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OÎPNT CN]AT, VETP  EK@  VZATAKP

 E Zavnaw Assey

B AE PB AZ @ A] N K A

Wbet   Nt Ns th Ja e Oîtns<  Pba  Tthrnas  ek`   Zadhccadtnhks

hm tba Ac`ars hm tba Vrnkda Gahrga Oîtns Thdnaty

Onia Aveks, Oerdacca Geraeu, Cnse Irajs, Cahke Kancshk,  ek`  Ban`nTtek`avak, a`nthrsVrnkda Gahrga< QKJD Vrass,  5>>>. :=1 pp .  Nccus. $:>.>1 pepar.

 /   Ikauh Pw 6 Oîtns Wh o ak <

Pba Cnvas hm @hrhtby Tdhmnac`   ek`   Gahrgnke Bhuca ^hukg

Graghry Tdhmnac`]ndthrne< Vhcaster,  5>>>. 54> pp. $5=.>1 pepar.

Pbuk`ar tbrhugb  Oy  ]anks< Oaohrnas hm e Oîtns Dbnc`bhh`

Graghry Tdhmnac`Phrhkth< Berpar Mceonkgh,  5>>>. :6: pp . $:0  dchtb.

PBA CETP PWAKP^ ^AEZT bevasaak  e  oeria` rasurgakda  hm

nktarast  nk tba Oîtns . Pbns ra-

vnvec ns `ua nk pert  th tba  radhgkntnhkhm   tba Oîtns  es e  `nstnkdt Ejhrngnkecpahpca wntbnk  tba  Deke`nek Dhkstntutnhk  es  wacc  es th tba 5>21  daktakery hm tba Khr tbwast Zajaccnhk ek`

tba axadutnhk  hm tba  Oîtns cae`arChuns Znac. Nt bes  jaak astnoeta` tbetes oeky  es twh  onccnhk Deke`neksdhuc` cagntnoetacy dceno Oîtns stetus.Kht surprnsnkgcy, tba shdnec, adhkhond,ek` phcntndec reonmndetnhks  hm   tbasa

kuojars beva akgak`ara` cnvacy`ajeta hvar tbet ohst acusnva  hm   dhkdapts,  tba  Oîtns n`aktnty.

Dartenkcy hka hm tba ohst suddassmucettaopts  th e``rass  tba thpnd hm Oîtnsn`aktnty  bes  jaak  tba 5>21  ektbhchgy

JD TPQ@NAT, kh. 5:2

Wnktar :666/:665

Pba Kaw  Vahpcas< Jankg  ek`   Jadhonkg

 Oîtns  nk Khrtb Eoarnde.  Kht hkcy `hastbns jhhi dhktenk savarec grhuk`jraeinkg tbahratndec asseys  hk  Oîtnsatbkhgakasns, jut nt ecsh maeturas dhoprabaksnva stu`nas `aten c nkg  tba

hrngnks  ek` `avachpoakt  hm  e kuojarhm jnrednec dhooukntnas nk Deke`e ek`

tba Qknta` Ttetas. Bhwavar, tba jhhimeccs sbhrt nk hka iay erae. Pba ertndcas,jy ek` cerga, era tbnr`-parshk, sdbhcercynk ta rpra te t nhks  hm   Oî tn s bnsthry ,ductura, ek` n`aktnty Pba parspadtnvashm Oîtns pahpca tbaosacvas rager`nkg

tbanr axparnakdas  era  cergacy ejsakt.Cnma bnsthrnas  hm   Oîtns pahpca  dek

ja mhuk`  nk  jnhgrepbndec `ndtnhkernas,nk hc`-tnoars' raonknsdakdas tbet bevajaak getbara`  ek`  pujcnsba`,  ek` nk

sdbhcercy  ek`  phpucer jnhgrepbnas.

2T

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 Oîtns Cnvas, Vest ek` Vrasakt

tbet bes nktrh`uda` Ejhrngnkec stetus`nstnkdtnhks nkth JD Ketnva phpucetnhks. Pba mnrst vhcuoa th ja dhksn`ara` bara,  Wbet Nt Ns th Ja e Oîtns<

Pba Tthrnas ek` Zadhccadtnhks hm tba

 Ac`ars hm tba Vrnkda Gahrga Oîtns

Thdnaty,  ns jhtb e mukdtnhk ek` e rasucthm tbasa `avachpoakts.

Pba Vrnkda Gahrga Oîtns dhoouknty, es dberedtarnza` nk tbnsvhcuoa, ns kht ek nk`ngakhus Oîtnsdhoouknty (n.a., e dhoouknty tbet besavhcva` chdeccy mrho gakaretnhks hmnktaroerrnega jatwaak Aurhpaeks ek`

tba JD Ketnva grhups chdec th tbaerae)9 retbar, nt ns e ramhrouceta` dhoouknty wbhsa oaojars ongreta` thJrntnsb Dhcuojne mrho Oîtns dhooukntnas acsawbara nk wastark Deke`e.Nt bes jaak nk tba prhdass hm "jadhonkg" snkda 5>01 ek` ns pert ek`perdac hm e cergar hut-ongretnhk hmpahpca mrho tba Vrenrna prhvnkdas tbetthhi pceda emtar tba Tadhk` Whrc`Wer. @urnkg tbns parnh`, tba oadbeknzetnhk hm egrnductura `nspaksa`wntb tba kaa` mhr cerga kuojars hmsaeshkec egrnducturec whriars, oeky hmwbho wara Mnrst Ketnhks ek` Oîtns.Pba mhrastry, mnsbnkg, ek` onknkgnk`ustrnas hm Jrntnsb Dhcuojne waraettredtnva th pahpca `nspceda` nk ewastark egrnducturec adhkhoy jettara`

jy tba @aprassnhk.Pwakty hm tba Oîtns ac`ars nktar

vnawa` mhr tbns vhcuoa dhoa mrhotbraa eraes< khrtbwastark Tesietdbawek,khrtb-daktrec Ecjarte, ek` khrtbaestark Ecjarte. Pba raoenknkg tbraanktarvnaws era wntb mhroar rasn`aktshm Pba Ves, Oeknthje. Pbasa ac`arsek` tbanr `asdak`ekts beva jaak nk tba

Vrnkda Gahrga erae mhr epprhxnoetacytbraa gakaretnhks. Khw tbet nts ohst radakt gakaretnhk bes raedba` e`uctbhh`,tba dhoouknty bes dbhsak th dhooaohreta nts chkgavnty jy dhopncnkg

e vhcuoa hm hrec raonknsdakdas. Pbaektbhchgy `hduoakts e vernaty hmaxparnakdas tbet penkt e vnvn` phrtrenthm Oîtns cnma nk tba mnrst becm hm tbatwaktnatb daktury.

Ph dhopcata tbns uk`arteinkg, tbaVrnkda Gahrga Oîtns Ac`ars Thdnatydhccejhreta` wntb tba Ketnva Ttu`nas@apertoakt hm tba Qknvarsnty hmKhrtbark Jrntnsb Dhcuojne, wbndb nsjesa` nk Vrnkda Gahrga. Qk`ar tbasuparvnsnhk hm stemm oaojars mrho tba@apertoakt hm Ektbrhphchgy, stu`aktsakrhcca` nk tba Ketnva Ttu`nas Vrhgreo

dhopnca` quast nhks, nktarvnawa`ac`ars, ek` treksdrnja` ek` a`nta` tbadhopcata` nktarvnaws. Nk hr`ar th aksura tbet tba prhladt raoenka` uk`artba dhktrhc hm tba Oîtns ac`ars, atbndecgun`acnkas ghvarknkg rasaerdbars'dhk`udt, tba dhkstrudtnhk hm rasaerdbnkstruoakts, ek` tba a`ntnkg ek``nssaonketnkg hm tba dhopcata` whriwara `avachpa` jy ektbrhphchgy stemmoaojars nk dhccejhretnhk wntb tbaac`ars. Pba rasaerdb oatbh`hchgy besjaak `atenca` nk Eppak`nx 5 hm tbnsjhhi ek` prhvn`as e usamuc ramarakdamhr tbhsa dhksn`arnkg snoncer dhccejhretnva prhladts.

Qkmhrtuketacy, prhladts hm tbnsketura dek jadhoa ukkadasserncyphcntndec, ek` tba whri hm tba sdbhcers

nkvhcva` nk tbns dhopncetnhk ns khaxdaptnhk. Vrhladt dhhr`nkethr OniaAveks stetas nk jhc`meda typa< "Wabeva purphsamuccy evhn`a` nktarpratetnhks ek` ekecysns hm tba sthrnasnkdcu`a`, jut retbar beva camt tbaAc`ars' sthrnas th spaei mhr tbaosacvas"(:1>). Ba tbak hmmars e murtbar axpceketnhk<

Pba raeshks mhr tbns era savarec,jut tba muk`eoaktec oatbh`hchgndec phnkt ns tbet shoatnoastba jast wey th aksura tbet

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22   JD TPQ@NAT

Ejhrngnkec dhoouknty oaojarsera raprasakta` menrcy ns mhrrasaerdbars th stey sncakt, ek`cat pahpca spaei mhr tbaosacvas.

Aurh-Deke`nek sdbhcers bevabe` e graet `aec th sey ejhutOîtns bnsthry ek` ductura, shwa tbhugbt tbet wa whuc` catOîtns tbaosacvas beva e turk ...Pbns ns kht th suggast tbet tbasdbhcersbnp hm ektbrhphchgnstsns shoabhw je`, jut snopcytbet tbara kaa`s th ja e pceda nkOîtns Ttu`nas mhr Oîtns vhndas

es wacc. (:1>)

Nt ns e cagntnoeta dhkdark tbet tbaprasakda hm sdbhcercy dhktakt nk evhcuoa hm tbns ketura ongbt shoabhwhvarsbe`hw, hr avak uk`aronka tbanophrtekda hm, hrec tastnohky. Juttbasa nssuas dek ja dhopataktcy rashcva` tbrhugb saksntnva a`ntnkg ek``asngk. Pb a hrec eddhukts nk tbns vhcuoa

era nktrnksndeccy dhopaccnkg, beva jaakderamuccy a`nta`, ek` wncc oeia e vecuejca e``ntnhk th e grhwnkg dhccadtnhkhm pujcnsba` hrec eddhukts jy Oîtnspahpca `aecnkg wntb shdnec ek` adhkhond cnma nk tba twaktnatb daktury.Pbay era nk kh `ekgar hm jankg upstega` jy sdbhcercy e``ntnhks.

Ectbhugb e jrnam (hka-ek`-e-becm

pega) nktrh`udthry assey bes jaak nkdcu`a` nk tba vhcuoa, tba twh peregrepbs `avhta` th Oîtns bnsthry eramer thh gakarec nk sdhpa th ja hm ekyraec usa th tba rae`ar. Hka hm tba rasphksnjncntnas hm ek a`nthr (pertnducercyhka whrinkg mhr e sdbhcercy prass) nsth pceda hrec eddhukts cnia tbasa wntbnke jrhe`ar shdnec, phcntndec, ek` adhkhond dhktaxt sh tbet tbanr dhktakt

dekkht ja `nsonssa`. Pba pbresa "hrecbnsthry" ns hka hm tba ohst ejusa`taros nk tba sdbhcercy caxndhk. Nt nsukmhrtuketa tbet sh oeky rasaerdbarsessuoa tbet tbay era predtnsnkg "hrec

bnsthry" wbak tbay nktarvnaw sujladtsek` treksdrnja tba kerretnvas. Nk medt,tbns radhr`a` oetarnec `has kht jadhoa"bnsthry" uktnc nt ns pceda` wntbnk e

jrhe`ar bnsthrndec dhktaxt tbrhugb ekkhtetnhk hr ekecysns. Pbns dhuc` aesncybeva jaak eddhopcnsba` nk  Wbet Nt Ns

th Ja e Oîtns  tbrhugb tba praperetnhkhm e sapereta assey `nsdussnkg Oîtnsongretnhk nk gakarec ek` tba ohvaoakt hm Vrenrna Oîtns th JrntnsbDhcuojne nk pertnducer. Pba nktakt hmsudb ek ertndca whuc` kht ja th "scngbt"hr hvarsbe`hw tba vecua hm tba hrec

eddhukts jut, retbar, th prhvn`a dhktaxt nk hr`ar th akbekda tba nktarastek` vecua hm tba hrec eddhukts.

Pba nkdcusnhk hm oeps n`aktnmynkgtba dhooukntnas nk tba Vrnkda Gahrgaerae ek` shoa hm tba Oîtns dhooukntnas nk khrtbark Ecjarte ek`Tesietdbawek whuc` beva jaak ekhtbarwacdhoa e``ntnhk. Pba quecnty hm tba

jnjcnhgrepby nkdcu`a` et tba ak` hmtba vhcuoa ns ecsh `nsepphnktnkg. Nm e"Tacadta` Jnjcnhgrepby hk OîtnsBnsthry ek` Ductura" ns th ja nkdcu`a`, tbak tba dhopncar hm sudb ecnst oust ja trucy sacadtnva. Pbara erabuk`ra`s hm pujcndetnhks `avhta` thOîtns bnsthry ek` ductura. Ectbhugbe maw hm tba aktrnas nk tbns jnjcnhgrepby era nk`nspaksejca th ek uk

`arstek`nkg hm tba Oîtns, htbar jhhisek` ertndcas era `eta` ek`/hr bevacnttca racetnhksbnp th tba ragnhk uk`arstu`y hr th tba shdnec ek` adhkhondtbaoas tbet aoarga mrho tba nktarvnaws.

@aspnta tbasa sbhrtdhonkgs, tba rasaerdb taeo ek` QKJD Vrass sbhuc` jadhooak`a` mhr `atencnkg tba dhccej

hretnva rasaerdb oatbh`hchgy `avachpa`mhr tbns prhladt es wacc es mhr tbanrsaksntnva getbarnkg ek` a`ntnkg hm tbanktarvnaws. Zae`ars wbh era nktarasta`nk tba mhroetnhk, `nsshcutnhk, ek` ramhroucetnhk hm Oîtns dhooukntnas nk

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DH  JD TPQ@NAT

pcekts, ek` sbernkg wntb bno tbaspnrntuec jacnams ek` whrc`vnaw tbetbeva sustenka` bar tbrhugbhut bar cnma.

@aspnta tba hesns hm sadurnty tbet

Gîhrgna prhvn`as, Graghry's cnma ns mermrho aesy. Deugbt up nk `ey-th-`eystruggcas th `aec wntb ek ejusnva stapmetbar ek` e ohtbar nk mencnkg baectb,bns e`hcasdakt cnma ns murtbar dhopcndeta` jy tba raecnzetnhk tbet ba nsbhohsaxuec. Nt ns hkcy wbak baraedbas e`uctbhh` tbet ba ns ejca thradhgknza tba cagedy tbet Gahrgnkebes pessa` hk th bno - tba ejncnty th

gnva ukdhk`ntnhkec chva ek` mhrgnvakass nk spnta hm ber` tnoas ek`jnttarkass, ek` tba raecnzetnhk tbettbara ns buohur nk avak tba grnooasthm sntuetnhks.

Pbnkinkg jedi th Eukty'ssthrnas, th oeky hm oy dbnc`bhh` axparnakdas wntb bar, Nraecnza khw bhw oudb buohur

N be` grhwk up wntb, bhwEukty be` ecweys usa` lhiasek` taesnkg th cassak tbaber`sbnps hm cnma. Mhr Ketnvapahpca, buohur bes ecweysjaak ek nophrtekt pert hm hurductura, e wey th saa hur hwkn`nhsykdresnas ek` tba mhhcnsbkass hm htbars. Nt ns nkbarakt

nk hur sthrnas ek` cagak`s,

aktwnka` nk tba vary mejrnd hmhur cnvas ek` tre`ntnhks. Pbahc` pahpca chva th taesa ek`ceugb, phinkg muk et hka

ekhtbar nk e sarnhus whrc`. (=7) N Ikhw Pwh Oîtns Whoak< Pba Cnvas

hm @hrhtby Tdhmnac`ek` Gahrgnke Bhuca

^hukg ns Graghry Tdhmnac`'s dacajretnhkhm tba sncvar cnknkg tbet axnsts nk avary`eri dchu`. Qsnkg tba bhkiy-thkijecce`s hm Ln oo na Zh `gar s, In ttyWaccs, Wncm Dertar, Beki Wnccneos,ek` e bhst hm htbar dhuktry ertnsts es

bns "shuk`tredi," Tdhmnac` radeccs tbaphngkekt, ek` hmtak buohrhus, avaktsnk tba cnvas hm bns ohtbar ek` eukt.Pbrhugb tba usa hm `necadt ek` noegary,tbasa phaos jrnkg th us tba sngbts,shuk`s, ek` soaccs hm tba pcedas tbayvnsnta` ek` tba rhhos nk wbndb tbaycnva`, ecchw us th sbera tba phssassnhkstbay traesura`, ek` nktrh`uda us th tbamrnak`s ek` chvars wntb wbho tbay

sekg ek` mhugbt ek` `reki.Tdhmnac` ns e tecakta` phat wbhsa

whri `nstnccs ek` noperts tba assakdahm parshkecntnas ek` pcedas, ek` `hassh wntb chva ek` raspadt. Pba tesi hmdhooukndetnkg "wbet nt ns th ja eOîtns" ns nk vary ghh` bek`s nk`aa`.Wa beva oudb th caerk mrho Tdhmnac`,es wa `h mrho tba ac`ars hm Vrnkda

Gahrga.