelled” to move by “impelled” to move by a government or other a government or other organized authority. organized authority.

Internally Displaced PersonsInternally Displaced Persons

These are people who leave their homes but remain These are people who leave their homes but remain within their own country. They may be forced within their own country. They may be forced from their homes due to a disaster or natural from their homes due to a disaster or natural hazard. They may be refugees or evacuees, but hazard. They may be refugees or evacuees, but they do not cross international borders. They they do not cross international borders. They intend to return to their homes. intend to return to their homes.

Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”18851885

The majority of migrants travel only a short The majority of migrants travel only a short distance.distance.

Migration proceeds through a series of steps.Migration proceeds through a series of steps.

Migrants moving longer distances go to Migrants moving longer distances go to centers of industry or commerce.centers of industry or commerce.

Each current of migration produces a smaller Each current of migration produces a smaller counter current.counter current.

People are less likely to move People are less likely to move if they live in a large cityif they live in a large city..

Females are more migratory within their country of Females are more migratory within their country of birth, whereas males are more likely to migrate beyond birth, whereas males are more likely to migrate beyond

their native country. International migrants are more their native country. International migrants are more typically young males.typically young males.

Most migrants are adults. Most migrants are adults. Families rarely migrate as a group Families rarely migrate as a group

outside their country of birth.outside their country of birth.

Large cities and towns grow more through Large cities and towns grow more through migration than natural increase.migration than natural increase.

Migration increases in volume with Migration increases in volume with improvement in infrastructureimprovement in infrastructure..

The primary direction of movement is The primary direction of movement is

rural to urban.rural to urban.

The major causes of migration are economic. The major causes of migration are economic.