11

CAB 2012 - HSECAB 2012 - HSE

Heat, Temperature and Pressure Hazards

Heat, Temperature and Heat, Temperature and Pressure HazardsPressure Hazards

22

Lecturer : Nurul Azrin Amiruddin

Dept : Geos. & Pet. Eng

Cont. no : 05-3687075

Lecturer Lecturer : : NurulNurul AzrinAzrin AmiruddinAmiruddin

Dept Dept : : GeosGeos. & Pet. Eng. & Pet. Eng

Cont. no : Cont. no : 0505--36870753687075

Heat, Temperature and Pressure Hazards

Heat, Temperature and Heat, Temperature and Pressure HazardsPressure Hazards

33

Part I:

Heat and Temperature Hazards

Part II:

Pressure Hazards

Part I:

Heat and Temperature Hazards

Part II:

Pressure Hazards

44

Identify the information on heat, temperature and pressure hazards at workplace.

To overcome the hazards associated with the extreme heat, temperature and pressures.

Identify the information on heat, temperature and Identify the information on heat, temperature and pressure hazards at workplace.pressure hazards at workplace.

To overcome the hazards associated with the To overcome the hazards associated with the extreme heat, temperature and pressures.extreme heat, temperature and pressures.

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

55

Part I:

Heat and Temperature Hazards

Part I:

Heat and Temperature Hazards

66

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE HAZARDSHEAT AND TEMPERATURE HAZARDS

Operations with high potential of causing heat stress normally involve high temperatures, radiant heat sources, high humidity, direct physical contact with hot objects.

The American Conference of Government Industrial hygienists 1992 (ACGIH) states that workers should not be permitted to work when their deep body temperature exceeds 38 C.

Operations with high potential of causing heat stress normally involve high temperatures, radiant heat sources, high humidity, direct physical contact with hot objects.

The American Conference of Government Industrial hygienists 1992 (ACGIH) states that workers should not be permitted to work when their deep body temperature exceeds 38 C.

77

Example :

!Iron and steel foundry

!Electrical utilities (boiler room)

!Bakeries , food canneries

!Chemical plants

!Construction, refining, asbestos removal

!Hazardous waste site (require wearing impermeable protective clothing)

POTENTIAL HEAT STRESS OPERATION

POTENTIAL HEAT STRESS OPERATION

88

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity) that can be measured using a thermometer.

Heat A form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another system as a result of temperature difference (from high to low temperatures).

Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity) that can be measured using a thermometer.

Heat A form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another system as a result of temperature difference (from high to low temperatures).

99

WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER (WBGT)

WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER (WBGT)

Most accurate measurement of heat hazards

Takes into account humidity, radiant heat and air temperature

Reading lower than regular thermometer

Testing should be done under normal working conditions as close to the work as possible

Most accurate measurement of heat hazards

Takes into account humidity, radiant heat and air temperature

Reading lower than regular thermometer

Testing should be done under normal working conditions as close to the work as possible

1010

WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER (WBGT)WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER (WBGT)

1111

BODYS RESPONSE TO HEATBODYS RESPONSE TO HEAT

Factors affecting Heat Stress:

! Intensity of the heat

! Duration of the exposure period

! Tasks involved

! Person performing the tasks

! Presence of other stresses

Factors affecting Heat Stress:

! Intensity of the heat

! Duration of the exposure period

! Tasks involved

! Person performing the tasks

! Presence of other stresses

1212

CAUSAL FACTORSCAUSAL FACTORS

Personal Factor:

Age, weight, degree of fitness, degree of acclimatization, metabolism, use of drug or alcohol, type of clothing worn, hypertension

Environmental Factor:

Radiant heat, air movement, conduction, relative humidity

Personal Factor:

Age, weight, degree of fitness, degree of acclimatization, metabolism, use of drug or alcohol, type of clothing worn, hypertension

Environmental Factor:

Radiant heat, air movement, conduction, relative humidity

1313

EFFECTS ON PERSONNELEFFECTS ON PERSONNELThe severity at which a person will burn is based mainly on the depth to which the burn penetrates, which is dependent on:

Intensity of thermal energy transfer through-

* Radiation

* Convection

* Conduction

Absorptivity of the skin

Length of exposure

The severity at which a person will burn is based mainly on the depth to which the burn penetrates, which is dependent on:

Intensity of thermal energy transfer through-

* Radiation

* Convection

* Conduction

Absorptivity of the skin

Length of exposure

1414

Conduction Conduction

Convection Convection

RadiationRadiation

HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMHEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM

1515

HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS

HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS

A. Heat Cramps

Involve muscular pains and spasms, cold sweating and vomiting. Generally occurs due to a depletion of salt and potassium.

Action: Replenish the bodys salt and potassium supply orally. (ie. Commercially produce liquids with proper quantity of salts, potassium, electrolytes and other elements).

A. Heat Cramps

Involve muscular pains and spasms, cold sweating and vomiting. Generally occurs due to a depletion of salt and potassium.

Action: Replenish the bodys salt and potassium supply orally. (ie. Commercially produce liquids with proper quantity of salts, potassium, electrolytes and other elements).

1616

B. Heat Exhaustion

Next step after heat cramp. May lose the ability to stand erect. Water or salt depletion. Body becomes dehydrated.

Action: Move person to a cool, but not cold environment and allowed to rest lying down. Fluids should be taken slowly but steadily by mouth until the urine volume indicates that the bodys fluid level is once again in balance.

B. Heat Exhaustion

Next step after heat cramp. May lose the ability to stand erect. Water or salt depletion. Body becomes dehydrated.

Action: Move person to a cool, but not cold environment and allowed to rest lying down. Fluids should be taken slowly but steadily by mouth until the urine volume indicates that the bodys fluid level is once again in balance.

HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS

HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS

1717

C. Heat Stroke

More serious than heat cramps or exhaustion. Patient will have a temperature of 105 F(40.5 C) or more, with corresponding hot skin, but it will be dry, with no perspiration.

Action: Immediately reduce his or her body core temperature. Victim should be immersed in chilled water if facilities are available.

C. Heat Stroke

More serious than heat cramps or exhaustion. Patient will have a temperature of 105 F(40.5 C) or more, with corresponding hot skin, but it will be dry, with no perspiration.

Action: Immediately reduce his or her body core temperature. Victim should be immersed in chilled water if facilities are available.

HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS

HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH EFFECTS

1818

CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING HEAT STRESS

CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING HEAT STRESS

" Engineering controls: ventilation, shielding, cooling fans etc.

" Work practise : provide plenty of drinking water, first aids training

" Alternating work and rest periods

" Acclimatization to the heat through short exposure

" Employee education

" Heat Stress Card : OSHA publication 3154

" Engineering controls: ventilation, shielding, cooling fans etc.

" Work practise : provide plenty of drinking water, first aids training

" Alternating work and rest periods

" Acclimatization to the heat through short exposure

" Employee education

" Heat Stress Card : OSHA publication 3154

1919

CLASSIFICATION OF BURN SEVERITIES

CLASSIFICATION OF BURN SEVERITIES

Tolerance to Burns:

The ability of a person to survive exposure to heat is governed by two factors:

Tolerance to pain

Heat-exposure level at which second-degree burns begin

Tolerance to Burns:

The ability of a person to survive exposure to heat is governed by two factors:

Tolerance to pain

Heat-exposure level at which second-degree burns begin

2020

SEVERITY OF BURNSSEVERITY OF BURNSFirst-degree burn: Only cause a redness of the skin, which indicates a mild inflammation. The most common is sunburn. All are considered minor.

First-degree burn: Only cause a redness of the skin, which indicates a mild inflammation. The most common is sunburn. All are considered minor.

2121

Second-degree burn: Blister of the skin will form, and in severe cases, fluid will collect under the skin. Sometimes more painful than 3rd degree based on nerve endings not damaged. Considered minor when only 15% of the body is covered

Second-degree burn: Blister of the skin will form, and in severe cases, fluid will collect under the skin. Sometimes more painful than 3rd degree based on nerve endings not damaged. Considered minor when only 15% of the body is covered

SEVERITY OF BURNSSEVERITY OF BURNS

2222

Third-degree burn: Burns the skin, subcutaneous tissue, red blood cells, capillaries, and sometimes muscle are destroyed. Burned skin may be white, light gray, or even charred black. Considered minor when only 2% of the body is covered

Third-degree burn: Burns the skin, subcutaneous tissue, red blood cells, capillaries, and sometimes muscle are destroyed. Burned skin may be white, light gray, or even charred black. Considered minor when only 2% of the body is covered

SEVERITY OF BURNSSEVERITY OF BURNS

2323

Part II:

Pressure Hazards

Part II:

Pressure Hazards

2424

Pressure Hazard - Hazard caused by a dangerous condition involving pressurePressure Hazard - Hazard caused by a dangerous condition involving pressure

2525

BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDSBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS

Boiler: A closed vessel in which water is heated to form steam, hot water, or high temperature water under pressure.

Common types of failures:

Cracking

Leakage

Explosion

Rupture

Common types of failures:

Cracking

Leakage

Explosion

Rupture

Corrosion

Creeping

2626

BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDSBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS

Common Hazards associated with rupture / leakage:

Blast effects

Fragmentation

Suffocation

Poisoning

Common Hazards associated with rupture / leakage:

Blast effects

Fragmentation

Suffocation

Poisoning

Fire

Chemical burn

Thermal burn

Explosion

Fire

Chemical burn

Thermal burn

Explosion

2727

The Ultimate FailureThe Ultimate FailureBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDSBOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS

2828

BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS

Potential causes of hazards :Design, construction, and / or installation errors

Poor or insufficient training of operators

Human Error

Mechanical breakdown / failure

Failure or blockage of control and / or safety devices

Insufficient or improper inspection

Improper applications of equipment

Insufficient preventive maintenance

2929

Proper design

Proper training

Proper housekeeping

Continual inspection

Visual observation (for detecting cracks)

Use of appropriate safety equipment

Periodic testing

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

3030

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSELS

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSELS

! Visual Examination visually check for sign of corrosion, erosion or hydrogen blistering

! Liquid Penetration Test use liquid penetrantover an area and letting it seep in. When removed, some of penetrant remains in the area of discontinuities

! Magnetic Particle Test applying fine particles of ferromagnetic material to surface of vessel. Discontinuity can cause disturbance in magnetic field

3131

!Radiography Test Use X-ray negative on a given portion of vessel. Irregularities (eg. Holes, voids) or discontinuities appear darker on the X-ray negative

!Ultrasonic Testing short signal induced into the material. Waves reflected back from discontinuities are detected by transducers

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSELS

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSELS

3232

Heat, Temperature and Pressure Hazards

THE ENDTHE END

THANK YOUTHANK YOU