Microprocessor I - Lecture 02draelshafee.net/Fall2019/microprocessor-i---lecture-02.pdf · –MS...

Lecture (02)

By:

Dr. Ahmed ElShafee

Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Fall 2019, Microprocessors 11

Computers

A Computer is a programmable,

digital device


Digital vs Analog


Digital

Discrete

Analog

Continuous

Binary Language


Two Digits Only!

Binary System


1

0

‘a’ = 01100001

34 = 100010

Image

Audio

Video

Computer Hardware


Input

Storage

Output

Processing


Processing: 1. Central Processing Unit


ALU Control Unit Registers

Processing: 3. Performance Factors


Clock Speed 2.2 GHz 3.4 GHz

Bus Speed 333 MHz 800 MHz

Word Size 32 bits 64 bits

Cache Size 3 MB 6 MB

Number of Cores

Dual Core Quad Core

Storage


RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory) Magnetic (Hard disk)

Optical (CD, DVD, Blu‐ray)

Solid state (Flash Storage)

Primary Storage Secondary Storage

Storage: 1. RAM

• Temporary Storage (volatile)

• Holds Data and Instructions waiting to be processed


Storage: 2. ROM

• Permanent Storage (non‐volatile)

• Read‐only

• Holds Bootstrap Instructions


Storage: 3. Hard Disk


• Mechanical Movement to Read/Write

• Stores Programs and Files


Storage: 4. CD / DVD / Blu‐ray


• Mechanical Movement to Read/Write

• Portable storage for programs and files


Storage: 5. Flash Storage


• Electrical Pulses to Read/Write

• Portable storage for programs and files


Historical Perspective

• 1st generation: 1945 - 1955

– Tubes, punchcards

• 2nd generation: 1955 - 1965

– transistors

• 3rd generation: 1965 – 1980

– Integrated circuits

• 4th generation: 1980 – 1990

– PCs and workstations

• 5th generation: 1990– now

– Networks and distributed systems


>1st generation (1945-1955)

• Programming was done in machine language

• No operating system

• Programming and maintenance done by one group of people



ENIAC – The first electronic computer (1946)

18,000 tubes

300 Tn

170 KWatt

•



> 2nd generation (1955-1965)

• Transistor-based

• Fairly reliable

• Clear distinction between designers, manufacturers, users, programmers, and support personnel.

• Only afforded by governments, universities or large companies (millions $)

• Program was first written on paper (FORTRAN) and then punched into cards

• Cards were then delivered to the user.

• Mostly used for scientific and technical calculations

– Solving differential equations




> 3rd generation (1965-1980)

• IC-based operation

• IBM develops compatible systems

• Tradeoffs in performance, memory, I/O etc).

• Very expensive



•


> 4th generation (1980-1990)

• VLSI-based PCs

• Significantly cheaper

• User-friendly software

• 2 dominant operating systems:

– MS DOS: IBM PC (8088, 80286, 80386, 80486)

– UNIX: RISC workstations


> 5th generation (1990-till now)

• PC networks

• Network operating systems

• Each machine runs its own operating system

• Users don’t care where their programs are being executed


> Moore's law

• Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years


•


> Intel x86 Evolution: Milestones

Name Date Transistors MHz

• 8086 1978 29K 5‐10

– First 16‐bit Intel processor. Basis for IBM PC & DOS

– 1MB address space

• 386 1985 275K 16‐33

• First 32 bit Intel processor, referred to as IA32

• Added "flat addressing", capable of running Unix

• IA32 is an abbreviation of "Intel Architecture 32‐bit"; it refers to common 32‐bit computer architectures. where "architecture" means [hardware] + [appropriate Operating System]; Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU : Fall 2019, Microprocessors 131

Name Date Transistors MHz

• Pentium 4E 2004 125M 2800‐3800

• First 64‐bit Intel x86 processor, referred to as x86‐64

• Core 2 2006 291M 1060‐3333

• First multi‐core Intel processor

• Core i7 2008 731M 1600‐4400

• Four cores


> Machine Evolution

• 386 1985 0.3M

• Pentium 1993 3.1M

• Pentium/MMX 1997 4.5M

• PentiumPro 1995 6.5M

• Pentium Ill 1999 8.2M

• Pentium 4 2000 42M

• Core 2 Duo 2006 291M

• Core i7 2008 731M


• Past Generations year Process technology

• 1st Pentium Pro 1995 600 nm

• 1st Pentium Ill 1999 250 nm

• 1st Pentium 4 2000 180 nm

• 1st Core 2 Duo 2006 65 nm

• Process technology dimension = width of narrowest wires

• (10 nm == 100 atoms wide)


Recent & Upcoming Generations

• 1. Nehalem 2008 45 nm

• 2. Sandy Bridge 2011 32 nm

• 3. Ivy Bridge 2012 22 nm

• 4. Haswell 2013 22 nm

• 5. Broadwell 2014 14 nm

• 6. Skylake 2015 14 nm

• 7. Kaby Lake 2016 14 nm

• 8. Coffee Lake 2017 14 nm

• 9. Cannonlake 2018 10 nm


> x86 Clones: Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)• Historically

– AMD has followed just behind Intel

– A little bit slower, a lot cheaper

• Then

– Recruited top circuit designers from Digital Equipment Corp. and other downward trending companies

– Built Opteron: tough competitor to Pentium 4

– Developed x86‐64, their own extension to 64 bits


• Recent Years

– Intel got its act together

– Leads the world in semiconductor technology

– AMD has fallen behind

– Relies on external semiconductor manufacturer


> Intel's 64‐Bit History

• 2001: Intel Attempts Radical Shift from IA32 to IA64

– Totally different architecture (ltanium)

– Executes IA32 code only as legacy

– Performance disappointing

• 2003: AMD Steps in with Evolutionary Solution

– x86‐64 (now called "AMD64")

– Intel Felt Obligated to Focus on IA64

– Hard to admit mistake or that AMD is better


• 2004: Intel Announces EM64T extension to IA32

– Extended Memory 64‐bit Technology

– Almost identical to x86‐64!

– All but low‐end x86 processors support x86‐64

– But, lots of code still runs in 32‐bit mode


Basic component of micro processor based system•


> ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit

• The component that performs the arithmetic and logical operations

• the most important components in a microprocessor, and is typically the part of the processor that is designed first.

• able to perform the basic logical operations (AND, OR), including the other additional operation.

• The inclusion of inverters on the inputs enables the same ALU hardware to perform the subtraction operation (adding an inverted operand), and the operations NAND and NOR.


•


•




•


2 bits of ALU 4 bits of ALU

Thanks,..


Microprocessor I - Lecture 02draelshafee.net/Fall2019/microprocessor-i---lecture-02.pdf · –MS...

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