Migrated Tribal Women’s (A Geographical Study ofijirssc.in/pdf/1483190477.pdf2 Assistant Professor...

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science Society and Culture(IJIRSSC) Vol: 2, Issue:2, (December Issue), 2016 ISSN: (P) 2395-4335, (O) 2455-2909 © IJIRSSC

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Changing Economic Status and Life Style of

Migrated Tribal Women’s (A Geographical Study of

Dindori District)

Dr. Lokesh Shrivastava D. Litt.1, Dr. Ritu Rani

2, Shashikant Nag

3

Dept.of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Geography, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 2 Assistant Professor Geography, Govt. Mahakoshal Arts and Commerce College, Jabalpur

3 Corresponding Author, e-mail : [email protected]

____________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT : Today throughout the world migration is contributing to economic and social

development by enabling man to overcome the primary policy objective of regional science. The role

played by migration in socio-economic development requires one to view it historically, since its form

and role have changed somewhat over time. Madhya Pradesh has the largest population of STs of all

state. Migration has long been a livelihood strategy for tribes from the southern districts. Dindori

district is situated between 80035’ to 80

058’ E longitude and 22

017’ to 23

022’ N latitude. Schedule tribe

population of the Dindori district is 374,447 people and sex ratio is 1004 females on per thousand

males. This research paper based on primary and secondary data, Occupation work, monthly income

and monthly saving are determined by their economic status. Mostly tribal women’s occupation wage

labour (65.43%) and domestic work (24.57). minimum 0.86 percent migrated women are in Govt. jobs.

Maximum migrated women earned Rs. 3000-3500 per month and they saved average Rs. 1500-2000

money per month. Maximum 42.86 percent migrant family talking style has changed. 11.14 percent

people’s dressing style changed.

Keywords: Migrate Tribal Women, Economic Status of Migrated Tribal Women, Life Style of Migrated

Tribal women.

____ ____________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction:

Migration is the geographic movement of people across a specified boundary for the

purpose of establishing a new permanent or semi-permanent residence. Along with fertility and

mortality, migration is a component of the population change. A migrant is classified both on

the basis of place of birth as well as by place of last residence. Usually place of last residence

is more widely used to distinguish migrants from non-migrants as it is a better indicator than

place of birth. A person is considered as migrant by place of last residence, if the place in

which he/she is enumerated during the census is other than his/her place of immediate last


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residence. By capturing the latest of the migrations in cases where persons have migrated more

than once, this concept would give a better picture of current migration scenario [1].

Migration is one of the three components of population change. The other two are

fertility and mortality. The nature of migration as a component of population change is,

however, different from fertility and mortality. Though, a set of social, economic, political and

cultural factors determine the fertility and mortality levels in a population, these components

largely operate within the biological framework .Migration is an equilibrating process serving

to improve relations between man’s numbers and his physical environment or to reduce

disparity between communities or regions in different stages of development or to give rise to

an increase in the overall productivity of the factorial equipment of a region or country .

There is a vast body of literature on migration, with interpretations from different

disciplinary perspectives. Earlier analyses of migration were rooted in economic theory [2]

focusing on the rational behavior of individuals. More recently, economic theories have been

broadened to accommodate transaction costs, imperfect information as well as imperfections in

rural capital markets .The new thinking on migration also departs from Marxist analyses and

gives more recognition to agency and how complex interactions between structure and agency

shape migration outcomes [3]. The analysis has now been extended to understanding

vulnerability among migrant households. For example, Mosse et al (2002)[4] in their study of

tribal migrants from the States of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan state that ‘the

problem is not so much one of declining production, as of systems of usurious money lending,

labour contracting and exploitation’. Much of the migration has been undertaken by

historically poor and asset-less communities who are typically lower caste and tribals. Some of

them have now entered high-return migration streams where they get regular work at wage

rates much higher than they would have earned at home.

Tribal Migration

Tribal society is largely egalitarian and tribal women have been equal partners with tribal

men in the contribution to household economy. Quite often their women do more physical

labour in their agricultural fields and forest than that of the tribal men. Tribal women have

usually enjoyed a higher social status in their own communities than Indian women in general.

Some of the tribes in sub-Himalayan regions like Khasis of Meghalaya are matriarchal. As

indicated earlier the socio-economic profile of tribals especially the tribal women is quite low

compared to tribal men and general population and this is also associated with poor nutritional

and health status among the tribals.

Tribal’s are engaged in various occupations like hunting, fishing, gathering of forest

products, shifting cultivation to settled agriculture, rural crafts and artisans. A very few tribal


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groups are engaged in non-agricultural activities as mendicants, bards, pastoralists leading a

semi-nomadic to nomadic life. Besides routine household work, the tribal women work in the

agricultural fields, forests for long hours. The overall output if seen in terms of number of

hours of work is low. Migration to towns and cities often negatively influences the tribal

culture and identity. In addition to dam construction and mining there are problems with access

to forest resources where tribals neither have control nor any kind of participation in forests,

which once were their abode and were one of the major sources of their livelihood.

In the 18th and 19th Centuries, the migration was forced as the British employed tribal

labour to work in the Assam tea gardens. However, since the latter half of the 20th Century,

tribal people from these areas have started migrating voluntarily to earn their livelihood. In the

last century, a noticeable change was visible in the nature and pattern of tribal migration.

Between 1950 and 1980, tribal people migrated to the rural areas of Bihar, West Bengal mainly

to work as agricultural labour [4].

Madhya Pradesh has ranked among the least developed states in India. It has the largest

population of STs of all state. Migration has long been a livelihood strategy for tribals from the

southern districts. Many migrate to the neighbouring states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Until

about 2005 the recruitment of migrant construction workers from this area was largely done by

local agents.

Tribal migrants have found jobs in factories, agro-processing plants or working as porters,

domestic servants, bus cleaners, rickshaw pullers, street hawkers, petty traders, construction

workers and domestic workers. Migrants are often willing to take on jobs that others cannot or

do not want to do (those that are dirty, degrading and dangerous). The work is commonly

poorly paid and insecure but it is very attractive to those from marginal areas where wages are

too low to make a living. Income is one driver, with people migrating in search of paid

employment. Early studies also reported that internal migration can lead to positive change in

both sending and receiving areas [5].

II. Objectives of the Study:

The main objective of this research are given as under -

1. To studies the occupational structure of migrated tribal women.

2. To studies the income of migrated tribal women.

3. Study of changing social status of migrated tribal women.

III.Methodology:

This study is based on primary and secondary data. Primary data has collected to

questionnaire and interview methods. Secondary data is collected to published and unpublished


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relative literatures. This paper is based on the sample survey. Data has been collected from

Stratified random sampling method. Dindori district is chosen purposively due to their large

tribal population and tribal migration. All seven blocks have been selected from districts. Five

villages have been randomly selected from each block and 10 families from each of the

selected village. Thus a total of 350 families has been planned and included in the survey.

IV.Study Area:

Dindori district is situated south-east of Madhya Pradesh. The border line of this district

touches the Shahdol and Umaria districts (Rewa region, Madhya Pradesh), in east Bilaspur and

Rajnandgaon districts

(Chhastisgarh) and in west

Jabalpur distric (Madhya

Pradesh). Dindori district is

situated between 80035’ to

80058’ E longitude and 22

017’

to 23022’ N latitude.

Geographically,it is situated on

the bank of river Narmada

between Satpura ranges. The

average height of the place is

992 meters from the mean sea

level, in which the highest point

is 1100 meters and the lowest

point is 340 meters. The area of

Dindori district is 6128 square

kilometers. Dindori district is

surrounded by Satpura and

Maikal Ranges, which is made

from the Gondwana rocks.

Maikal Ranges which is an

important future of Satpura,

acting as a geological division

of eastern and western part of

India, passes through the eastern

part of Dindori. The relief

feature of northern Narmada valley is rather irregular, which some fertile black soil is visible.

The Narmada River makes the north boundary line of the district and flows from east to west.

The maximum temperature of the district is 400 Celsius (May - June) and minimum

temperature is 100 Celsius (January). Average annual rainfall of dindori district is 677 mm


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(Shrivastava L., 2012 and Ritu Rani, 2009). As per the administrative Dindori district is

divided into two Tehsils and seven block development. The total population of Dindori district

is 70,4218 (2011). Schedule tribe population of the Dindori district is 37,4447 people and

schedule caste population is 33,848 people. Sex ratio is 1004 females on per thousand males.

V. Result and Discussion :

Occupation of Migrated Women

Migrated tribal women are doing many types of work in the place of migration. Their

Occupation are – (1) Wage labour, (2) Govt. Job (3) Pvt. Job (4) Domestic work, (5) Work on

shop and hotel and (6) Student.

Table No. 1

Occupation of Migrated Tribal Women (2016)

Development

Block

Type of Occupation

Wage

Labour Govt. Job Pvt. Job

Domestic

Work

Work on

shop/Hotel Student Total

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Res

p. %

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Dindori 35 70.00 1 2.00 2 4.00 9 18.00 1 2.00 2 4.00 50 100

Amarpur 37 74.00 0 0.00 1 2.00 11 22.00 0 0.00 1 2.00 50 100

Samnapur 29 58.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 19 38.00 0 0.00 2 4.00 50 100

Bajag 34 68.00 0 0.00 1 2.00 10 20.00 2 4.00 3 6.00 50 100

Karanjiya 27 54.00 0 0.00 1 2.00 21 42.00 0 0.00 1 2.00 50 100

Shehpura 39 78.00 1 2.00 2 4.00 5 10.00 1 2.00 2 4.00 50 100

Mehandwani 28 56.00 1 2.00 1 2.00 11 22.00 5 10.00 4 8.00 50 100

Dindori

district 229 65.43 3 0.86 8 2.29 86 24.57 9 2.57 15 4.29 350 100

Figure No. 1


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Above table No. 4 and Figure No. 4 are showing the occupation of migrated women.

Total average 65.43% migrated women’s occupation are wage labour. 24.57 % women are

doing domestic work, 4.29% migrated women are students, 2.57% migrated women work on

shop and hotel, 2.29% women are doing pvt. Job and only 0.86% women are doing govt. job.

Maximum 78.00% migrated women of shehpura block are wage labour. Maximum 42% are

done domestic work by migrate women of Karanjiya block.

Income of Migrated Tribal Woman

The income of the migrated tribal women has been divided in to the six categories

which are shown in the given table no. 2.

Table No 2

Average Monthly Income of Migrated Woman (in Rs) (2016)

Development

Block

Monthly income

Up to Rs.

2000 2000-2500 2500-3000 3000-3500 3500-4000

Above

4000 Total

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Resp

. %

Dindori 14 28.00 3 6.00 4 8.00 23 46.00 4 8.00 2 4.00 50 100

Amarpur 10 20.00 8 16.00 1 2.00 27 54.00 1 2.00 3 6.00 50 100

Samnapur 11 22.00 9 18.00 2 4.00 19 38.00 5 10.00 4 8.00 50 100

Bajag 13 26.00 7 14.00 5 10.00 21 42.00 3 6.00 1 2.00 50 100

Karanjiya 9 18.00 16 32.00 6 12.00 13 26.00 4 8.00 2 4.00 50 100

Shehpura 11 22.00 6 12.00 5 10.00 25 50.00 2 4.00 1 2.00 50 100

Mehandwani 4 8.00 8 16.00 2 4.00 32 64.00 2 4.00 2 4.00 50 100

Dindori

district 72 20.57 57 16.29 25 7.14 160 45.71 21 6.00 15 4.29 350 100

Figure No. 2


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This Table No. 2 and Figure No. 2 are shown average monthly income of migrated

woman (in Rs.) of Dindori district. 20.57 percent women earn up to Rs. 2000, maximum 45.71

percent women earn 3000-3500 Rs. Per month. Only 4.29 percent women earn above 4000 Rs.

Per month. Maximum 64.00 percent migrated woman of Mahandwani development block

earned 3000-3500 Rs. per month.

Savings of Migrated Women

Saving is an important parts every people. Migrated tribal women are also saving

money for future need. There is categorized in six part of their average monthly saving which

is showing the following table.

Table No. 3

Average Monthly Savings of the Migrant Women (in Rs) (2016)

Development

Block

Monthly Savings

Upto Rs.

1500

1500-

2000

2000-

2500

2500-

3000

3000-

3500

Above

3500 Total

Resp. % Resp. % Resp. % Resp. % Resp. % Resp. % Resp. %

Dindori 17 34.00 26 52.00 6 12.00 1 2.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100

Amarpur 10 20.00 27 54.00 8 16.00 5 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100

Samnapur 15 30.00 28 56.00 4 8.00 0 0.00 2 4.00 1 2.00 50 100

Bajag 12 24.00 26 52.00 3 6.00 3 6.00 1 2.00 5 10.00 50 100

Karanjiya 11 22.00 29 58.00 7 14.00 2 4.00 1 2.00 0 0.00 50 100

Shehpura 13 26.00 24 48.00 4 8.00 6 12.00 2 4.00 1 2.00 50 100

Mehandwani 17 34.00 31 62.00 1 2.00 1 2.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100

Dindori district 95 27.14 191 54.57 33 9.43 18 5.14 6 1.71 7 2.00 350 100

Figure No. 3


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Above table No. 3 and Figure No. 3 are showing average monthly saving of the

migrated women (in Rs.). Maximum 54.57 percent migrated women of this district save Rs.

1500-2000 per month and minimum 1.71 percent migrated tribal woman save Rs. 3000-3500

per month. Maximum 62.00 percent migrated women of Mehandwani development block save

1500-2000 Rs. per month.

Social Change

Tribal women’s lifestyles are traditionally in their birth place. They eat traditionally

food, wear traditionally dress, talking style are traditionally, they speak traditionally language,

they take traditionally health treatment and they do not care their health. But when tribal

women and their family migrated then their food habit, dressing style, taking style language

health care behavior are changed in migrant place. Following table is showing their social

change.

Table No. 4

Social Change on Migrated Women's Family (2016)

Development

Block

Social Change

Food

Habit

Dressing

Style

Talking

Style Language

Health

Care

Behavior

Cleanliness

and

Hygiene

Related

Total

Resp. % Resp. % Resp. % Resp. % Resp. % Resp. % Resp. %

Dindori 5 10.00 7 14.00 23 46.00 8 16.00 5 10.00 2 4.00 50 100

Amarpur 7 14.00 8 16.00 21 42.00 9 18.00 2 4.00 3 6.00 50 100

Samnapur 6 12.00 5 10.00 26 52.00 5 10.00 3 6.00 5 10.00 50 100

Bajag 8 16.00 4 8.00 19 38.00 3 6.00 4 8.00 12 24.00 50 100

Karanjiya 4 8.00 8 16.00 18 36.00 7 14.00 5 10.00 8 16.00 50 100

Shehpura 2 4.00 5 10.00 24 48.00 13 26.00 2 4.00 4 8.00 50 100

Mehandwani 2 4.00 2 4.00 19 38.00 15 30.00 1 2.00 11 22.00 50 100

Dindori district 34 9.71 39 11.14 150 42.86 60 17.14 22 6.29 45 12.86 350 100


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Figure No. 4

Above table No. 4 and Figure No. 4 are showing the social change on migrated

women’s family. Maximum 42.86 percent migrated family talking style has changed. 11.14

percent people’s dressing style changed. 9.71 percent people’s food habit, 17.14 percent

people’s language, 6.29 percent people’s health care behavior and 12.86 percent people’s

Cleanliness and Hygiene Related changed.

VI.Conclusion:

The occupational structures of migrated tribal women are Wage labour, domestic work, work

on shop/hotel government and private job and student. Mostly migrated tribal women’s

occupation is wage labour (65.43), 24.57 percent Migrated tribal women are domestic work,

4.29 percent are student, approximate 3 percent migrated women are in government (0.86) and

private job (2.29). Income and saving is played important role in economic status. 45.71

percent migrated tribal women are earned Rs. 3000-3500 per month, 16.29 percent women are

earned Rs. 2000-2500 per month, 54.57 percent women’s saving are Rs. 1500-2000 and 5.14

percent women saved Rs. 2500-3000 per month.

In this study the food habit, dress up sense, the way of talking, local or regional

language, health care awareness, cleanliness and hygiene of tribal migrated women has been

examined. The food habit of these women’s are a slightly change maximum of 16 percent in

Bajag Development block and minimum change was found in Shahpura and Mahandwani

development block in Dindori district. Therefore it is concluded that a very small change has

been seen amongst the migrated tribal women’s food habit. Dressing style of tribal migrant

women has a little bit change in these women. Maximum 16 percent change was found in

Karanjiya and Amarpur Development block and minimum change seen in Mahandwani


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development block. Talking style of migrated tribal women’s maximum 52 percent in

Samnapur development block. It is concluded that big change has been seen in their talking

style. Cleanliness and hygiene related change has been seen in Bajag (24 percent) and

Mehandwani (22 percent) development blocks.

References:

[1] Census of India 2011.

[2] Todaro, M.P. (1976) Internal Migration in Developing Countries, Geneva: ILO.

[3] Kothari U. (2002) ‘Migration and Chronic Poverty’, Working Paper 16, Manchester:

Chronic Poverty Research Centre, Institute for Development Policy and Management,

University of Manchester.

[4] Mosse, D., Gupta, S., Mehta, M., Shah, V., Rees, J. and the KRIBP Project Team (2002)

‘Brokered Livelihoods: Debt, Labour Migration and Development in Tribal Western

India’, Journal of Development Studies 38(5): June, pp. 59–87.

[5] Deshingkar, P., S. Kumar, H. Kumar Chobey and D. Kumar. (2006) The Role of

Migration and Remittances in Promoting Livelihoods in Bihar. Bihar Rural Livelihoods

Project (BRLP) India.

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