legionella pneumophila 2 special test BCYE, silver stain

virus has DNA, RNA, or both? DNA or RNA only

gram + Catalase +coagulase + staph aureus

growth on chocolate agar and not on blood agar h. flu

thick peptidoglycan wall gram +

major virulence factor for carbuncles coagulase

painful chancroid h. ducreyi thin peptidoglycan wall gram -3 bugs with beta lactamase

staph aureusN. gonorrheapseudomondas

filamentous hemagglutin bordetella pertusis

fungi and parasites are eukaryotic or prokaryotic eukaryotic MecA.. go

codes for NPBP2' on staph aureus which makes hospital acquired MRSA

MOA of pertusis toxin increases cAMP pertusis vaccine acellular vaccine custard, potato salads. aureus enterotoxin A causes rapid onset N/V/ nonbloody D

stages of pertusis

catarrhal - most bacteriaparoxysmal - has whooping coughconvalescent - recovery endogenous infection

disease produced by organism part of normal flora

catalase +coagulase -novobiocin sensitive S. epidermidis

exogenous infection

diseases that arise when a person is exposed to an organism from an external source, ex tetanus (note this does not cause pregnancy generally) define transient flora

microorganisms that colonize the host for hours to weeks not causing disease or harm but do not establish themselves permanently; do not become resident flora

UTI in hospitalized patient with foley catheter, gram + , catalase - and virulence factor

s. epidermidisbiofilm

lives in air conditioners and gives pna legionella define disease

Occurs when the interaction between microbe and human leads to a pathologic process characterized by damage to the human host

UTI in sexually active female not hospitalized, gram + s. saprohyticus

little girl wiping back to front e. coli uti what is biotyping?

procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria by analyzing growth in different media and their microbial products

catalase +coagulase -novobiocin resistant s. saprohyticus

franscisella tularemis reservoir and vector; growth requires what rabbit and ticks; BYCE with cysteine what is serotyping?

particular strain can be distinguished using antibodies to detect characteristic antigens

what has protein A s. aureusname reservoir1. B. melitenis: 2. B. abortus3. B. suis4. B. Canis

1. goat2. cattle3. swine4. dog

has teichoic and lipteichoic acid; be general gram + what has protein M s. pyogens

large buttery colonies withmusty odor on blood agar pasteurlla multocida

exotoxin, in which type of bacteria and what part be specific gram -, lipid A part of LPS

test for Rhuematic fever ASO test

cat bite pasteurlla multocidao antigen is part of what LPS in gram -

virulence factor for sandpaper rash s/p sore throat

Spes; streptocococcal pyrogenic exotoxin,aka pyrogenic exotoxin; acts as superantigen

cat scratch bartonella hensalae PBPs... go

gram +, transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases, killed by PCN or cephalosporins

meningitis in neonate, gram + s. agalactiae

dog bite capnocytophagascwartzmann reaction.. just in case

reaction following large release of endotoxin (after bacteria is killed), results in DIC

virulence factor for staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome exfolitative toxin - splits desomosomes

rat bite fever in US streptobacillus monoliformis DIC.... godisseminated intravascular coagulation, seen in n. meningitis

gram + catalase -diplococci s. penumonae

rash starts on hands and feet and has fever; name ds, bug, vector, reservoir

R. rickettsii; rocky mountain spotted fever; wild rodents, tick

site of beta lactamases in gram - periplasmic space

virulence factor for MCC of pna in adults, gram +

secretory IgA protease - blocks secretory IgA

two obligate intracellular organism rickettsia and chlamydia

what is germination of spores?

when spore is stimulated by disruption of outer coat by mechanical stress, pH, heat, requires water and triggering nutrient (alanine) will then convert back to normal bacterial form

uti in patient with foley on broad spectrum cephalosporins enterococcus facealis

rash in prisoner that spares hands and feet

r. prowazekii; humans and flying squirrel, human body louse; epidemic typhus

four phases of bacterialgrowth curve

1. lag phase2. exponential phase (log phase)3. stationary phase4. decline phase gram +, bile resistant enterococcus facealis

parrots and pna chlamydophila psittaci

bacterial DNA:circular or linear?

circular - FYI the structure is maintained by polyamines (spermine and sperminidine) as opposed to histones in people

gram + and grows on manitol salt agar, catalase + staph aureus

giemsa staining +, intracytoplasmic inclusion chlamydia define cistron

A section of a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific polypeptide in protein synthesis.

patient with pna, gram +, green rings around growth on culture, bile sensitive, s. pneumonae

erythema chronicum migrans lyme borreliosis define polycistronic operon with many structural genes

grows in broth but not when subcultured, gram +, requires vitamin b6 Abriotrophia

screening test for syphilisnontreponemal test - VDRL/RPR; tests for antibodies agaisnts cardiolipin

catalase -beta hemolyticbacitracin senstive s. pyogens

gram + rod, spore forming, aerobic, encapsulated, nonmotile b. antrhacis

treponemal tests FTA-ABS, specific antigen define transformation

process by which bacteria take up fragments of NAKED DNA and incorporate them into their genomes

poly-d gulatmic acid capsule b. antrhacis

bell's palsy, spirochete borrelia burgdorgei define transductiontransfer of genetic info from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage widened mediastinum b anthracis

animal urine leptospirosis

generalized vs specialized transduction

generalized: if the selection of the sequence is random because of accidental packaging of host DNAspecialized: transfer particular genes close to their integration sites

necrotic black eschar, farmer b. antracis

hooked ends ice tongs leptospira conjugationmating exchange of genetic info from on bacterium to another

2 families that form spores bacillus and clostridum

white footed mouse and white tailed deer lyme borreliosis

transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires cell to cell contact? conjugation

what method kills spores

sterilization (autoclave) steam the crap out of it

first stain red and then stain blue acid fast

transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires antecedent phage infection transduction

patient who eats heat stable toxin from b cereus has what sx? emetic form, vomiting

armadillos Myocbacteria leprae

transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires competency transformation

reheated rice toxin and bug b. cereus, heat stable

has lots of mycolic acid mycobacteria

transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires naked DNA transformation

heat labile toxin of b. cereus

diarrhea form, onset in > 6 hours, ingesting

mulberry shaped mycoplasma pneumonia

transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires recombination to stabilize DNA?

transformation and transduction yesconjugation: no for F+ x F-, yes for Hfr x F-

nonmotile, spore forming gram + rod, strict anaerobe c. perfringes

fried egg appearance mycoplasma lytic infectionbacteriophages replicate in large numbers and lyse bacterial cell strict anaerobes

ActinomycesBacteroidsClostridium

cold agglutinins mycoplasma pneumonia lysogenic infectionbacteriophage integrate into host genome without killing the host positive CAMP test s. agalactiae, listeria

walking pna mycoplasma pneumonia

statement: viruses are obligate intracellular parasites it was statement gas gangrene c. perfringes

atherosclerosis/atypical pna chlamydophila pneumonia

positive strand RNA virus means what

just like mRNA, does not need to carry RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (b/c it can make it)

adult presents with flaccid paralysis, bug and toxin

c. botulinum, AB toxin, inhibits ACh release

herpesvirusrna/dna?single/double?capsid type?enveloped?symmetrical?

dsDNA, enveloped, symmetrical, iscosadeltahedral

negative strand RNA virus means what

can not begin translation until being TRANSCRIBED into + strand, must CARRY RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

3 toxin mediated s. aureus diseases

1. scaled skin2. food poisoning3. toxic shock

Herpes 6 causes? roseola, exanthem subitum

enveloped or noneveloped virus is stable to drying, detergents, temp, acids, proteases? non enveloped, i.e. capsid

diff between adult and infant botulism (regarding ingestion and onset)

adults ingest the neurotoxin with rapid onsetbabies ingest spores with slow onset

herpes 7 causes? roseola, exanthem subitum

type of virus released via cell lysis only generally capsid floppy baby

ingests honey with c. botulinum spores in it

herpes 8 causes?

MC - kaposi sarcoma (cancer like purplegrowth in AIDs patients), also: primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman disease

type of virus that can survive our gut capsid

spastic paralysis, bug and toxin and how it works

c. tetani, tetanospasmin: travels to soma and blocks glycine and GABA release (inhibitory NTs)

vaccine for vzv? live attenuated

type of virus spread in secretions and blood transfusions enveloped

antibitoic associated diarrhea c. difficle

tzanck smear + hsv

type of virus that elicits immunopathogensis (hypersensitivty and inflammation) enveloped

pseudomembranous colitis c. difficle

genital herpes bug HSV 2

type of virus protected against with only antibodies capsid toxin of c. diff

enterotoxin - toxin A: disrupts tight cell cell jxncytotoxin (toxin B) actin to depolymerize killing cell

virus that lives in trigeminal ggl and causes mouth sx HSV -1

viral RNA dependent RNA polymerases is required for what initiate virus replication

gram + with tumbling end over end movement listeria

virus that lives in sacral ganglia HSV 2

what type of virus is influenza A

negatvie strand RNA with segmented genome, 8 unique segements, enveloped goat cheese listeria

HSV 1 or 2 lab findings

tznack smear shows multinucleated giant cellsCowdry type A inclusion bodies

order of viral replications

attachment, penetration, uncoating, viralreplication, assembly, release

granulomatosis infanticeptica - mom ate soft cheese listeria

Cancer is associated with which herpes virus and which one? EBV, Burkiit's B cell lymphoma

drugs that block uncoating step of viral replication amantadine, rimantadine

2 bugs that grow in cold listeria, yersina enterocolitica

Heterophile - CMVdrugs that block neuramindase zanamivir and oseltamivir

raised violaceous rash on fingers or hands in a farmer erysipelothrix rhospathrae

Heterophile + EBV define tissue tropsim

certain virus targets certain type of target cells... like all neural tissue, b cells, t cells

cysteine tellurite blood agar cornyebacterium diptheriae

Owl eyes CMV

type of virus that enters cell viaendocytsosisfusion endocytosis: capsid

fusion: eveloped MOA diptheriae toxinA/B toxin that disrupts elongation factor 2 which inhibtis protein synthesis

negri bodies rabies

what phase is extracellular infectious virus not detected latent period

filamentous gram + acid fast nocardia

virus that loves B cells and epithelial cells EBV define viropexis

binding of virus to a cell and subsequentabsorption of virus particles by that cell

aerial hypahe and acid fast nocardia

virus that loves monocytes, lymphocytes and epithelial cells CMV

fever rises during day and goes down at night, name of bug and how its acquired

undulant fever, burcella, meat packers, unpast. milk

patient with gray pseudomembrane in throat, bleeds when removed, name bacteria corynebacterium diptheriae

influenza is rna or dna RNA - strand define synctiavirus promotes cell cell fusion and forms multinucleated giant cells

patient with gross yellow leaking sinus tracts along jaw with gram + bug actinomyces

M protein in virus is intracellular or extracellular? intracellular list DNA viruses

paroviruspapovavirushepadnavirusadenovirusherpesviruspoxvirus

listeria is intra or extra cellular? intra

antigenic driftminor antigenic changes, influenza A or B

most common sites of viral disease oropharnyx and respiratory tract

patient with meningitis and petechiae n. meningitis

antigenic shift major change, new virus, flu A only

side effects caused by host repsonses to infection

fever, malaise, anorexia, HA, body aches

grows on thayer-martin vcn n. gonorrheoa

pandemic influenza A, antigenic shiftvesicular rash on erythamtous base herpes

which gram - diplococci can we treat with PCN? n. meningitis

epidemic influenza A or B, antigenic drift define attenuation weaken, making less virulentmaltose and glucose oxidizer n. meningitis

MOA of amantadine or timantdaine

inhibit an uncoating step of influenza A ONLYtarget is M2 protein

MC route of viral infection inhalation

glucose oxidizer only, gram - diplococci n. gonorrheoa

MOA of zanamivir and oseltamivir inhibit neuraminidase of A and B steps of viral infection

acquisition, initiation, activation of innateprotections, incubation period, replication, immune response, contagion, resolution or persistent infection and chronic ds

MCC of UTI in sexually active F e. coli

hemagglutinin does what? binds to salic acid and sticks to cells

three potential outcomes of viral infection - slightly dumb list

failed infection, cell death, replication without cell death

2 gram - lactose fermenters

e. coliklebsiella

neuramindase does what

define this host cell outcome of a viral infection: transformation

Immortalizing; changes cell to become indestructible green metaliic sheen

on EMB e. coli

red macules on tum tum, constipation, other countries salmonella typhi

define this host cell outcome of a viral infection: latent infection

virus can survive in sleeping state, surviving but not producing clinicaly overt infections

e. coli UTI virulence factor pili

carrier state of salmonella typhi, bug lives in what organ gallbladder

cowdry type A (intranuclear)

MC HSV, also subacute sclerosing panencepthalitis (measles) virus

e. coli pna and meningitis virulence factor capsule

pet turtle salmonella enteritidis intranuclear basophilic adenoviruse. coli shock virulence factor LPS

raw chicken, nonbloody diarrhea, produces H2S salmonella enteritidis

intracytoplasmic acidophilic poxvirus

rice water diarrhea in a traveler from mexico who hates seafood ETEC

diarrhea common in MSM and children shigella

perinuclear cytoplasmic acitophilic reovirus ETEC toxin

Heat labile: similar to cholera - increases cAMPheat stable: similar to Y. enterocolitica: increase cGMP decreases reabsortion

shiga toxin mechanismAB toxin, inhibits proteins synthesis via 60S

type of virus spread viafecal oral route capsid EHEC toxin

shiga-like toxin aka verotoxin - inhibits protein synthesis via 60S

shiga diarrhea bloody or nonbloody? bloody

some details about capsules

can be in gram +/-poorly antigenicantiphagocyticmajor virulence factor hamburger meat EHEC

lactose nonfermenter, nonmotile and not H2S producing shigella

define bacterial colonization does not interfere with normal body fxn

grossly bloody diarrheafollowed by renal failure EHEC 0157:H7

kideny stones, 2 bugs proteus (MC) and ureaplasma define sterilization

use of physical procedures or chemical agents to destroy all microbial forms including bacterial spores; autoclave - steaming HUS EHEC 0157:H7

blue green colonies and grape like odor p. aeruginosa high level disinfection

critical level; items involved in invasive procedures that can not be sterilized; H2O2 EIEC toxin hemoylsin A and Shiga like

TCBS agar virbiro intermediate level disinfection

semi-critical level: clean stuff where spores and highly resilient organism are unlikely; example alcohols EPEC virulence

disrupts normal microvilli structure therefore malabsorption

pna in cystic fibrosis patient pseudomonas aeruginosa low level disinfection

non critical - for BP cuffs, ekg stuffs, stuffs that dont penetrate mucosal surfaces; example quaternary ammonium

diarrhea in kids with gram - lactose fermenter + EPEC

pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin

exotoxin a disrupts protein synthesis via EF2 antiseptics

chemicals used on skin/living tissue to inhibit or eliminate mircobes; no sporicidal action; alcohols and chlorhexidine alcoholic with pna klebsiella

burkolderia cepacica patient

cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease

know the chart in chapter 18 objective 1 do u know it yet? currant jelly sputum klebsiella

acinetobacter stuff to know

grows on moist and dry surfaces, normal flora of oropharyngeal region, at risk: on broad spectrum abx, recovering from surgery

adherence mechanisms ofe. colin. gonorrhoeaevirbrio cholera

e. coli - P fimbriae - p blood group glycolipd (also: type 1 fimbriae, and colonization factor antigen)n. gonorrhoeae: fimbriae - oligosaccharide on epithelial cellsvibrio cholerae: type 4 pili - fucose and mannosemycoplasma pna: protien P1 - sialic acid receptor

painless granulomatous diseaseof genitalia and inguinal region k. granulomatis, donovanosis

y. enterocolitica toxin increases cGMP superantigennonspecific activation of T cells - life threatening

lactose nonfermenter, motile and H2S producing Salmonella

unpasterized milk - 4 buggers

campylobacter, y. enterocolitica, burcella, listeria (?)

special growth of campylobacter

42C, microaerophilic, thin, curved, gram - rod

bipolar staining y. pestis, pasterulla bile esculin agar bacteroides fragilis

urea breath test h. pylorimcc of intrabd infections bacteroids fragilis

gastric ulcer h. pylorionly gram - with no endotoxin b. fragilis

how h pylori does its thing (does not involve actual helicopters)

neutralizes the acid with acid inhibitory protein, breaks down urease to ammonia which neutralizes acid, passesthrough mucus and then kills the cells h. flu vaccine purified PRP

MCC of gastroenteritis in US campylobacter

DNA virus properties:not transient or labilemany establish persistent infectionsgenomes reside in nucleusresembles host DNAearly genes encode for DNA binding proteins and enzymeslate genes encode for structural and other proteins

RNA virus properties:labile and transietmost replicate in ctyoplasmmust encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in order to replicateprone to mutationsall negative strand RNA viruses are enveloped

List the areas of the human body that are sterile

SinusesMiddle earBrainLarynxTracheaBronchiolesLower airwaysUterus and cervixGenitourinary system (except anterior urethra, vagina, bladder can be transiently colonized with bacteria)Most internal compartments that do not have openings to the outside (blood, muscles, spaces between pleura, bones) define plamsid,

replicon, episome

plasmid: small genetic elements that replicate independently of bacterial chromosomereplicon: autonomously replicated plasmidepisome: plasmids that can be integrated into the host chromosome