Middle Ages. Essential Questions Describe the effects of the Crusades. What impact did Feudalism...
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Transcript of Middle Ages. Essential Questions Describe the effects of the Crusades. What impact did Feudalism...
Middle AgesMiddle Ages
Essential Questions
•Describe the effects of the Crusades.
•What impact did Feudalism have on Europe?
•What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Black Death?
No Baths for 1000 years
a disease that wipes out Europe
survival of the fittest
The Middle Ages: 500 – 1500
The Medieval Period
Rise of the Middle Ages
Decline of the Roman Empire
Western Europe
Justinian and the Byzantine Empire •Strong Central Government•Strong, well-trained military with advanced technology.•Justinian the Emperor of the Byzantines codified the laws. •Constantinople was the new capital of the Byzantine Empire•Gradually weakened by constant battles with Persia
Split in the Catholic Church • In the West, the Pope was the
head of the Church• In the East, the Emperor of
Constantinople was the most powerful church leader.
• Byzantines differed from the Western Christian Church on issues of religious practices.– West
• services in Latin• doesn’t believe in Icons
– East• services in local languages• Believe in Icons
• Christianity split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Ottoman Empire • After Justinian died,
the Empire was threatened by outside powers including the Seljuk Turks (the Ottomans)
• By the 1300’s the Ottomans had, captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire.
•The Ottoman’s Muslim beliefs were later challenged by the Crusades.
What were the Dark Ages?
After the decline of the Roman Empire:
Barbarian tribes ruled Europe– Art and Learning declined
•St. Patrick ( Ireland) adopted Christianity– He had Monasteries built that became centers for
learning and culture.– People came from all over to study at these monasteries– Monasteries began to pop up all over Europe.
The ClergyReligious officials had different ranks within the church structure
Vikings Attack
invaders who would attack by sea, raid and plunder, then be quickly out to sea again.
• Vikings – Germanic people called Norsemen
• From Scandinavia
• Worshipped warlike gods
Feudalism
Think of a chess set
Relationship Between Lords and Vassals
Lord – The person in charge of the landVassal- provided military service to the
Lord in return for land.The relationship between lords and vassals
made up a big part of the political and social structure of the feudal system
Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord
All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king.
CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
LESSER NOBLES(KNIGHTS)
LABOR PROTECTION
SERFS
CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
LESSER NOBLES(KNIGHTS)
LABOR PROTECTION
LORDS
SERFS
LAND ANDPROTECTION
LOYALTY ANDMILITARY SERVICE
CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
LESSER NOBLES(KNIGHTS)
LABOR PROTECTION
LORDS
KING
SERFS
LAND ANDPROTECTION
LANDLOYALTY ANDSERVICE
LOYALTY ANDMILITARY SERVICE
Workers on the Manor ( Fiefdom)• There were peasant workers on the
manor• Serfs – workers bound to the land by
contract with the nobles. (They had no freedom - they where the noble’s property.)
FeudalismManors
The lords estate –
The lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland and protection
Serfs tended the lands, cared for the animals, maintained the estate
FeudalismManorsPeasants rarely
traveled more than 25 miles from the manor
Was home to 15 – 30 families
Self-Sufficient community
Peasants heavily taxed, including a
tithe – a church tax of 1/10 their income
Fief
land in exchange for service
Same thing was happening in Japan
• A war between two clans lead to a clear leader, Yoritomo, became the first Shogun.– supreme general of the Emperors Army.
• Surrounded himself with Samurai (one who serves).
• Each warrior lived by a code called “Bushido”
• After different losses, the Shogun lost money.
• Individual samurai chose to support their local lords for land in return for service…Feudalism.
Feudal Japan
Emperor
Shogun
Samurai
Ronin
Peasant
Merchant
Religious leader with no real power
Noble in the warrior class and the leader of the Military
Members of the warrior class and loyal to the Shoguns
paid soldiers whose loyalty was with the leader they defended at the time.
Farmers and fishermen made up 90% of the population
sold goods and produce made by others. They produced nothing of value
A violent society
Noble’s constantly fought each other
Defend estates
Seize new territories
Increased wealth
Kept Europe fragmented
Glorification of warriors, became superstars
The Age of Chivalry
The mounted Knights were the most important part of an Army
Professional solders – main obligation was to serve in battle
Rewarded with land
Devoted lives to war
The Age of Chivalry
Chivalry – a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters
1. His feudal Lord
2. His Heavenly Lord
3. His Queen
Meant to protect the weak and the poor
Be loyal, brave, and courteous
Is Chivalry around today?
The Age of Chivalry
Sons of nobles began training at an early age for knighthood
Page – at 7 they were sent to another lord to be trained
Squire – at 14 they act as a servant to a knight
Knight- at 21 they become a knight and gain experience in local wars and tournaments
The Age of Chivalry
Tournaments – mock battles that combined recreation and combat training
Fierce and bloody competitions
Castles and Keeps
Stone castles were encircled by massive walls and guard towers
Home to lord and lady, their family, knights solders, and servants
A fortress of defense
Castles and Keeps
Crusades•military expeditions by the Christians to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims
Consequences:– the Holy Land remained in
Muslim control– religious intolerance– trade increased– decrease in Popes power– increase in Kings power
Magna Carta• document signed
by King John of England in 1215
• 1st document to limit the power of a king in Medieval Europe
• guaranteed certain rights to citizens
major developments of the Late Middle Ages
The Hundred Years War• Fought between the French and English for the
French throne
• Massively destructive
• Gun powder and heavy artillery
• Joan of Arc, a French peasant, helped change the Joan of Arc, a French peasant, helped change the course of the warcourse of the war
• France is victorious over England
Famines • Population doubled
• Climate became colder and rainier
• Harvests shrank
• Moved back to the city
The Black The Black DeathDeath
1347 - 13511347 - 1351
Plague
• Biotic- disease spread by fleas and rats (living organisms)• also called the Black Plague or Bubonic Plague• killed 1/3 of Europe’s population• helped bring about the end of feudalism:–workers were in higher demand and sought more
freedom –more people moved to cities
The CulpritsThe Culprits
The SymptomsThe Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:almost 100% mortality
rate.
From the From the Toggenburg BibleToggenburg Bible, , 14111411
Lancing a BuboeLancing a Buboe
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
Bring out your dead!
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
A Doctor’s Robe
“Leeching”
The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!