PRACTICAL ENGLISH CONVERSATION 2 MIDTERM TEST HELPS INDEX (click or ctrl-click to jump to each area)

TEST INFO: Thursday, 9am, room 311

MIDTERM TEST HINTS FOR PRACTICAL ENGLISH 2-Top Notch 3...............................................................1CORRECTIONS OF SENTENCE MISTAKES (underlined)....................................................................................1FRIENDSHIP-- SEEING, REALLY SEEING.............................................................................................................2FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE.......................................................................................................................................5James Grant--A Man With A Vision and a Heart.......................................................................................................7WAS GOING TO Y/N (future in the past)..................................................................................................................8WAS GOING TO INFO (future in the past).............................................................................................................10PAST PERFECT 과거완료 HAD + PP VERB..................................................................................................13

MIDTERM TEST HINTS FOR PRACTICAL ENGLISH 2-Top Notch 3 You will need to read/know ideas from these topics:1. Friendship--seeing, really seeing2. Know the handouts (pages 40-43) and chapter 6 from Top Notch 3. Focus on knowing grammar, vocabulary and idioms and how to

answer similar questions.3. Know the topics of Florence Nightingale and James Grant4. Know the grammar structures of future in the past and past perfect5. Know how to correct grammar mistakes from homework and speeches. (See page 1 and 2)

Sample questions I might ask in writing sections or in the interview section: What are 10 of the principles that James Grant followed to change Unicef? Why did James Grant move Unicef more towards advocacy and influencing governments instead of direct relief of poor children? What are two areas that Florence contributed innovations to? What was Florence’s main motivation in her work? How was Florence able to be effective in reducing the death rate in the military hospitals? What did you learn from the lives of James Grant and Florence Nightingale and how will you use it in your life?

You will be able to find the mistake corrections and all the handouts from the term online on Wednesday (or Tuesday night) at:http://www.eslmission.org/resources/ click “Dongeui files-info” directory and download files that start with “Practical Conversation 2”.Best of luck to you, but those who are diligent in studying are almost always luckier ;),Bryan Bissell

SENTENCES WITH MISTAKES FROM HOMEWORK1. Which country were you going to study?2. What company going to show new products market this

season?3. I was going to live Paris.4. How many joke were you going to memorize?5. What position were you going to do soccer?6. I was going to meet nice guy.7. Were you going to buy things on online this week?8. Which job were you go to work?9. His father was carpenter and mother was middle school

teacher. 10. Although he has full of curiosity ,his behavior was

unusual and he couldn't adapt in a group life.11. The postwar period Edison born had 70th anniversary for

independent 12. And was very strict about elementary school education.13. Incandescent lamp was a greatest invention of Edison¡®s

because that things are open the "A period of electricity".14. At that time gas and arc lamp was generally used in

factory and street.

CORRECTIONS OF SENTENCE MISTAKES (underlined)1. Which country were you going to study in?2. What company was going to show new products to the

market this season?3. I was going to live in Paris.4. How many jokes were you going to memorize?5. What position were you going to play in the soccer game?6. I was going to meet a nice guy.7. Were you going to buy things XX online this week?8. Which job were you going to work for?9. His father was a carpenter and his mother was a middle

school teacher.10. Although he was full of curiosity, his behavior was unusual

and he couldn't adapt to group life. 11. In the postwar period in which Edison was born the 70th

anniversary of America’s independence happened. 12. People were very strict about elementary school education.13. The Incandescent lamp was the greatest invention of

Edison’s because that opened the "era of electricity".14. At that time the gas and arc lamp was generally used in

15. The first built theater in the world.16. So people said "Edison although invented movie but

failed the movie business."17. Edison's invention was so important both in quality and

in quantity and have got open the 20th scientific technique civilization.

18. Also we came to live in a light night and to see a movie by Edison's effort.

19. So her mother had to sell cloth and handicraft for her family.

20. In 1995 she opened a house for orphan and people who has physical and mental problem.

21. In 1997 she died by a disease of the heart.22. I think in real life she lived a beautiful life than in the

movies.23. She never forgets to smile even if she had 60 NG cuts

from the director.24. She could have the best and convenient life when once

she was a famous star.25. It is shown from the pictures how serious poverty and

hunger problem is.26. And right after, she informed this bad situation to UN.27. She got a serious desease after 19 months from her birth.28. Teacher Sullivan tried Helen to know that all the things

have own name by touching writing on her hands.29. Helen was entrance at Havard University30. After Helen was graduted a University, she went around

all of the world to improve welfare for the blind & a deaf-and-dumb person.

31. Helen wanted to give a dream all of the world blind & deaf and dumb person.

32. Helen overcame an obstacle and she became a great woman .

33. She took care of a poor the children were raised in Mother Teresa's house like their own family. Because they liked to help the poor people.

34. So I think a child learns from it's surroundings. 35. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 from her

serve.36. I didn't know well about Teresa nun but reads some book

and is known well. 37. Her devoted service might jump over religion. Such like

"the agape love". 38. I think that she who buy whole life serve is really great

feels. . 39. I had been interested the psychology in before higu

school. 40. I have a beautiful girlfriend, I had meet her last year. The

most happiness is there.

factories and on streets.15. The first theater in the world was also established.16. So people said "Although Edison invented movies, he failed

in the movie business."17. Edison's inventions were so important both in quality and in

quantity and pioneered the 20th century’s scientific techniques and progress in science.

18. Also we have come to live in a night with lights and to see movies due to Edison's effort.

19. So her mother had to sell clothes and handicrafts for her family.

20. In 1995 she opened a house for orphans and people who have physical and mental problems.

21. In 1997 she died of a disease of the heart.22. I think in real life she lived a more beautiful life than in the

movies.23. She never forgot to smile even if she had to do 60 retakes

because of the director.24. She could have had the best and most convenient life XX

once she became a famous star.25. It is shown from the pictures how serious the poverty and

hunger problems were.26. XX Right after that, she acted to make the UN aware of this

terrible situation.27. She got a serious disease 19 months after her birth.28. Teacher Sullivan tried to help Helen know that all XX things

have their own name by using sign language on her hands.29. Helen attended Havard University30. After Helen graduated from university, she went all over the

world to improve the welfare of XX blind & deaf and dumb people.

31. Helen wanted to give a dream to all the world’s blind & deaf and dumb people.

32. Helen overcame many obstacles and she became a great woman.

33. The children were raised in Mother Teresa's house like their own family because they liked to help XX poor people.

34. So I think a child learns from its surroundings. 35. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her service.36. I didn't know well about the nun Teresa but read some book

and now know here much better.37. Her devoted service might be due to religion and things like

"agape love".38. I think that she who commits here whole life to serve really

feels great.39. I had been interested in psychology in before high school.40. I have a beautiful girlfriend, I met her last year. I am

happiest when I’m with her.

FRIENDSHIP-- SEEING, REALLY SEEING

His nose was all smooshed looking, like maybe his mom had dropped him when he was a baby. His ears were two - maybe even two and a half - sizes too big for his head. And his eyes! His eyes bulged like they were ready to pop right out of their sockets. His clothes were nice, Tim had to admit. But he was still the homeliest kid he'd ever seen.

So why was the new kid leaning on Jennifer Lawrence's locker like they were best friends or something? She was a cheerleader and one of the coolest girls in school. And why was she smiling at him instead of twisting her nose all funny like she did when she looked at Tim? "Strange," he thought. "Really strange."

By lunchtime, Tim had forgotten about the new kid. He sat down at his usual table - in the corner, all alone. Tim was a loner. He wasn't as ugly as the new kid - just a little on the heavy side and kind of nerdy. Nobody talked to Tim much, but he was used to it. He had adjusted. About halfway through his peanut butter and ketchup sandwich (he put ketchup on everything), Tim looked up and saw that kid again. He was holding his lunch tray and standing over Jennifer, grinning like he'd just aced a math test. And she was grinning, too. Then she moved over and made room on the bench next to her. "Strange. Really strange."

But even stranger was what the new kid did. Tim would have plunked into that seat so fast, his lunch bag would have been left behind, just hanging in the air. But not this new kid. He shook his head, looked around and walked straight to Tim's table.

"Mind if I join you?" he asked.

Just like that."Mind if I join you? Like the entire eighth grade was fighting to sit at my table or something," Tim thought.

"Sure," said Tim. "I mean no. I don't mind."So the kid sat down. And he came back, day after day, until they were friends. Real friends. Tim had never had a real friend before, but Jeff - that was his name - invited Tim to his house, on trips with his family and even hiking. Right - Tim hiking!

Funny thing was...one day Tim realized he wasn't so heavy anymore. "All that hiking, I guess," thought Tim. And kids were talking to him, nodding to him in the hallways, and even asking him questions about assignments and things. And Tim was talking back to them. He wasn't a loner anymore.One day, when Jeff sat down at the table, Tim had to ask him. "Why did you sit with me that first day? Didn't Jen ask you to sit with her?"

"Sure, she asked. But she didn't need me."

"Need you?"

"You did."

"I did?" Tim hoped nobody was listening. "This was really a dumb conversation," he thought.

"You were sitting all alone," Jeff explained. "You looked lonely and scared."

"Scared?"

"Uh huh, scared. I knew that look. I used to have one, too, just like it." Tim couldn't believe it."Maybe you didn't notice, but I'm not exactly the best- looking guy in school," Jeff went on. "At my old school I sat alone. I was afraid to look up and see if anyone was laughing at me."

"You?" Tim knew he sounded stupid, but he couldn't picture Jeff by himself. He was so outgoing.

"Me. It took a friend to help me see that I wasn't alone because of my nose or my ears. I was alone because I never smiled or took an interest in other people. I was so concerned about myself that I never paid attention to anyone else. That's why I sat with you. To let you know someone cared. Jennifer already knew."

"Oh, she knows, all right," Tim said as he watched two guys fighting to sit near her. Tim and Jeff both laughed.

"It felt good to laugh and I've been doing a lot of it lately," realized Tim.

Then Tim looked at Jeff. Really looked. "He isn't so bad looking," thought Tim. "Oh, not handsome or anything like that. But he isn't homely. Jeff is my friend." That's when Tim realized that he was seeing Jeff for the first time. Months earlier all he had seen was a funny- looking nose and "Dumbo" ears. Now he was seeing Jeff, `really' seeing him.

(by Marie P. McDougal from Chicken Soup for the Kid's Soul, Copyright 1998 by Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, Patty Hansen, and Irene Dunlap)

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE 6 year-old Florence was out riding on her pony with the local

pastor. She enjoyed the fresh outdoor air. Suddenly she stopped. “Look pastor,” she said. “All the sheep are scattered. Something must be wrong with Cap, the sheep dog.”

It was true. The shepherd said sadly, “Some boys threw rocks at Cap and broke his leg. I’m afraid I’ll have to put an end to him.” “Oh no!” cried Florence. “Pastor, can’t we do something?” she cried as she gently petted the dog. “Please let me nurse him---I’ll come every day to take care of him.” Florence kept her promise. Everyday she came and sat with the dog and put hot cloths on his injuries and gave him food and water. Cap recovered and Florence could hardly contain her joy.

After Florence became famous for revolutionizing nursing, this pastor wrote to her. He said that he was very happy to see her pleasure in saving the life of the dog. “It was a sign of the kindness and love spoken of in 1 Corinthians 13 taking root within you.”

Florence was born into a rich family at the Villa Colombia in Florence, Italy, on May 12, 1820. She and her sister loved the countryside and Nightingale sometimes took care of sick dogs and animals in the area. Nightingale loved studying and learned from famous tutors and her father about mathematics, Euclid, Aristotle, the Bible, political matters and the classics. In 1840, Nightingale begged her parents to let her study mathematics more but her mother did not approve of this idea. After many emotional arguments, her parents finally let her study math with several excellent math teachers. Later she tutored other students in math.

As a teenager, she loved the social life and parties that came because she was rich and from a high class family. She loved the dances, the clothes, the young men dating her--but there was something missing in all that. "I craved for some regular occupation," she wrote, "for something worth doing, instead of frittering time away on useless trifles."

Nightingale loved God and was interested in spiritual things. On February 7, 1837, Florence received a divine call. She wrote, "God spoke to me and called me into his service." She believed God wanted her "to do something toward lifting the load of suffering from the helpless and miserable." For 7 years, that service wasn’t exactly clear to her, but she knew God had a purpose for her life. Soon, she began “cottage visiting” - taking food and medicine to poor servants and farmers who lived on the family's lands. She also became involved in the social issues of the time and said that social action was “"mankind creating mankind." She believed that, "Mankind must discover the organization by which mankind can live in harmony with God's purposes."

Until1845, Florence had only looked after sick friends and relatives. But, she began to have an interest in nursing. During the mid-nineteenth century nursing was not considered a respectable profession for well-educated women. Nurses of the time had not received training and they had the reputation of being rough and ignorant women who were drunk and loose. Sometimes nurses even pushed patients out of bed so they could take a nap. People sometimes said that if you want to die, go to a hospital.

Against her family’s wishes, Nightingale studied nursing in several countries. She returned to London in 1853 and took up the unpaid position as the Superintendent at the Establishment for Gentlewomen during Illness. Within two years she had become England’s leading expert on health care. A friend wrote of her in these years,

"She must be a creature of another race . . . . doing things by impulse or some divine inspiration . . . . she seems too holy to be talked about as a mere wonder . . . . how straight He(God) is sending His Spirit down into her as into the prophets and saints of old."

In 1854, the Crimean war started in Turkey. Reporters like William H. Russell wrote about the filthy and deadly conditions in the army hospitals where over 40% of the men were dying. His writings inspired Nightingale and she became the superintendent of nursing in the military hospitals. Florence arrived in Scutari with 38 nurses on 4 November 1854.

“6 shirts a month?” cried Florence in horror. The medic shrugged, “The men are afraid to send their shirts to be washed for fear they’ll be stolen. I think only 6 shirts were washed and came back last month.”

“But, where are the hospital shirts? Most of the men’s shirts are nothing but rags and should be burned, not washed! And what about the dirty bedding?” **The medic said, “We order shirts, but they take forever and never enough.***

pony:조랑말 pastor: 목사 “put an end to

him”: :죽이다 injuries:상처 recovered:

회복하다 “could hardly

contain her joy”::아주 기뻐하다

revolutionizing:;급변하는

countryside:시골 political:정치적인 approve:찬성하다 craved:열망하다 frittering:

낭비하다 trifles:하찮은 것 miserable:불쌍한,

비참한 cottage:작은집 social issues:

:사회적 문제 social action:

:사회적 조치 harmony:조화 respectable:

:존경받는 reputation:평판 ignorant:무지한 loose:단정치못한 superintendent

:감독관 position: job 지위 impulse:충동 divine:신의~ inspiration:영감 holy:신성한 mere:단지 prophets:예언자 saints:성자,성인 filthy:불결한,

더러운 inspired:

영감을받은

bedding:침대보 medic:의사 carts: 짐수레 radical:급진적인 iron

perseverance::강한 인내력

devotion:헌신 contagious:

전염성의 wounds:상처 sanitary:위생의

Florence went to the chief medical officer, Dr. Hall, with a list of needed supplies. Angrily, he said, “This is a military hospital, Miss Florence, NOT the royal palace.” She reminded him of her position as Superintendent of the Female Nursing Establishment of the English General Hospitals in Turkey. Doctor Hall responded, “They may have given you a fancy title back in London, but to me, you’re nothing more than a cleaning woman.”

Taking 2 helpers, Florence went into the town market and returned with carts of brand new shirts. “Where did these come from?”, asked the shocked supply officer. “I bought them,” said Florence as she directed people to unload them. “But, but this is very unusual!” sputtered the supply officer. “Yes, I suppose so,” said Florence. “Excuse me, but my nurses and I have work to do.”

Making radical changes is never easy and Florence was a woman in a man’s world. But, with iron perseverance and strong devotion, she made changes happen either through the military or by paying for things herself.

When she arrived in Scutari, injured soldiers were 7 times more likely to die from disease in hospital than on the battlefield. In January 1855, 2,761 soldiers died of contagious diseases, 83 from wounds and 324 from other causes. If no new British soldiers had come to Turkey, then disease alone could have killed the entire army.

Nightingale's training in math became very useful to her as she collected data to figure out the causes of deaths in the hospitals. These calculations showed that an improvement of the sanitary methods employed would decrease the death rate significantly. Nightingale made sure the soldiers had fresh water and clean living spaces. She also spent her own money to buy fruit, vegetables, a stove, equipment for the hospital and to hire a French chef. In 3 months the mortality rate had dropped from 60% to 42.7%. By spring 1856, it was only 2.2%.

Nightingale used data to create Polar Area Diagrams, or "coxcombs" as she called them. The inside red areas represent deaths from battle wounds. The middle black areas represent deaths from other causes. The big blue areas represent deaths from preventable diseases. Deaths were calculated for each month. These were the first “pie charts” ever used. So, Florence Nightingale was also a pioneer in using graphics to represent statistics.

Nightingale was not only smart. She did whatever she could to help the soldiers and comfort and encourage them. She often fell asleep exhausted at 2-3 am and woke up at 6am. A friend who visited her in Turkey said, “To give less than every ounce of strength would not have been enough for Florence…the work she did was God’s work. In that thought was all the reward, all the pleasure she desired.” Because of her devotion she became known as the “Lady of the Lamp”.

After she returned to England, she pushed sanitary reform in all military hospitals and started a school for training nurses. Nightingale is the founder of modern nursing and she succeeded in transforming it into a respectable career for women that has saved the lives of millions of people. She described nurses as the "handmaidens of the Lord."

Nightingale was sick in bed for about 47 years of her life (but her 60 cats kept her company!). But, even though she couldn’t be a nurse, she continued to write and campaign for better health. She published over 200 books, reports and pamphlets including the first textbook for training nurses. She deeply believed that her work to improve health and nursing had been a calling from God.

In 1883 Queen Victoria awarded Nightingale the Royal Red Cross for her work. Nightingale’s education, perseverance and passion for people helped her make many important advances. Because of her dedication and passion, nursing and women’s rights were forever changed.

employed: means used in this sentence

decrease:감소하다

significantly:상당하게

stove:난로 chef:요리사 mortality rate:

사망률 preventable:

예방할 수 있는 calculated:

측정되는 pioneer:선구자 statistics:통계 exhausted:지친 reward:보상.보답 pushed:추진하다 sanitary reform:

:위생 개혁 founder:창설자 transforming

:변형시키다 handmaidens:

하녀 published:

출판하다 pamphlets:소책자 awarded:

수여하다 calling:소명,

부르심 passion:열정 rights:권리,공민권

James Grant--A Man With A Vision and a Heart (adapted from “How To Change The World”, chapter 19, ‘Morality Must March With Capacity” by David Bornstein)“The 20th century will be chiefly remembered in future centuries not as an age of political conflicts or technical inventions, but as an age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of the whole human race as a practical objective.” Arnold Toynbee

James Grant was born in 1922 in Peking China. His grandfather and father had worked as medical missionaries in China for many years and so medical work was definitely in his blood. After serving in China and Burma during World War II, he worked on rebuilding China and Taiwan and pushed land reform, rural credit,

education and decentralized health programs that laid the foundation for Taiwan’s industrial transformation. He then attended Harvard Law school and later became director of USAID where he demonstrated how the Green Revolution could be quickly scaled up. These and his other activities would have been an exceptional life already, but this was just a prelude to his incredible work starting in 1980 as director of UNICEF.

In 1982, James Grant read a paper by Jon Rohdes entitled, “Why the Other Half Dies”. Rohdes wrote that every year in the developing world, 14 million children under the age of 5 died from things like diarrhea, pneumonia, malnutrition and other diseases that were immunizable and easily preventable with cheap and simple solutions that already existed. For malnutrition, just weighing children and watching their growth could prevent malnutrition. For many diseases there were cheap vaccines. For example, vaccinations for measles would prevent 3.5 million deaths a year. In the 1970s, researchers had discovered a simple treatment for diarrhea which was the number-one child killer responsible for 5 million deaths a year. Severe diarrhea causes a critical loss of fluids sending the child’s body into shock. But researchers found that a simple solution of 8 teaspoons of sugar and 1 teaspoon of salt added to 1 liter of water could prevent over 70% of the deaths from diarrhea. Peter Adamson said: “It was as if a cheap cure for cancer had been discovered but no one had bothered making it available.”

After reading this paper by Rohdes, Grant went to visit him for two weeks grilling him about everything. Grant then brought Rohdes to give his presentation to UNICEF. After the presentation, Grant stated that for the first time in history, it was possible to meet the basic health needs of all the world’s children. “Morality must march with capacity,” he declared. The reason so many children were dying was not a lack of solutions, it was a lack of vision and will--especially political will--and this was what UNICEF could and should supply. Grant then outlined his vision. He set an audacious vision for UNICEF to reduce by 50% worldwide the death and disabilities to children from disease. Everyone thought that to solve the problem you needed huge amounts of money and resources. But, Grant proved that there were low cost solutions and challenged people to scale them up to solve the problem. He had a completely different way of looking at the problem and some people that he had lost it. He saw that with worldwide basic education in most countries and UNICEF’s projects in so many countries, they had the unique opportunity to cast a vision and to leverage commitment from all over the world and really to bring a solution to this massive problem. He began to do this.

In 1982 amid much grumbling, Grant launched UNICEF’s GOBI strategy: G--monitoring children’s growth to catch malnutrition early, O-- for oral rehydration therapy to treat diarrhea, B-- to encourage breastfeeding instead of powdered milk since mother’s milk is much more nutritious and far less dangerous than cow’s milk(1 out of 80 babies on cow’s milk dies, 1 out of 1,000 babies on mother’s milk dies), I--to immunize all children against 6 of the most common childhood diseases.

Later they added 3 Fs: F-food supplements/vitamins, family planning and female education since women are the primary care givers in most of the world for their children.

There was lots of disagreement because Grant was changing UNICEF from primarily working on relief projects to focus more on advocacy, promotion and influencing world leaders to bring about change. He did this in several ways that are lessons for anyone trying to create major change:1) INFLUENCE LEADERS: Grant recruited influential voices in the medical establishment such as William Foege,

the head of the US center for Disease Control, who had pioneered the strategy to eradicate smallpox in the 1970s. He got support from unconventional places such as the archbishop of Bogota who he knew had 1000 times more influence than the minister of health. How did he do that? He called the Pope and asked him to send the archbishop a message. He would make partnerships with many health agencies like the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, Rotary International, the WHO and others.

2) USE GRAPHICS: He made the problems graphically shocking by asking people to imagine 120 jumbo jets filled with children crashing every day. He believed that they should get everyone to focus on achievable goals first. Later, he carried color coded charts to show each country’s progress and problem areas.

3) DECENTRALIZE: He encouraged independent thinking by UNICEF leaders in every country to plan and adapt

conflicts:논쟁 dared:~해보다 welfare:복지 practical objective:실제적인 목표 in his blood: natural

ability because of your parent’s work **

reform:개량,개혁 rural credit:농업의신용 revolution:혁명 scaled up: made to

affect large numbers of people. ~을어떤비율로늘이다

prelude:준비(예비)행위 diarrhea:설사 pneumonia:폐렴malnutrition:영양실조immunizable:면역력있는preventable:예방할수있는 vaccines:백신vaccinations:예방주사 measles:홍역 severe:심한,맹렬한 fluids:유체 shock:충격 solution: chemical mix cure:치료 grilling: hard questions엄히 문초하다morality:도덕,도덕성 capacity:능력 political will:정치적의지 audacious:대담한 had lost it: idiom that

means he was crazy.** leverage: 효력,세력 amid:~하는사이에 grumbling:

투덜거리는,불평하는 oral:구두의(입)rehydration:

재수화작용 therapy:치료immunize:면역시키다 supplements:보충물family planning: this

means using condoms, contraceptives to have smaller families.가족계획

primary care givers: main people who take care of children

advocacy:지원 promotion:장려,조장 recruited:모집하다influential:영향을미치는pioneer:개척자,개척하다 strategy:전략 eradicate:박멸하다 unconventional:전통에얽매이지않는 archbishop:대주교 seniority:선임 movers and shakers:

idiom that means

strategies to act on GOBI-FF. He didn’t control everything they did. He gave them a goal, a vision and then the freedom to achieve that goal in the most effective way possible.

4) BREAK TRADITION: He broke UN tradition by making job assignments based NOT on seniority but on ability. He would always ask, “Who are the movers and shakers--the entrepreneurs here?” says Richard Jolly who worked with Grant for 14 years.

5) ENCOURAGE/BUILD UP PEOPLE: During management reviews he didn’t accept blanket criticisms of someone. Jolly adds, “He would always say, ‘What have we done to build the person.’ Time and time again he would come back to the positive: how to build, how to encourage, how to win over.”

6) KNOW THE DETAILS: He monitored numbers carefully and knew the details. To President Duarte of El Savador, he said, “I’m very glad to be here and we’ve talked about the war, but are you aware that more children die each year from measles and preventable causes than all the people who have died in the war so far?” President Duarte hadn’t known that, but said that it was impossible because of the war. With persistence and vision, Jim persuaded him to call a ceasefire and immunize the children. This was the first time ever that a war was stopped to provide health care for children. These days became known as the “Days of Tranquility” and later spread to many other countries.

7) EXPLAIN SIMPLY: He simplified problems and used practical situations to highlight problems. In 1990, 30% of the world’s population was at risk of retardation due to iodine deficiency. So, Grant started carrying a pocket salt test to show that this problem could be solved just by adding iodine to salt at a cost of 5 cents per person per year. Whenever he ate at state dinners, he would say, “Please pass the salt” and then he would pull out his testing fluid to see if it was iodized. If the reading was negative, he would hold it up and announce to the ambassadors and presidents: “Did you know that you gain an average of 13 IQ points by putting iodine in salt?” With promotion like this, iodized salt use increased from 20% to 70% in the developing world during the 1990s.

8) CONTACT FIELD WORKERS: He had close contact with offices in the field and often called up country representatives to ask just how things were going, good or bad.

9) USE MEDIA: He recruited famous Hollywood stars to be “Goodwill Ambassadors” and raise awareness of issues.10) RAISE MONEY: He looked for new ways to raise money. For example UNICEF had a greeting card business.

Grant chose a new leader for it and soon it was generating many millions of dollars for UNICEF.11) REPEAT YOUR MESSAGE: He used his position to talk with many heads of state and communicate to them that

child survival was important both morally and politically. His message was simple and his pockets full of examples of solutions. Sitting with a prime minister, he would say, “Do you know that this costs less than a cup of tea and it can save hundreds of thousands of children’s lives in your country?” He would talk about diarrhea with kings, not just once, but 3, 4, 5 times. He knew that you have to keep repeating the message that it’s not difficult to save children’s lives.

12) FOCUS ON ACHIEVABLE GOALS: The World Health Assembly had set a target of Universal Child Immunization by 1990. No country had ever achieved 100% immunization. Grant saw that to succeed they must set a meaningful and achievable goal. They set the goal at 80% which was where the diseases were disrupted and largely stopped.

13) PERSONALIZE: He made things personal. His first major success in 1984 was getting the backing of the president of Columbia for a national vaccination campaign. President Betancur had seen several of his siblings die early in life. Jim showed him how his siblings could have been saved and how many children now could be saved by using vaccinations.

14) PROMOTE COMPETITION: He encouraged competition within UNICEF through a weekly telex called “Flash” to let everyone know how each country was doing and share ideas and challenge each other. He reported and ranked child survival achievements by country. He always promoted competition between countries. To presidents, he would say, “You know, Columbia is doing this…Why don’t you do this too”.

15) INTEGRITY: In the end, Jim’s most effective defense against his critics was his integrity. Adamson recalled, “Jim’s idealism and commitment were so obviously genuine that in all the years, I never heard anyone question it.” He never cared about being famous or important. For Jim, the reason for everything he did was truly saving the lives of children. And it was this as much as all the science and other support that won so many to his side.

Grant resigned from the UN only a few weeks before he died of cancer in 1995. Even in his last weeks he would call people like Dr. William Foege to share ideas that he wanted people to follow up on. 1 week before his death, he was still lobbying the US government about children’s rights.

Grant not only saved millions of lives, he showed the awesome potential of the UN system. He showed how it could have massive effects worldwide if utilized correctly and in so doing dramatically raised the global standards for children’s health. Jim Grant changed the rules. You have to ask the question: If he wasn’t there, what would have happened?

people who really make things happen and influence others**

entrepreneurs:기업가 time and time again:

idiom that means again and again**

monitor:청취하다persistence:인내력,불굴 ceasefire:휴전 tranquility:평화retardation:지체,감속 iodine deficiency:요오드결핍 ambassadors:대사 goodwill ambassadors:

famous people who help promote UNICEF’s campaigns…usually stars.**

awareness:인식generating:~을발생시키다 survival:생존 morally도덕적으로 prime minister:국무총리disrupted:붕괴시키다 backing:후원,지지 campaign:캠패인 siblings: 형제,자매 promoted:조성하다 competition:경쟁 telex:국제가입전신 integrity:성실,정직 idealism:이상화(된것) genuine:진짜의 to his side: to support

him** follow up on: to study

and implementlobbying:(의안)

의통과운동을 하다 massive:큰 utilized:이용하다

WAS GOING TO Y/N (future in the past) (topic: procrastination)

QWORD

Was/Were

NOUN VERB ETC. Yes/No

NOUN VERB ETC.

Were you going to study

Saturday night?

Yes, I was going to study

A lot Saturday night, but I got sidetracked watching a good movie.

Was your sister

going to come

to the party last night?

No, she wasn’t** going to come

to the party.

Were your parents

going to ground

you for being late?

No, they weren’t** going to ground me for being late.

했었니 너는 공부하려고 토요일밤에 네 나는 공부하려고했었습니다

했었니 너의언니는

가려고 지난밤파티에

아뇨 그녀는 가려고하지않았었습니다

파티에

너의부모님은

아뇨 그들은

CONVERSATION PRACTICE #1 Practice conversation with the questions below. Follow the above examples for asking and answering questions.

RELATIONSHIPS-LIFESTYLE (family, romance, friends, habits, feelings, etc.)1. Were you going to date someone?2. Were you going to talk through a problem with

your parents?3. Was your father going to help you study last

week? 4. Weren’t** you going to join a new club?5. Were you going to flirt with some women last

weekend?6. Were you going to kiss someone this week?

LEARNING (school, wisdom, abilities, health, culture, etc.)7. **Weren’t** you going to learn a new

instrument or sport last summer?8. **Wasn’t** your mother going to try to make

some new foods this month?9. Weren’t** your friends going to throw you a

surprise birthday party?10. **Were you ever** thinking of dropping out of

school?11. Were you going to exercise a lot last year?12. Were they going to go to a cosmetics shop?13. Were you going to eat dinner with us

yesterday?14. Was he going to go on a backpack trip?15. Were the students going to complain about the

rules of the school?16. Were you ever** going to drop out of school?17. Were you going to eat noodles?18. Weren’t** you going to be late to your class?19. Were any of your friends going to go abroad to

learn English?

FUN-ENTERTAINMENT (media, sports, humor, trivia, etc.) 20. Weren’t** you going to tell me a funny story? 21. How many jokes were you going to memorize?

RELATIONSHIPS-LIFESTYLE (family, romance, friends, habits, feelings, etc.)1. 당신은 누구와 데이트를 하려 했습니까?2. 당신은 당신의 문제를 부모님과 상의할려고 했습니까3. 지난주에 당신 아버지는 당신이 공부하는 것을 도와주려

했습니까?4. 당신은 새 클럽에 가입하려 하지 않았습니까?5.6.

LEARNING (school, wisdom, abilities, health, culture, etc.)7. 당신은 지난 여름에 새로운 악기 혹은 운동을 배우려

하지 않았습니까?8. 당신 어머니는 지난 달새로운 음식을 만들어주시려고

노력하지 않았습니까?9. 당신 친구들이 당신에게 깜짝 생일파티를 열어주려고

하지 않았나요?10. 당신은 휴학을 할려고 했습니까.?11. 작년에 운동을 많이 하려했습니까?12. 당신은 나한테 재미있는 이야기 들려줄려고 하지

않았습니까?13. 당신은 지난주에 어디에서 식사를 하려 했습니까?14.15.16.17.18.19.

FUN-ENTERTAINMENT (media, sports, humor, trivia, etc.) 20.21. 당신은 얼마나 많은 농담을 외우고 있습니까?22. 당신은 다른사람을 놀리려고 했습니까?

22. Were you going to play a prank on someone?23. **Was your mother going to plan the menu for

the festival?24. **Weren’t** you going to see a movie this

weekend?25. Were you going to go to a nightclub with your

sister last weekend?26. Were you going to play basketball?

POWER (money, energy, politics, influence, tech, shopping, business, info, goals, appearance, etc.)27. Was your country going to start any major

projects this year?28. Were you going to buy something online this

week?29. Was he going to examine the problem?30. Was your father going to give you money to

travel?31. Was he going to look for a new job?32. Was he going to repair his car himself?33. Was she going to buy an mp3 player?34. Were rebels going to overthrow any

government?35. Were you ever** going to be an astronaut?36. Were you going to apply for that job?37. Were you going to buy something online this

week?38. Were you going to buy sunglasses last week?39. Were you going to live in another country?40. Were you going to use the car last weekend?41. Were you going to work on the computer?42. Were you going to give me a call?

WORLDVIEW-EXPERIENCES (religion, politics, philosophy, dreams, character, etc.)43. Were you going to lead out in the protests

against poverty?44. **Were you ever** going to be a doctor?45.46. Was he going to devote all his time and energy

to others?47. Were you going to lead out in the protests

against poverty?48. Were you going to read the Bible through last

year?

IDIOMS49.

23. 당신 어머니는 축제를 위한 메뉴를 짤 계획을 세우려 하셨습니까?

24. 당신은 이번 주말에 영화를 보러가려 하지 않았습니까?25.26.

POWER (money, energy, politics, influence, tech, shopping, business, info, goals, appearance, etc.)27. 당신의 나라에서 어떤 특별한 프로젝트를 올해에

시작하려고 했습니까?28. 당신은 이번주에 온라인상에서 물건을 살려고 했습니까? 29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.37.38.39.40.41.42.

WORLDVIEW-EXPERIENCES (religion, politics, philosophy, dreams, character, etc.)43. 당신은 빈곤 저항 운동(빈곤을 없애기 위해서 하는 운동)

을 하려고 했습니까?44. 의사가 되려한 적이 있습니까?45. 46.47.48.

IDIOMS49.

WAS GOING TO INFO (future in the past) (topic: procrastination)

QWORD

Was/Were

NOUN VERB ETC. Yes/No

NOUN VERB ETC.

What were you going to learn

last summer?

I was going to learn

taekwondo last summer,

Who was the teacher

going to punish

last term?

He was going to punish

the cheating students.

How much

were you going to sell

your guitar for?

I was going to sell

my guitar for $500.

Why was your going to that job? She was going to that job because

sister take take she is broke.무엇을 했었니 너는 배우려고 지난여름에 나는 배우려고했었습

니다지난여름에태권도를

누구를 했었니 선생님이 혼내려고 지난 학기에

그는 벌주려고했었습니다

부정행위한학생들을

얼마에 했었니 너는 팔려고 너의기타를 나는 팔려고했었습니다

내기타를500 불에

왜 했었니 너의 언니는

구하려고 그일을 그녀는 구하려고했었습니다

그녀는파산했기 때문에그 일을

CONVERSATION PRACTICE #1 Practice conversation with the questions below. Follow the above examples for asking and answering questions.

RELATIONSHIPS-LIFESTYLE (family, romance, friends, habits, feelings, etc.)1. **Who was going to use the car last weekend?2. How were you going to stop smoking?3. What country were you going to study in?4. Why was she going to meet her ex boyfriend?5. Where were you going to have your wedding

ceremony?6. Where were you going to see your boyfriend?7. Why the heck were you going out with that

guy/girl?

LEARNING (school, wisdom, abilities, health, culture, etc.)8. **What amusement park were you going to go

to?9. How were you going to change your health

habits?10. **When were you going to change your

exercise routine?11. **When were you going to start counseling?12. **Which culture were you going to research?13. How much food were you going to eat?14. What class was she going to listen to?15. What painting was the rich man going to bid

on?16. When were you going to learn to play the

guitar?17. Where were you going to exercise?18. How much food were you going to cook last

weekend?19. How was the doctor going to tell the patient

the truth about the terminal/incurable disease?20. How were you going to change your bad habit?21. What university were you going to go to?22. What university were your parents going to try

to get you into?23. When was he going to try to quit smoking?24. When were you going to learn to play a new

instrument?25. Where were you going to have your hair cut?26. Who was going to be the moderator of the

debate?27. Why was the professor going to resign from his

job?28. Why were you going to learn Taekwondo?

RELATIONSHIPS-LIFESTYLE (family, romance, friends, habits, feelings, etc.)1. 지난주에 누가 차를 이용하려 했습니까?2. 당신은 어떻게 금연을 할려고 했습니까?3. 당신은 어떤 나라에서 공부를 할려고 했습니까?4.5.6.7.

LEARNING (school, wisdom, abilities, health, culture, etc.)8. 당신은 어떤 놀이공원에 가려 했었습니까?9. 당신은 어떻게 당신의 건강습관을 바꾸려고 했습니까?10. 당신은 언제 매일하는 운동을 바꾸려고 했습니까?11. 당신은 언제 상담을 시작할려고 했습니까?12. 어떤 문화를 조사하려 했습니까? 13. 얼마나 많은 음식을 요리하려 했습니까?14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.

FUN-ENTERTAINMENT (media, sports, humor, trivia, etc.) 29. 당신은 얼마나 많은 농담을 외우고 있습니까?30. 축구시합에서 당신은 어떤 포지션에서 경기를 했습니까?31. 당신은 파티에 누구를 초대하려 했습니까?32. 당신은 다른사람을 놀리려고 했습니까?33. 당신 어머니는 축제를 위한 메뉴를 짤 계획을 세우려

하셨습니까? 34.35.36.

FUN-ENTERTAINMENT (media, sports, humor, trivia, etc.) 29. Where were you going to eat last weekend?30. How many jokes were you going to memorize?31. **What position were you going to play in the

soccer game?32. Who were you going to invite to your party?33. What kind of entertainment were you going to

arrange for the party?34. Who were you going to go to a movie with?35. What celebrity were you going to imitate for

the costume party?36. What dreams were you going to have

interpreted?37. What country were you going to travel to?38. What were you going to buy for my birthday

present?39. Which restaurant were they going to go to?

POWER (money, energy, politics, influence, tech, shopping, business, info, goals, appearance, etc.)40. Which company was going to introduce a

special product to the market this season?41. Which business were you going to work for?42. **Why were you going to ride a bicycle

everywhere?43. Who was going to work for you when you were

sick?44. **When were you going to start your own

business?45. What kind of article were you going to write?

WORLDVIEW-EXPERIENCES (religion, politics, philosophy, dreams, character, etc.)46. **Which religion were you going to

investigate?47. What character trait were you going to

change?48. When were you going to go to read the Bible?49. Who were you going to vote for?50. What dreams were you going to have

interpreted?51. **What predictions were you going to make

about this year?52. What nations were going to make peace?53. How long were you going to do household

chores?54. How were you going to change your schedule?55. What countries were going to accept the FTA

agreement?56. What kind of article were you going to write to

the newspaper?57. What were you going to complain about?58. What were you going to get a refund for?59. Where was she going to buy an MP3 player?60. Who was going to substitute for you when you

were on vacation?61. Why was your brother going to take that job?62. How were they going to elude their pursuers?63. When were you going to tell me the truth?64. Which religion were you going to believe in?

IDIOMS

37.38.39.

POWER (money, energy, politics, influence, tech, shopping, business, info, goals, appearance, etc.)40. 어떤 회사가 이번시즌에 새로운 상품을 시장에

내놓을려고 했습니까?41. 당신은 어떤 사업에 종사하려했습니까?42. 왜 당신은 어디서나 자전거를 타고 다니려 했습니까?43. 당신이 아플 때 누가 당신을 위해 일하려 했습니까?44. 당신은 언제 당신 자신의 사업을 시작하려 했습니까?45. 당신은 어떤 종류의 기사를 쓰려 했습니까?

WORLDVIEW-EXPERIENCES (religion, politics, philosophy, dreams, character, etc.)46. 당신은 어떤 종교에 대해 조사하려 했습니까?47. 어떠한 특성을(성격에 대한) 당신은 고칠것입니까?48. 당신은 언제 성경책을 읽을려고 했습니까?49. 당신은 투표에서 누구를 뽑을 려고 했습니까?50. 당신은 어떤 꿈을 해석하려고 했습니까?51. 올해 당신은 어떤 예측을 하려 했습니까?52. 어떤 나라가 평화를 추구할려고 했습니까?53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.61.62.63.64.

IDIOMS65.66.67.68.69.70.

65. Were you ever** going to make off with your parent’s money?

66. When were you going to get a makeover done?

67. Who were you going to sleep with?68. Why was your mother going to kill you?69. Why were you going to talk back to your

teacher?70.

PAST PERFECT 과거완료 HAD + PP VERB QUESTION WORD

QUESTION VERB

NOUN (Person, place, thing)

MAIN VERB ETC (Nouns, Phrases, infinitives, etc.)

1. Had she written any books before she directed the movie?2. What had he eaten before the party?

NOUN (Person, place, thing)

QUESTION VERB

MAIN VERB ETC (Nouns, Phrases, infinitives, etc.)

1. Yes, she had written 2 books.2. He had already eaten some ramen

1. 그녀는 그 영화를 감독하기 전에 어떤 책들을 썼나요?2. 그는 파티 전에 무엇을 먹었습니까?1. 예, 그녀는 두권의 책을 썼읍니다.2. 그는 이미 라면을 먹었습니다.

PAST PERFECT Had they practiced a lot before the game? Had she written any books before she directed

the movie? What had he eaten before the party? When had Sarah left the party?

No, they hadn’t**. So, they lost the game. Yes, she had written 2 books. He had already eaten some ramen. When I arrived at the party Sarah had already

left. 그들은 경기 전 많이 연습해 왔나요? 그녀는 그 영화를 감독하기 전에 어떤 책들을 썼나요? 그는 파티 전에 무엇을 먹었습니까? 언제 사라가 그 파티를 떠났습니까?

아니요, 그래서 그들은 경기를 졌어요. 예, 그녀는 두권의 책을 썼읍니다.

그는 이미 라면을 먹었습니다. 사라는 제가 파티에 도착했을 때 이미 떠났습니다.

CONVERSATION PRACTICE #1 Practice conversation with the questions below. Follow the above examples for asking and answering questions. RELATIONSHIPS-LIFESTYLE (family, romance, friends, habits, feelings, etc.)1. **Hadn’t** your friends given you an initiation

before you joined their clique?2. **Hadn’t** your life been much easier before

your children were born?3. **Had your father or mother told you about the

“birds and the bees” (sex/how babies are made) before you went to middle school?

4. **Before last week, who had you been most upset with?

5. Had you thought about how much your words would hurt this person?

6. **Hadn’t** your wife/husband dated many people before you fell in love?

7. Had you planned on this kind of life when you were in university?

8. Had your parents liked your fiance before you married?

RELATIONSHIPS-LIFESTYLE (family, romance, friends, habits, feelings, etc.)1. 당신친구는 당신이 클럽에 가입하기 전에 입회식을

해주지 않았습니까?2. 당신아이가 태아나기 전에 당신의 인생은 훨씬 더 편안하지 않았습니까?

3. 당신 아버지나 어머니는 당신이 중학교에 가기전에 새와 벌(성/아이가 만들어지는 방법)에 대한 이야기를 해주었습니까?

4. 지난주 전에 누가 가장 당황해 했습니까?5. 당신은 당신의 말이 이사람에게 얼마나 많은 상처를

줄지 생각해봤습니까?6. 당신 아내/남편이 당신과 사랑에 빠지기 전에 많은

사람과 데이트를 하지 않았습니까?7. 대학다닐 때 당신은 이런종류의 인생을

계획했습니까?8. 당신 부모님은 당신이 결혼하기전 당신 배우자를

마음에 들어 했습니까?9. 당신 아이가 태아나기 전에 당신은 언제 가장 만족을

9. Before your children were born, when had you felt the most satisfied?

10. Before you had children, what had your life been like?

11. How much money had you saved before marriage?

12. **How many hours a night had you slept before you started dating?

13. How many girls/guys had you dated before you got married?

14. What had you expected marriage would be like when you were single? What was most surprising to you?

15. **What kind of man had you wanted to marry before you got married?

16. **Had your spouse given you many gifts or told you “I love you” frequently before you got married?

17. When had you felt the most happiness before this year?

18. **Hadn’t** you ever** had unrequited love (one sided love) before you found your true love?

19. How many times had you broken up before this year?

20. **Had your mother or father dated other people before he/she married?

21. **What kind of man/woman had you wanted to marry before you started dating?

22. **Before last week, who had you been most upset with?

23. Before you had children, what had your life been like?

24. Before your children were born, when had you felt the most satisfied?

25. Had your father or mother told you about the birds and the bees before you went to middle school?

26. **How many girls/guys had you dated before you got married?

27. How much had you slept before you started dating?

28. What had you expected marriage would be like when you were single? What was most surprising to you?

29. What kind of man had you wanted to marry before you got married?

30. Had your life been much easier before your children were born?

31. Had your spouse given you many gifts or told you “I love you” frequently before you got married?

32. Had your friends given you an initiation before you joined their clique?

33. Had you thought about how much your words would hurt your friend before you said them?

34. **Before your current lover, who had you loved the most?

LEARNING (school, wisdom, abilities, health-food, culture, improvements, nature, environment, mistakes, etc.)35. **Before you received your university degree,

what had you worried a lot about?36. **Had a relative passed away before you got the

chance to meet him?37. **Had he been in the hospital before he got

married?38. **Had you eaten at TGIF before this year?39. **Had you expressed your feelings accurately to

a relative before he/she died?40. **Had your English improved a lot before you

started studying in the university?41. **Hadn’t** you prepared enough before your

느꼈습니까?10. 당신이 아이를 가지기 전에 당신의 인생은

어떠했습니까?11. 결혼하기 전에 당신은 얼마나 많은 돈을 저금했습니까?12. 데이트하기전에 당신은 하룻밤에 몇시간 잠자리를

했습니까?13. 당신은 결혼하기 전에 몇 명의 여자/남자와 데이트를

해봤습니까?14. 결혼하기전 당신은 결혼이 어떤 것이라고

기대했습니까? 무엇이 당신을 가장 놀라게 했나요?15. 결혼하기 전 당신은 어떤 사람과 결혼하기를 원했나요?16. 결혼하기 전 당신 배우자는 당신에게 많은 선물이나 ‘

사랑해’라는 말을 자주 했나요?17. 올해전 당신은 언제 가장 행복감을 느꼈나요?18. 당신은 진정한 사랑을 발견하기 전에 보답없는 사랑을

하지 않았나요?19. 올해 전 당신은 몇번 헤어졌나요?20. 당신 어머니나 아버지는 결혼하기 전 다른사람과

데이트를 했었습니까?21. 당신이 데이트를 하기 전 어떤 남자/여자와 결혼하기를

원했습니까?22. 지난 주 전, 누가 가장 당황해 했습니까?23. 아이를 가지기 전 당신인생은 어떠했습니까?24. 당신 아이가 태어나기 전 당신은 언제 가장 만족감을 느꼈습니까?

25. 당신 아버지나 어머니는 당신이 중학교에 가기전에 새와 벌(성/아이가 만들어지는 방법)에 대한 이야기를 해주었습니까?

26. 당신은 결혼하기 전에 몇 명의 여자/남자와 데이트를 해봤습니까?

27. 결혼하기전 당신은 몇번 잠자리를 했었습니까?28. 결혼하기전 당신은 결혼이 어떤 것이라고

기대했습니까? 무엇이 당신을 가장 놀라게 했나요?29. 결혼하기 전 당신은 어떤 사람과 결혼하기를 원했나요?30. 당신아이가 태아나기 전에 당신의 인생은 훨씬 더 편안하지 않았습니까?

31. 결혼하기 전 당신 배우자는 당신에게 많은 선물이나 ‘사랑해’라는 말을 자주 했나요?

32. 당신친구는 당신이 클럽에 가입하기 전에 입회식을 해주었습니까?

33. 당신은 당신의 말이 이사람에게 얼마나 많은 상처를 줄지 생각해봤습니까?

34.현재 애인과 만나기 전 당신은 누구를 가장 사랑했습니까?

LEARNING (school, wisdom, abilities, health-food, culture, improvements, nature, environment, mistakes, etc.)35. 대학 학위를 받기 전에 당신은 무엇에 대해 가장 많이 걱정했습니까?

36. 당신 이 친척분을 만나기 전에 그가 돌아가셨습니까?37. 그는 결혼하기 전 병원에 입원한 적 있었습니까?38. 올해 전 당신은 TGIF 에서 식사를 한 적 있습니까?39. 당신은 당신 친척이 돌아가시기 전에 정확하게 당신

감정을 표현한 적 있습니까?40. 당신 영어가 당신이 대학에서 공부하기 시작전보다

많이 향상 되었습니까?41. 당신이 마지막 공연을 하기 전에 준비를 많이 하지

않았습니까?42. 기절하기 전에 얼마나 많은 술을 마셨습니까?43. 당신이 현재의 학교에 입학하기 전에 얼마나

영어공부를 많이 했습니까?44. 고등학교에 오기전에 무엇에 흥미가 있었습니까?45. 당신이 병원에 가기전에 무엇에 대해 걱정했습니까?46. 당신이 대학입학허가를 받았을 때 무엇이 가장 걱정되었습니까?

47.졸업하기 전에 당신은 무엇이 가장 걱정되었습니까?48. 당신이 음악회에서 연주를 하기 전에 어떤 종류의

악기를 배웠습니까?49.병원에 입원하기 전에 어떤 병에 걸렸습니까?50. 고등학교에 오기전에 어떤 과목을 싫어했습니까?51.졸업하기 전에 고등학교에서 누가 문제아였습니까?52. 대학오기전에 당신은 누구를 가장 존경했습니까?

last performance?42. **How much alcohol had you drunk before you

passed out?43. **How much had you studied English before you

came to your current school?44. **What had you been interested in before high

school?45. **What had you worried about before you went

to the hospital?46. **What had you worried about most before you

were accepted into university?47. **What had you worried the most about before

your graduation?48. **What kind of instrument had you learned

before you performed in a concert?49. **What sicknesses had you caught before you

were hospitalized?50. **What subject had you hated before high

school?51. **Who had been the trouble maker in your

school before you graduated?52. **Who had you respected most before

university?53. Had the class started when you arrived?54. Had you cheated on a test before university?55. Had you eaten dinner before going to the party?56. Had you finished your homework before supper?57. Had you gone to many museums before you

had children?58. Had you lost your key before the rainstorm?59. Had you nursed someone before you got sick?60. Had you shown your pet to anyone before

going to school?61. Had you studied enough before your last exam?62. Had your English improved a lot before you

started studying in the university?63. Had your graduation ceremony finished before

you went abroad away?64. How much had you studied English before you

came to your current school?65. What had you been interested in before high

school?66. When had you not studied enough before a big

test?67. Who had opened the door before you arrived at

school?FUN-ENTERTAINMENT (media-music, sports, humor, trivia, celebrations, travel, camps, etc.) 68. **Had you seen the latest movie before it

finished at the theater?69. Had you gone shopping before the sale was

finished?70. When had you wanted to jump off a waterfall?71. **Who had your sister tried to play a practical

joke on?72. **What sport had your children learned before

high school?73. Who had you beaten in races before your

graduation?74. Why had you wanted to go sky diving?75. **Didn’t** your friend have the best camera that

you had ever** seen?76. **Had the championship already started before

you sat down to watch it?77. **Had you seen anyone famous before you were

20?78. Who had your sister tried to play a practical joke

on?79. Why had you wanted to go sky diving? 80. **Had you ever** had unrequited love (one

sided love) before you found your true love?81. Had the movie already started when you

53. 당신이 도착했을 때 수업이 시작되었습니까?54. 대학오기전에 당신은 시험에서 부정행위를 했습니까?55. 당신은 파티에가기전에 저녁식사를 했습니까?56. 저녁식사전에 숙제를 다 끝냈니?57. 당신이 아이를 가지기 전에 많은 박물관을 갔었습니까?58. 비바람이 불기전에 당신은 열쇠를 잃어버렸습니까?59. 당신이 아프기 전에 당신은 누군가를 간호했습니까?60. 학교가기전에 당신은 애완동물을누군가에게

보여주었습니까?61. 마지막 시험을 치기전에 당신은 공부를 충분히

했습니까?62. 당신은 대학에서 공부를 시작하기 전에 영어가 많이 향상되었습니까?

63. 당신이 해외로 가기전에 졸업식이 끝났습니까?64.현재학교에 오기전에 당신은 얼마나 많이 영어를

공부했습니까?65. 고등학교에 오기전에 당신은 무엇에 흥미가

있었습니까?66.중요한시험을 치기 전에 당신은 무엇을 충분히

공부하지 않았습니까?67. 학교에 도착하기 전에 누가 문을 열었습니까?FUN-ENTERTAINMENT (media-music, sports, humor, trivia, celebrations, travel, camps, etc.) 68. 당신은 극장에서 최신영화가 종영되기 전에 그 영화를

보았습니까?69. 당신은 세일이 끝나기전에 쇼핑을 갔었습니까?70. 당신은 언제 폭포에서 뛰어내리고 싶었습니까?71. 당신 여동생은 누구를 놀렸습니까?72. 당신아이들은 고등학교에 가기전에 어떤 운동을

배웠습니까?73.졸업하기전에 당신은 경기에서 누구르 이겼습니까?74. 당신은 왜 스카이 다이빙을 하러 가기를 원했습니까?75. 당신친구는 당신이 본 것 중 최상의 카메라를 갖고있지

않았습니까?76. 당신이 챔피언전을 보기위해 앉기전에 이미 챔피언전이 시작되었습니까?

77. 20 세가 되기전에 당신은 유명인을 본적 있습니까?78. 당신 여동생은 누구를 놀리려 했습니까?79. 당신은 왜 스카이 다이빙을 하러 가기를 원했습니까?80. 당신은 진정한 사랑을 발견하기 전에 무조건적인

사랑을 받은 적 있습니까?81. 당신이 도착했을 때 영화가 벌써 시작했습니까?82.댄스수업을 받기전에 당신은 춤을 많이 추었습니까?83. 당신은 세일이 끝나기전에 쇼핑을 갔었습니까?84. 당신은 극장에서 최신영화가 종영되기 전에 그 영화를

보았습니까?85. 학교가기전에 당신은 애완동물을누군가에게

보여주었습니까?86. 당신은 언제 폭포에서 뛰어내리고 싶었습니까?87. TV 에서 그 경기를 보기전에 당신은 무엇을 하기를

원했습니까?88. 당신아이들은 고등학교에 가기전에 어떤 운동을

배웠습니까?POWER (money, energy, politics, influence, tech, shopping, business, responsibility, goals, info, appearance, security, etc.)89. 당신이 영구적인 직업을 갖기전에 시간제 일을 해본 적

있습니까?90. 기차나 비행기가 당신이 타기 전에 떠난 적 없습니까?91. 1990 년대 이전에 인터넷 기술이 얼마나 발전하였습니까?

92. 올해전에 당신은 주식으로부터 얼마나 많은 돈을 받았습니까?

93. 당신이 그 회사에 투자하기 전에 어떤 충고를 받았습니까?

94. 비바람이 치기전에 당신은 열쇠를 잃어버리지 않았습니까?

95. 사고가 나기 전 당신은 어디를 가길원했습니까?96.병원에 가기전에 당신은 무엇에 대해 걱정했습니까?97. 여기에서 살기 전에 어디에서 살았습니까?98. TV 에서 새 제품을 보기전에 당신은 무엇을 사기를

arrived?82. Had you danced very much before taking the

dancing class?83. Had you gone shopping before the sale was

finished?84. **Had you seen the latest movie before it

finished at the theater?85. Had you shown your pet to anyone before going

to school?86. When had you wanted to jump off a waterfall?87. What had you wanted before you saw that game

on TV?88. What sports had your children learned before

high school?POWER (money, energy, politics, influence, tech, shopping, business, responsibility, goals, info, appearance, security, etc.)89. **Had you ever** had a part time job before you

got your permanent job?90. **Hadn’t** a train or airplane left before you got

on it?91. **How far had internet technology progressed

before the 1990s?92. **How much money had you received from your

stocks before this year?93. **What advice had you received before you

invested in the company?94. Hadn’t** you lost your key before the

rainstorm?95. Where had you wanted to go before your

accident?96. **What had you worried about before you went

to the hospital?97. Where had you lived before you lived here?98. **What had you wanted before you saw a new

product on TV?99. Had you installed any alarms in your house

before you were robbed?100. **Hadn’t** your grandfather written a will

before he died? What was in it?101. **How much money had you saved before

you started dating?102. **How much money had you saved before

you took your last trip?103. Had a train or airplane left before you got on

it?104. Had the rocket launch completed before the

accident?105. Had the train left the station before you got

there?106. How far had internet technology progressed

before the 1990s?107. **How many countries had you visited

before you were 30?108. **How much money had you received from

your stocks before this year?109. **How much money had you saved before

marriage?110. Where had you lived before you lived here?111. Where had you wanted to go before your

accident?112. **What advice had you received before you

invested in the company?WORLDVIEW-EXPERIENCES (religion, nation, truth, philosophy, dreams, character, ethics, etc.)113. **What event in history do you wish had

never** happened?114. How many countries had you visited before

you were 30?115. **What irritating behaviours had your

brother/sister changed before high school?

원했습니까?99. 도둑을 당하기 전에 당신은 집에 경보기를

설치했습니까?100. 당신 할아버지는 돌아가시기 전에 유언장을 쓰시지

않았습니까?101. 데이트를하기 전에 당신은 얼마나 많은 돈을

저금했습니까?102. 당신이 마지막 여행을 가기전에 당신은 얼마나

많은 돈을 저금했습니까?103. 기차나 비행기가 당신이 타기 전에 떠난 적

있습니까?104. 사고가 나기 전에 로켓발사가 완료되었습니까?105. 당신이 도착하기 전에 기차가 역에서

출발했습니까?106. 1990 년대 이전에 인터넷 기술이 얼마나 발전하였습니까?

107. 30 세가 되기전에 당신은 몇 개국을 방문했습니까?108. 올해전에 당신은 주식으로부터 얼마나 많은 돈을

받았습니까?109. 결혼하기 전에 당신은 얼마나 많은 돈을

저축했습니까?110. 여기에서 살기 전에 어디에서 살았습니까?111. 사고가 나기 전에 당신은 어디를 가기를

원했습니까?112. 당신이 그 회사에 투자하기 전에 어떤 충고를

받았습니까?WORLDVIEW-EXPERIENCES (religion, nation, truth, philosophy, dreams, character, ethics, etc.)113. 당신은 역사상 어떤 사건이 결코 일어나지

않았기를 바랬습니까?114. 30 세가 되기전에 당신은 몇 개국을

방문했습니까?115. 당신 남동새/여동생은 고등학교에 가기전에 어떤

화나는 행동들을 바꾸었습니까116. 20 만명을 죽인 2004 년 쓰나미가 오기 전 어떤

나라가 최악의 자연재해를 경험했습니까?117. 김대중씨가 노벨평화상을 받기 전에 ,북한과 어떤 종류의 접촉이 있었습니까?

118. 한국전쟁이 일어나기 전 한국은 얼마나 외국인에게 개방적이었습니까?

119. 여성운동이 일어나기 전, 여성들은 어떤 종류의 권리를 갖고 있었습니까?

120. 한국여성들은 21 세기가 오기전에 어떤 지위 와 권리를 갖고 있었습니까?

121. 올해 전 당신은 언제 가장 행복감을 느꼈습니까?IDIOMS122.123.

116. **What nation had experienced the worst natural disasters before the 2004 Tsunami that killed ~200,000 people.

117. **Before Kim Dae Jung’s Nobel Peace Prize, what kind of contacts with North Korea had there been?

118. **Before the Korean War, how open had Korea been to foreigners?

119. **Before the feminist movement, what kinds of rights had women had?

120. **What position and rights had Korean women held before the 21st century?

121. **When had you felt the most happiness before this year?

IDIOMS122.123.