Microsoft basic computer training by PYC,ICT,UOL

Motherboard is

Multi-layered printed circuit boardCopper circuit paths called traces or

buses carry signals and voltages across the motherboard

Some layers carry data for input/output while other layers carry voltage

Motherboard

Holds The ProcessorMemoryExpansion SlotsConnects Directly or

Indirectly to Every Part of The PC

Basic Motherboard

IT Fundamentals 4

Types of ports

Serial ports

Parallel ports

Firewire Ports

USB Ports

Expansion Cards

Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

Basic Input/Output System

All motherboards include a small block of Read Only Memory (ROM) which is separate from the main system memory used for loading and running software. The ROM contains the PC’s BIOS.

CMOS RAM

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)

Motherboards include a separate block of memory made for low power consumption CMOS RAM chips, which is kept alive by a battery even when the PC’s power is off.

The Computer Continuum 3-8

Input Devices

Input hardware: Those that deal with original data. Keyboard Mouse Voice recognition hardware Scanner Digital camera


Input Devices

Type of AccessSequential - Obtained by proceeding

through the storage medium from the beginning until the designated area is reached (as in magnetic tape).

Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy and hard disks).


Primary Memory Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and

program that are currently in operation or being accessed

are stored during use. Consists of electronic circuits:

Extremely fast and expensive. Two types:

RAM (non-permanent) • Programs and data can be stored here for the

computer’s use.• Volatile: All information will be lost once the

computer shuts down.ROM (permanent)

• Contents do not change.

CENG 351 11

Secondary Storage Devices

Two major types of secondary storage devices:

1. Direct Access Storage Devices (DASDs) Magnetic Discs

Hard disks (high capacity, low cost, fast) Floppy disks (low capacity, lower cost, slow)

Optical Disks CD-ROM = (Compact disc, read-only memory

2. Serial Devices Magnetic tapes (very fast sequential access)

Lesson 3 The CPU 12

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit is a silicon chip that is the ‘brain’ of of a computer system.

Control unit (CU)

Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU)

Registers

It executes program instructions and data and controls all the devices within the machine

It’s internal organisation (architecture) consists of 3 main parts:

Lesson 3 The CPU 13

Inside the CPU

Control UnitArithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Other registers

Memory Address Register

Memory Data

Register

Main Memory

Address bus

Data bus

Control Bus (Read / Write)

Electronic clock

Clock pulses

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Plug and Play Devices

Installed devices detected automatically

Detected devices configured automatically May need to locate or update device

driver

70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment

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Installing Ethernet Adapter

NETWORKS ARE BROKEN INTO 3 TOPOLOGIES. THEY ARE:

· BUS TOPOLOGY

· STAR TOPOLOGY

· RING TOPOLOGY

Basics of Networking

BUS TOPOLOGY ALLOWS INFORMATION TO BE DIRECTED FROM ONE COMPUTER TO THE OTHER. LOTS OF BINARY COLLISION THOUGH.


STAR TOPOLOGY IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE USED. ALL COMPUTERS ARE ATTACHED TO A HUB. LESS COLLISIONS AND MOST EFFICIENT.


RING TOPOLOGY- USES A TOKEN TO PASS INFORMATION FROM 1 COMPUTER TO THE OTHER. A TOKEN IS ATTACHED TO THE MESSAGE BY THE SENDER TO IDENTIFY WHICH COMPUTER SHOULD RECEIVE THE MESSAGE. AS THE MESSAGE MOVES AROUND THE RING, EACH COMPUTER EXAMINES THE TOKEN. IF THE COMPUTER IDENTIFIES THE TOKEN AS ITS OWN, THEN IT WILL PROCESS THE INFORMATION.


A DISADVANTAGE OF A TOKEN RING IS IF ONE COMPUTER IS BROKEN OR DOWN, THE MESSAGE CANNOT BE PASSED TO THE OTHER COMPUTERS.


Wiring: 1-3 White/Orange2-6 Orange3-1 White/Green6-2 Green4-4 Blue5-5 White/Blue7-7 White/Brown8-8 Brown

Typical Crossover Cable


TWISTED SHIELDED PAIR – USED IN PHONE LINES, NETWORKS

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR “ “ “ “

COAXIAL CABLE – USED IN CABLEVISION GREAT FOR VIDEO

FIBRE OPTIC CABLES - USES LIGHT TO CARRY SIGNAL BUT HARD TO WORK WITH AND LOOSES SIGNAL OVER LONGER DISTANCES

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS


Crimping Tool Hub


LAN (Local Area Network)

A network of computers that are in the same physical location, such as home or building

Usually connected using Ethernet A standard on how computers communicate over a

shared media (cable)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ethernet_RJ45_connector_p1160054.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BNC_connector.jpg

Old: BNC connector for coaxial cable New: RJ45 for twisted pair cable

WLAN (Wireless LAN)

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) A wireless technology that connects computers

without cables Access Point (AP)

A device (base station) that connects wireless devices together

Usually connected to a wired-network ESSID (Extended Service Set ID)

A “name” for the AP, eg. mobilenet Hotspot

The area covered by wireless access points

Dial-up Services

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 2 data channel (56K each) 1 voice channel

Broadband Services

xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) A technology that provides digital data transmission

over unused frequencies on traditional telephone lines

For example, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL): DL > UL Speed

Downlink• 128Kbps - 4Mbps

Uplink• 64Kbps - 800Kbps

Splitters are needed to separate the voice and data signal

Broadband Services

Cable A technology that provides digital data transmission

over cable TV infrastructure Speed

Downlink• 128Kbps - 3~5Mbps

Uplink• 64Kbps - 128Kbps~1Mbps

Need a cable modem

Broadband Services

Satellite A technology that provide digital data transmission

over satellites Speed

Downlink• 500Kbps - 1Mbps

Uplink• 50Kbps - 100Kbps

Need a satellite dish

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A LAN spans a large geographic area, such as connections between cities

Usually connected using leased line T1 (1.5Mbps) T3 (45Mbps) OC3 (155Mbps) OC12 (622Mbps) OC48 (2.4Gbps)

Fiber optic lines

Telecommunication lines

Hub/Switch/Router

To connect multiple segments of networks into a larger one

Hub A multiport repeater to enhance signal

within the same LANSwitch

Like hub but with intelligent Better performance

Router Forward packets from one LAN to

another

Intranet vs. Internet

Intranet A private network that is contained

within an enterprise Could be LANs and WANs

Internet A public network of networks

Both are using TCP/IP

Host & IP Address

Correction from the book:“A host is a computer connected

directly to the Internet”“You home computer is not a host”

Each host needs an IP addressIP address

A 32-bit number, arranged in 4 numbers seperated by “.”

Eg. 74.125.19.147

IP structure

5 Classes of IP address A B C D and E

Class A reserved for governments

Class B reserved for medium companies

Class C reserved for small companies

IP structure

Class D are reserved for multicasting

Class E are reserved for future use

IP structure

Class A begins 1 to 126

Class B begins 128 to 191

Class C begins 192 to 223

Subnetting - Why?

Division of local networks

Greater number of networks

Simplifies addressing

DNS (Domain Name System)

Domain name to IP address conversion Eg. www.google.com → ??.???.??.??

Domain name or IP address lookup http://cqcounter.com/whois/

http://www.google.com/

v6 Addresses

IPv4 - 32 bits arranged in four octects

IPv6 - 128 bits arranged in 32 nibbles

10.0.0.100001010.00000000.00000000.0

0000013ffe:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:

0001(0011-1111-1111-1110:0000-0000-0000-0000: ug … Too many bits!)

Firewalls

Firewalls provide protection against outside attackers by shielding your computer or network from malicious or unnecessary Internet

Firewalls can be configured to block data from certain locations while allowing the relevant and necessary data through

Firewalls can either be hardware and/or software based.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software

Firewalls

Windows XP/Vista /7 have a built in firewall

Some anti-virus software provide firewall

Blocks traffic based on... Content User Patterns Ports

The Big Picture

NetworkSwitch

InternetInternet

DSL Modem

DSL Modem)))

Firewall

What is Spyware?

Spyware is software that is installed on a user’s computer, many times without their knowledge, that sends out private information about you and your computer usage.

Spy-Ware

Degrades PC/internet performanceBrowser HijackingAnti-Spyware software:

Ad-Aware by Lavasoft Grisoft's AVG Anti-Spyware 7.5, Microsoft's Windows Defender 1.1

(free) Safer Networking's Spybot Search &

Destroy Webroot's Spy Sweeper 5.5-Vista

What is DHCP Addressing

“Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol” (RFC 2131)

Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices (I.e. hosts) on your network Prevents having to manually enter data Prevents typos that can cause connectivity

problems or disrupt the network (e.g., exchanging IP address and gateway address)

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Voice over the IP

A recent application of Internet technology – Voice over IP (VoIP): Transmission of voice over Internet

How VoIP works

Continuously sample audio Convert each sample to digital form Send digitized stream across Internet in packets Convert the stream back to analog for playback

Why VoIP IP telephony is economic; High costs for traditional

telephone switching equipments.

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Voip Cont…

Challenge Voice transmission delay Call setup: call establishment, call termination,

etc. Backward compatibility with existing PSTN

(Public Switched Telephone Network)

IP Telephony Standards: ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

controls telephony standards. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) controls

TCP/IP standards.

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Interconnection with Others

Media gateway: translates audio between IP network and PSTN.

Signaling Gateway: translates signaling operations.

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Signaling Protocols

Two major protocols: H.323, SIP

H.323, invented by ITU, defines four elements that comprising a signaling system: Terminal: IP phone Gatekeeper: provides location and signaling

functions; coordinates operation of Gateway. Gateway: used to interconnect IP telephone

system with PSTN, handling both signaling and media translation.

Multipoint Control Unit: provides services such as multipoint conferencing.

Microsoft basic computer training by PYC,ICT,UOL

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