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Population 4 - MigrationPopulation 4 - Migration

Coming or going?

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Migration is …Migration is …

..the movement of people

‘A change in residence lasting more than one year’ United Nations

… any movement by humans from one locality to another

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Can be classified …Can be classified …By Scale (how far?)

By the length of stay

By cause (who makes the decision)

By type (by origin and destination)

By reason (What made them leave home? What made them go to the new place?)

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Classified by ScaleClassified by Scale

International e.g. from West Indies to the UK in 1950sRegional e.g. moving from Scotland to a good job in LondonLocal e.g. moving out of Sheffield into a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, while still commuting in to work

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Classified by ScaleClassified by ScaleWhat am I talking about?1. In the 1950s, we heard that Australia was a great place to live. The government were letting us sail there for only £10 each! So my dad and mum decided that we should go. 2. We lived in a terrace house in Manchester. It was pretty rough around there. We used to visit the country nearby at the week ends. One time we found this house that was for sale. It was dead quiet, but had a railway station nearby, so Dad could still get to work. We put in an offer on the house are were lucky to get it.

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Classified by the length of stayClassified by the length of stay

Permanent – the people from the West Indies, who with their decedents, are still hereTemporary – the Polish plumbers and builders, who having made enough money to buy a house back home, are going back to Poland

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Classified by the length of stayClassified by the length of stay

What am I talking about?1. Next year I am going to work for VSO, Voluntary Services Overseas. I am engineer and I hope to go and help people build clean reliable water supplies in Africa. The contracts run for 2 years. 2. My Grandmother came from Youghal, County Cork in Eire in 1912. She married my grandfather and my Dad was their first child [This is true! LM]

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Classified by causeClassified by causeVoluntary (most) e.g. the British who choose to live in Spain or Italy Forced – asylum seekers /refugees ( what is the

difference?) e.g. Sudan– Natural disaster e.g. in 1995 the Soufriere Hills

in Southern Montserrat erupted so that over the half the island became useless – 50% of the population left

– Further back the slave trade from west Africa to North America and the Caribbean to work on plantations

– Jews during WW2 who were transported to the concentration camps

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Classified by causeClassified by cause

What am I talking about?1. 10,000 unaccompanied Jewish children arrived in the UK in 1938-9 from Germany, Czechoslovakia & Austria2. Following the British Nationality Act of 1948, all people from the Commonwealth could hold a passport that said the holder were citizen of the United Kingdom and the colonies, which meant a lot of people from the Caribbean could come here when they wanted. Many did!

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Classified by typeClassified by type

(The one we hear most about in the UK)LICs to HICs– People from the Caribbean and Indian

subcontinent in 1950s ( we needed more workers) - voluntary

– Refugees – forced – Asians from Uganda, when Iddi Armin threw them out forced

– Evacuees from Montserrat in 1996, when the volcano erupted forced

– Mexicans into the USA voluntary

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Classified by typeClassified by type

Between HICse.g. the ‘Brain Drain’ of doctors and scientists from UK and Germany to USA, because of better conditions permanent/temporaryHICs to LICs – EU Aid workers to Sudan and Ethiopia temporaryBetween LICs – Refugees from Rwanda to the Congo – forced, temporary

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Classified by typeClassified by typeWhat am I talking about?1. I am came from a Pakistani village to live in Yorkshire2. I came from Germany to work in the USA as a doctor3. I had to leave Zimbabwe last year to look for work in South Africa as my family were starving and I need to send money home4. Remember me? I am the engineer going to build well and water treatment plants?

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Classification by reasonClassification by reason

Migration happens because of push factors and pull factors. It is usually a combinationPush factors – have to with the origin (where people come from) that make them decide to move. They are usually negative things like the lack of jobs or education

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Classification by reasonClassification by reason

Pull factors – these are things about the destination that attract people. They are usually positive things like job opportunities or the perception of a better standard of living.Governments play an important part – they can encourage or refuse immigration into their country. On a local scale planning and employment policies will affect people decisions.

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What are push factors?What are push factors?Physical: the origin – Is inaccessible– Has a harsh climate– Is liable to natural disasters – famine in Ethiopia

Economic: the origin– Has few jobs– Has a lot of poverty

Social : the origin – there might be discrimination – gypsies in Rumania– lack of housing– large family – Fathers work abroad

Political : the origin – civil unrest - Iraq– persecution - Iraq

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What are pull factors?What are pull factors?Physical: the destination– Attractive scenery – Sheffield to Derbyshire– Fertile soils – Ethiopia to elsewhere– few natural disasters – UK from Pakistanis

Economic : the destination – High standard of living– Good wages

Social : the destination– good welfare services– friends & relations – Leicester in UK for Asians– higher education

Political : the destination– freedom of speech– Political asylum

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Factors that push and pullFactors that push and pullPhysical, Economic, Social, Physical, Economic, Social,

PoliticalPoliticalIs it a push or a pull? What kind?1. The place I am going has a really good climate, enough rain but not floods or anything2. Where I came from, the people are really poor. There are only a few jobs3. Where I am going, the schooling is free and you can go to a doctor when you need to4. Where I came from there was secret police who were always trying to catch you out for saying thing against the government

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International MigrationInternational MigrationThe united Nations estimate that 100 million people live in a different country from the one they were born in. Often economic migrants who move from LICs to HICs due to job opportunities or a better climate, e.g. Mexicans try to migrate to the much wealthier USAThere is some migration between HICs, e.g. Britain to Australia. There has in the past been a Brain Drain, where highly qualified people go to a different country because the conditions are better, e.g. British researches go to the USA where the pay is betterRefugees are people who fear for their lives if they stay where they are, and so try to go somewhere safer, e.g. Rwanda when the 2 groups Tutsis and Hutus were massacring each other.

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Regional and local migrationRegional and local migration

Rural- urban migration - from poor country area to perceived better conditions in the towns e.g. From the countryside to Sao Paulo in South BrazilCounter-urbanisation – in HICs, there is a movement out of the cities to the countryside where the lifestyle is seen as safer and more relaxed. Commuting (living outside and working inside the towns) has increased this trend

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Rural –Urban MigrationRural –Urban Migration

We talked about rural urban migration into Sao Paulo in South Brazil, when we looked at the favelas. This is not unusual. Many people move from the country to the towns in LICs because they think it will be better. But not just in LICs but in HICs too, the immigrant gets to live in the poorest areas and have the lowest paid jobs. The East of London has been home in successive waves of immigration to the Irish, the Jews from Eastern Europe and is now where a lot of people from India and Pakistan live.

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Rural –Urban MigrationRural –Urban MigrationWhile some eventually do better from a move to the cities, with better housing, education and healthcare, if too many move, there will not be enough people left behind to produce the food needed.This is why the EU has always supported Farmers with grants, to encourage them to stay in villages in France and Germany. At one time they were given money to grow crops and rear animals. Now, the EU is moving towards paying people to look after the countryside in environmentally sensitive ways

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There’s always graphs and There’s always graphs and charts to look at it charts to look at it

geography!geography!

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What can you tell from this?What can you tell from this?

Migration to and from the UK in 2008

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What can you tell from that?What can you tell from that?

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But rememberBut remember

Emigration is moving away from …Migration is about moving from one place to anotherImmigration has come to …

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HomeworkHomework

You will be finding out about a girl called Ammani who is thinking about emigrating You will need to sort out the pushes and pulls and whether her reasons are personal, social or economic.Then given the reasons, what would you advise her to do?