Microbiology I and II 2013

7/29/2019 Microbiology I and II 2013

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2013 EDITION

Microbiology I And II: Prokaryotes,

Viruses, and Protistans



Did Alexander the Great Die from West Nile Virus?



Historical Review Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis

John S. Marr* and Charles H. Calisher†

Table. Medical history and physical examination of Alexander the GreatPatient characteristics

Onset of final illness May 29, 323 BC

Death June 10, 323 BC

Escalating fever associated with chills

Excessive thirst, diaphoresis

Acute abdominal pain

Single episode of back pain at onset of fever

Increased weakness leading to prostration with intermittent periods of energy

Delirium

Aphonia

Terminal flaccid paralysis



Microorganisms

Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen

without a microscope

Bacteria are the smallest living organisms

Viruses are smaller but are not alive



The Prokaryotes

Only two groups

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Arose before the eukaryotes



Prokaryotic Characteristics

No membrane-bound nucleus

Single chromosome

Cell wall in most species

Prokaryotic fission

Metabolic diversity



Prokaryotic Body Plan

bacterialflagellum

pilus

capsulecell wall

plasmamembrane

DNA

ribosomesincytoplasm



Bacterial Shapes

coccus bacillus

spirillum



Archaebacteria

Methanogens

Extreme halophiles

Extreme thermophiles



Archaebacteria Habitats



Eubacteria

Includes most familiar bacteria

Have fatty acids in plasma membrane

Most have cell wall; always includes peptidoglycanClassification based largely on metabolism



Metabolic Diversity

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs



Bacterial Genes

Bacteria have a single chromosome Circular molecule of DNA

Many bacteria also have plasmids Self-replicating circle of DNA that has a few genes

Can be passed from one cell to another



Prokaryotic Fission



Video: E. coli Reproduction

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc





Conjugation

nicked plasmid

in donor cell

conjugation tube

to recipient cell



CDC Warning CRE

http://www.cdc.gov/features/vitalsigns/hai/cr

“Some germs are beating even our strongest antibiotics. Rapid action by clinicians and

healthcare leaders is needed to stop the riseof lethal CRE infections.”

http://www.cdc.gov/features/vitalsigns/hai/cre/index.html

http://www.cdc.gov/features/vitalsigns/hai/cre/index.html



The Normal Flora

The normal flora of humans is exceedingly complexand consists of more than 200 species of bacteria.

The mixture of organisms regularly found at any

anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.



A Friendly Bacteria: E. coli

Commonly inhabits the intestines of vertebratesE. coli does not normally infect usMany benefits: vitamin K and the B complex

are produced by E. coliprevent colonization by pathogensstimulate the production of cross-reactive

antibodies

t 157 7



. co stra n 157: 7. A Dangerous Form

This mutant can be transmitted in food or water

Think “White Water” and the “Jack in the Box”hamburger incidents

Both made national news when many people becameill and some died.



Sewage Pollution Indicator

E. coli in streams, drinking water and surface waters of all kinds may indicate a problem withsewage and or farm runoff.

Testing for unusual levels of these organisms isroutinely done by public health officials

Parks, swimming pools, restaurants etc may beclosed if E. coli is detected



E. coli Photos

EM cells Culture plate

htt ://www.bact.wisc.edu/bact330/nfE.coli colonies. e

ar sett es ast co su t



ar sett es ast . co su t

Patricia Guthrie - Staff Friday, December 15, 2000 The last of a dozen lawsuits, filed by families of childrensickened in a 1998 E. coli outbreak tied to Cobb County's

White Water park, has been settled out of court for an

undisclosed sum, attorneys said Thursday.The family of Jordan Faith Shook of Cartersville, whosesymptoms were among the most severe of the 26 childrensickened by E. coli O157:H7, agreed to an out-of-courtsettlement.The settlement was sealed in court records and will not be

disclosed, said Bill Marler, attorney for James and Judy Shook, Jordan's parents……

http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm

ecrot z ng asc t s: e es eat ng



ecrot z ng asc t s: e es -eat ng bacteria"

Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others)rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis”

These infections are extremely serious

Sometimes necessitate amputation or result in severedisfigurement.

otom crograp o treptococcus



otom crograp o treptococcus pyogenes

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0410/5acbc4f5795fa/5acbc505c9560.jpg



Unexpected Consequences

One weekend in June of 1998 while Cassie Moorewas camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged

properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either,she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore,1999).

du:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89



Warning!

The next two slides are very graphic. They show theresults of necrotizing fasciitis!!

You don’t have to look at them if you are squeamish!



Severe Case

http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89



Amputee

n s contam nate r n ng water



n s contam nate r n ng wateron planes

WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- A surprisingnumber of drinking water systems ondomestic and foreign commercial aircraft

tested this summer by the government didnot meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday.

(Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AMEDT (1446 GMT) )



Microbes in the News

Recently in Georgia More Flesh Eating Bacteria

http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=A0oG7mzFUdNPm3UAQDdXNyoA?p=georgia+women+flesh+eating&fr=my-myy&fr2=piv-web




R ecently in Georgia…More Flesh Eating Bacteria

http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=A0o

You can also check this out:

http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/13/1451790

(5/16/2012) (5/24/2012)

Aeromonas Infections















Aeromonas Infections

Aeromonas is a common aquatic potential deadly infectious bacteria.

Victims usually are infected in deep lacerations that

are exposed to fresh water, either standing orrunning.

Warning: This video has a series of graphic images which some my find disturbing.

http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?fr=my-myy&ei=UTF-8&c=2&p=aeromonas+infections&vid=44d6d34134d23d40eefb5c25da19a8b4&dt=1336680021&l=25&t

url=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fvideos

E coli outbreak alarms Germany as



E. coli outbreak alarms Germany as young women sicken (BBC 25 May 2011)

“Germany is alarmed at the scale of an E. coli foodpoisoning outbreak which is thought to have killed threepeople and may have infected hundreds more.”

Salads suspected… health conscious women….



E. coli cucumber scare: Spain angry at Germanclaims BBC 31 May 2011

“Spain has expressed anger at links being made between Spanish cucumbers and a deadly E. colioutbreak.”

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13605910





Reaction to the cucumber crisis

Country Action

Germany Consumers told not to eatcucumbers, lettuces and raw tomatoes. 1,150 cases of E.coliconfirmed; 14 deaths

Sweden One death and 36 suspectedE. coli infections, linked totravel in northern Germany.

Spain Top European cucumberproducer - threatens to seek compensation from theEuropean Union for lost

vegetables sales

Russia Ban on all imports of cucumbers, tomatoes andfresh salad from Spain andGermany pending furthernotice

Czech Republic Some Spanish-growncucumbers removed from sale

France Some Spanish-growncucumbers removed from sale

Austria Ban on sale of cucumbers,tomatoes and auberginesimported via Germany

Belgium Reported to have banned

cucumber imports from Spain

Netherlands Halted all cucumbershipments to Germany

Denmark Testing cucumbers for



Egyptian Fenugreek Seeds Source of EU Outbreak?

By Mary Rothschild | June 29, 2011 Fenugreek sprouts are “the most likely connection” between theoutbreaks of E. coli O104:H4 in France andGermany, theEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and theEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (Ereported Wednesday

http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2011/06/egyptian-fen

The Source:

http://www.foodsafetynews.com/author/mrothschild/

http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/110629a.htm

http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/2011June29_RA_JOINT_EFSA_STEC_France.pdf

http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2011/06/egyptian-fenugreek-seeds-source-of-eu-outbreak/

http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2011/06/egyptian-fenugreek-seeds-source-of-eu-outbreak/

http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/2011June29_RA_JOINT_EFSA_STEC_France.pdf

http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/110629a.htm

http://www.foodsafetynews.com/author/mrothschild/



The Source:Suspected Egyptian Sprout Seeds Still on Sal

“Egyptian sprout seeds suspected to becontaminated with the deadly E.coli bacteria whichhas caused a rampaging outbreak in Europe are still

believed to be on sale. The EU has belatedly announced a blanket ban on more imports.“ 4000 ill;51 dead

– July 6, 2011 Posted in: Health News

http://www.ygoy.com/2011/07/06/suspected-egyptian-sprout-seeds-still-on-sale/

Bacteria-rich hailstones add to


http://www.ygoy.com/category/health-news/

http://www.ygoy.com/category/health-news/




Bacteria rich hailstones add to'bioprecipitation' idea (BBC 25 May 2011)

“A study of hailstones has found large numbers of bacteriaat their cores.”

The find lends credence to the "bio-precipitation" idea, which suggeststhat bacteria are actively involved in stimulating precipitation.

The bacteria have protein coatings that cause water to freeze atrelatively warm temperatures.

acter a n e to ar nson s



acter a n e to ar nson sdisease (BBC 22 May 2011)

“The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers have beenlinked to Parkinson's disease, according to researchers inthe US.”

“Mice infected with Helicobacter pylori went onto develop Parkinson'slike symptoms.…Parkinson's disease affects the brain and results in slow

movements and a tremor”.

The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which aretoxic to the brain.

“Dr. Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical

to one found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had beenshown totrigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in Guam.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16488551

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16488551



Preventing Septis

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/university-of-chicago

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/university-of-chicago/2127-smart-bacteria-in-your-gut-video.htm

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/university-of-chicago/2127-smart-bacteria-in-your-gut-video.htm



FOODBORNE ILLNESS

Salmonella

Characteristics of Salmonella



Gram negativeRod shaped (bacillus)

Non-spore forming

Motile (many flagella)Enterobacteria (Live in the intestines of many

animals)

Chemoorganotrophs

Salmonella infections are zoonotic

Characteristics of Salmonella



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella



Laboratory staining protocol developed to help identify bacteria

Two stains are used on heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterialculture

Stain #1 is crystal violet which stains the bacterial cells purple

Stain #2 is usually safrarin which stains the bacterial cells red or pink

Gram + bacteria appear purple under microscope because they retainthe crystal violet dye in their cell walls

Gram- bacteria appear red or pink under the microscope because they do not retain the blue dye, but do retain the pink dye

Does not work on all types of bacteria

Gram Staining



BEST Gram Staining Video Ever!!!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyyY8h1doJk

Second Besthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ6C-gj_UHM&fe

Gram Staining Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyyY8h1doJk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ6C-gj_UHM&feature=grec_index

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ6C-gj_UHM&feature=grec_index

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyyY8h1doJk



Under the Microscope

A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive cocci) and Escherichia coli (Gramnegative bacilli)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining



“The Salmonella family includes over 2,300 serotypes of bacteria which are one-celled organisms too small to beseen without a microscope. Two types, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are themost common in the United States and account for half of all human infections. Strains that cause no symptomsin animals can make people sick, and vice versa. If present in food, it does not usually affect the taste, smell,or appearance of the food. The bacteria live in the

intestinal tracts of infected animals and humans.” http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/salmonella_questions_&_answers/in

dex.asp

Salmonella and Disease



“Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria called Salmonella.Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea,fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection.The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover

without treatment. However, in some persons, the diarrheamay be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. Inthese patients, the Salmonella infection may spread from theintestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sitesand can cause death unless the person is treated promptly

with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with impairedimmune systems are more likely to have a severe illness.”

http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/

Salmonellosis



“About 142,000 (reported) Americans areinfected each year with Salmonellaenteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30die.[18] The shell of the egg may be contaminated

with salmonella by feces or environment (common),or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of the bacteria through the porous shellor from a hen whose infected ovaries contaminatethe egg during egg formation (unlikely).”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

Deaths

FDA ties chicken feed to salmonella in egg



“WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Bacteria found inchicken feed used at two Iowa farms has been linkedto a salmonella outbreak that prompted the recall of more than a half billion contaminated eggs, U.S.regulators said on Thursday.”

By Alina Selyukh Alina Selyukh – Thu Aug 26, 5:24 pm ET

ggrecall



“Eggs from that massive salmonella outbreak could stillend up on a store shelf near you.

CBS News has learned that some of the recalled eggs are being sent to egg processing facilities, along with fresh

ones that infected hens are still producing.

The eggs will be cooked, pasteurized and used inproducts like ice cream and mayonnaise. The FDA saysit's legal and safety experts insist there's little risk to

consumers.”http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=316835

eggs and the fresh ones?

Surprise: Antibiotics May Be



p yContributing to the Obesity Epidemic

“Microbiologists at New York University havepublished a new study that says the overprescribing of antibiotics could be making us fat! Researchers fed infantmice low doses of penicillin; after 30 weeks, penicillin-fed

mice were between 10 and 15 per cent bigger and twice asfat as drug-free mice.”

“This affirms research from Copenhagen which found thatinfants given antibiotics within the first six months of life

were more likely to be overweight at age 7, even if theirmother was of a healthy weight.” http://www.anh-usa.org/antibiotics-may-be-contributing-to-the-obesity-

epidemic/

http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v7/n12/full/nrmicro2245.html

http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v35/n4/full/ijo201127a.html

http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v35/n4/full/ijo201127a.html

http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v7/n12/full/nrmicro2245.html



The Good Guys….

Food Production:Probiotics

Probiotics are living organisms that, when consumed, have beneficial health benefits outside their inherent nutritional

effects. There is a growing body of evidence for the role of probiotics in gastrointestinal infections, irritable bowelsyndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.[3][4]

Lactobacillus species are used for the production of yogurt,

cheese, sauerkraut, pickles, beer, wine, cider, kimchi,chocolate and other fermented foods, as well as animalfeeds such as silage. In recent years, much interest has beenshown in the use of lactobacilli as probiotic organisms and

their potential for disease prevention in humans andanimals.[3][6]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotics



“Bifidobacteria are considered as important probiotics, andare used in the food industry to relieve and treat many intestinal disorders. Bifidobacteria exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of

intestinal microbial homeostasis, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infectthe gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemicimmune responses, the repression of procarcinogenicenzymatic activities within the microbiota, the productionof vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.[4][6]”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology#Probiotics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacteria

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQk5UnWgqUE


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacteria



How to Prevent Salmonella Poisoning

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M7yM7tI3Jc





Virus

Noncellular infectious agent

Consists of protein wrapped around a nucleicacid core

Cannot reproduce itself; can only bereproduced using a host cell



Enveloped Virus (HIV)

lipid envelope; proteins span

the envelope, line its inner surface, spike out above it

viral coat

(proteins)



Viral Multiplication - Basic Steps Virus attaches to host cell Whole virus or genetic material enters host Viral DNA or RNA directs host to make viral genetic

material and protein Viral nucleic acids and proteins are assembledNew viral particles are released from cell



Lytic Pathway

Virus injectsgenetic material

Production of viral components

Assembly

Lysis Assembly



Lysogenic Pathway

Latent periodextends the

cycle

Viral DNAbecomes

part of hostchromosomefor a time

Viral materialintegrated

Viral materialpassed on

Stimulus may cause cellto enter lytic pathway



Replication of anEnveloped

Virus

DNA replication

Transcriptionof viral genes

Translation

Proteins

Assembly



sney s p oc s w t 195



y p

PORT CANAVERAL, Florida (CNN) -- Sunny skiesgreeted the Disney cruise ship Magic as it dockedhere early Saturday, carrying 195 sick passengers

and crew members. Norwalk virus. (2002)

htt ://www.cnn.com/2002/TRAVEL/11/30/disne .sick.cruise/



P li



Polio

Small water-food borne RNA virusIn about 1% of the infected population, the virus

attacks and kills motor neurons

This results in various degrees of paralysis

http://www.rednova.com/news/stories/2/2003/04/29/story004.html

P li ’ Eff t



Polio’s Effects

http://www.bret.org.uk/nec2.htmhttp://cha.state.md.us/edcp/html/polio.html



UK's Mad Cow Disease on Asiandiscovery channel



discovery channel






Video: Amoeba



Video: Amoeba

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn1aSz36Ra0&list

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn1aSz36Ra0&list=PL1626E27F600BCFAE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn1aSz36Ra0&list=PL1626E27F600BCFAE



Other Ameboid Protozoans



b

Foraminiferans

Calcium carbonate shell

Radiolarians and Heliozoans Shells of silica



Ciliated Protozoans

Phylum Ciliphora

All heterotrophs

Arrays of cilia allow

movement and direct

food into oral cavity Hypotrich



Video: Ciliates



http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=YGZ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk&feat

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=YGZP0ijukt8&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk&feature=fvwp&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk&feature=fvwp&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=YGZP0ijukt8&NR=1



Toxoplasma



Cysts may be ingested with raw or undercookedmeat

Exposure to cysts from cat feces

Symptoms are usually mild in people with normalimmune function

Infection during pregnancy can kill or damage theembryo



Chlamydomonas Life Cycle



Nuclear

fusion

Cytoplasmic

fusion

Meiosis,

germination

Mitosis

Zygote

Diploid

Haploid

Asexual

reproduction

Asexual

reproduction

Sexual

reproduction

Gametes meet

Microbiology I and II 2013

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