MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors

Chapter 1

An Introduction To Microprocessor And Computer

prepared by

Dr. Mohamed A. Shohla

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 2

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

• A Historical Background• The Microprocessor Age• Pentium Evolution• The Microprocessor-Based Personal computer System• The Microprocessor

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 3

The Microprocessor Age-1The Microprocessor Age-1

(a) 1970s Processors

4004 8008 8080 8086 8088

Introduced 71 72 74 78 79

Clock speeds 108 KHz 108 KHz 2 MHz 5–10 MHz 5–8 MHz

Bus width 4 bits 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 8 bits

No. of transistors 2300 3500 6000 29000 29000

Addressable memory 640 bytes 16 KB 64 KB 1 MB 1 MB

Virtual memory — — — — —

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 4

The Microprocessor Age-2The Microprocessor Age-2

(b) 1980s Processors

80286 386TMDX 386TMSX 486TM DX

Introduced 82 85 88 89

Clock speeds 6-12MHz 16-33MHz 16-33 MHz 25-50 MHz

Bus width 16 bits 32 bits 16 bits 32 bits

No. of transistors 134000 275000 275000 1.2 million

Addressable memory16

megabytes4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes

Virtual memory 1 gigabyte 64 terabytes 64 terabytes 64 terabytes

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 5

486TMSX Pentium Pentium Pentium II

Introduced 91 93 95 97

Clock speeds 16-133 MHz 60-166MHz 150-200 MHz 200-300 MHz

Bus width 32 bits 32 bits 64 bits 64 bits

No. of transistors 1.2 million 3.1 million 5.5 million 7.5 million

Addressable memory 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes 64 gigabytes 64 gigabytes

Virtual memory 64 terabyte 64 terabytes 64 terabytes 64terabytes

The Microprocessor Age-3The Microprocessor Age-3

(c) 1990s Processors

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 6

Pentium III Pentium 4

Introduced 99 11/2000

Clock speeds 450-660 MHz 1.3-1.8 GHz

Bus width 64 bits 64 bits

No. of transistors 95 million 42 million

Addressable memory 64 gigabytes 64 gigabytes

Virtual memory 64 terabytes 64 terabytes

The Microprocessor Age-4The Microprocessor Age-4

(d) Recent Processors

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 7

The Pentium EvaluationThe Pentium Evaluation

- 4004 (1971) First 4-bit, 4k x 4 Memory, 45 Inst., 50 KIPS

- 8008 (1973) 8-bit, 16 KB Memory, 48 Inst.

- 8080 (1975) First 8-bit general purpose processor, 64 KB Memory, TTL , 500 KIPS

- 8085 (1977) Last 8-bit general purpose processor, Internal clock

- 8088 / 8086

(1978)

First 16-bit processor, 1 MB Memory, 2.5 MIPS, 4-6 Byte fetch queue

- 80286 (1983) Last 16-bit processor, 16 MB Memory, 4 MIPS

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 8

The Pentium EvaluationThe Pentium Evaluation

- 80386 (1986) First 32-bit microprocessor, 32-bit address and data bus, 4GB Memory, Multitask

- 80486 (1989) Package (proc. + coproc + 8KB cache), pipelining

- Pentium (1993) 16 KB cache (8 KB Inst. cache + 8 KB Data cache), 64-bit data bus, 2 Execution Unit, Superscalar

- Pentium Pro (95) 16 KB L1 cache, 256 KB L2 cache, 3 Execution Unit, More Superscalar

- Pentium II (1997) On-board 32 KB L1 cache, 512 KB L2 cache, MMX technology

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 9

The Pentium EvaluationThe Pentium Evaluation

- Pentium III (99) Additional FP instructions to support 3D graphics.

- Pentium IV (2001)

Additional FP and other enhancements for multimedia.

- Itanium This new generation of Intel processor makes use of a 64-bit organization with the IA-64 architecture.

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 10

Compare between the 80486 through Compare between the 80486 through Pentium 4 microprocessor. Pentium 4 microprocessor.

CPU Coprocessor

8KL1 Cache

80486DX

CPU1 Copro

16KL1 Cache

Pentium

CPU2

256K L2 Cache

16K L1 Cache

CPU1 CPU2 CoproCPU3

Pentium Pro

512K L2 Cacheor

256K L2 Cache

32K L1 Cache

CPU1 CPU2 CoproCPU3

Pentium II, Pentium III,or Pentium 4 Module

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 11

The block diagram of a computer system.The block diagram of a computer system.

MicroprocessorMemory System I/O SystemBuses Buses

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Static RAM (SRAM)CacheRead only (ROM)Flash memoryEEPROM

8086808880186802868038680486Pentium ProPentium IIPentium IIIPentium IV

PrinterSerial CommunicationsFloppy disk driveHard disk driveMouseCD-ROM drivePlotterKeyboardMonitorScannerDVD

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 12

The purpose of the microprocessor in a The purpose of the microprocessor in a microprocessor-based computer systemmicroprocessor-based computer system• At the heart of the microprocessor-based computer system is

the microprocessor integrated cir cuit. The microprocessor, sometimes referred to as the CPU (central processing unit), is the con trolling element in a computer system. The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses.

• The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer system:

1. data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems.

2. simple arithmetic and logic operations.

3. program flow via simple decisions. Albeit these are simple tasks, but through them, the microprocessor performs virtually any series of operations or tasks.

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 13

The three buses found in all computerThe three buses found in all computer systems.systems.

A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system. The buses that interconnect the sections of a computer system transfer address, data, and control information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O systems.• The address bus requests a memory location from the

memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices. If I/O is addressed, the address bus contains a 16-bit I/O address from 0000H through FFFFH.

• The data bus transfers information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space. Data transfers vary in size, from 8 bits wide to 64 bits wide in various members of the Intel microprocessor family.

• The control bus contains lines that select the memory or I/O and cause them to perform a read or write operation.

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 14

BBlock diagram of a computer system lock diagram of a computer system showing address, data, and control bus.showing address, data, and control bus.

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 15

The microprocessor bus and memory sizesThe microprocessor bus and memory sizes

Microprocessor Data BusAddress

BusMemory

Size

8086 16 20 1M

8088 8 20 1M

80186 16 20 1M

80188 8 20 1M

80286 16 24 16M

80386 32 32 4G

80486 32 32 4G

Pentium Pro 64 36 64G

Pentium II 64 32 4G

Pentium II, III, 4 64 36 64G

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 16

The physical memory systems of the The physical memory systems of the 8086 through 8086 through 8048680486

Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.Microprocessors Course 1 - 17

The physical memory systems of the The physical memory systems of the Pentium IIPentium II through Pentium IV through Pentium IV