MetalsMetals

Metals are on the Metals are on the leftleft side of the Periodic Table side of the Periodic TableMetals have 1, 2, 3, or 4 electrons in their Metals have 1, 2, 3, or 4 electrons in their outermostoutermost energy level energy levelMost metals have only Most metals have only 11 or 2 electrons in the or 2 electrons in the outermost energy level.outermost energy level.These These valencevalence electrons are electrons are loosely (weakly)loosely (weakly) heldheld the physical and chemical the physical and chemical propertiesproperties of of metals.metals.They behave rather like positive nuclei in a “sea” They behave rather like positive nuclei in a “sea” of of looselyloosely held electrons held electrons

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

LusterLuster (shiny)= light reflecting off the (shiny)= light reflecting off the electronselectrons..

Very good Very good conductorsconductors of heat and electricity of heat and electricity

The loosely held electrons are able to The loosely held electrons are able to movemove an electric an electric current (movement of electrons)current (movement of electrons)

Silver (Ag)Silver (Ag) is the best conductor: is the best conductor: Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu) is the second best.is the second best.

MalleableMalleable and ductile and ductile the (+) nuclei can slip the (+) nuclei can slip through the loosely held through the loosely held electronselectrons

HighHigh density and high density and high meltingmelting points points

Chemical PropertiesChemical PropertiesMetals tend to Metals tend to loselose their outermost electrons their outermost electrons 88 electrons in the outer shell= a stable configuration.electrons in the outer shell= a stable configuration.The more loosely held the electrons, the more The more loosely held the electrons, the more easily they are easily they are lostlost, the more , the more reactivereactive the metal. the metal.Metals with Metals with 11 outer electron are the most weakly outer electron are the most weakly heldheld the most reactive metals (Group 1A, the most reactive metals (Group 1A, 11). ). Those with Those with 22 outer electrons (Group IIA, outer electrons (Group IIA, 22) are ) are slightly less reactive eslightly less reactive eAs you move down a group, the elements become As you move down a group, the elements become moremore reactive because the outer electrons are reactive because the outer electrons are further from the further from the nucleusnucleus

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

Francium (Fr)Francium (Fr) is the most reactive metal. is the most reactive metal.

Metals tend to react with air and water Metals tend to react with air and water CorrosionCorrosion= a gradual chemical reaction = a gradual chemical reaction which wears away a which wears away a metalmetal..

RustRust is the corrosion of iron. is the corrosion of iron.

Tarnish is the corrosion of Tarnish is the corrosion of Silver (Ag)Silver (Ag)

NonmetalsNonmetalsOn the On the rightright side of the Periodic Table side of the Periodic TableNonmetals have 4, 5, 6, 7, or Nonmetals have 4, 5, 6, 7, or 88 electrons in the electrons in the outermost energy leveloutermost energy levelThese valence electrons are These valence electrons are tightlytightly held held the the physical and chemical physical and chemical propertiesproperties of nonmetals of nonmetalsThe The positivepositive nuclei are “locked” between the nuclei are “locked” between the tightlytightly held electrons which are unable to held electrons which are unable to movemoveThe The numbernumber of electrons in the outer shell of electrons in the outer shell determines the chemical and physical properties determines the chemical and physical properties of an elementof an element

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Usually opposite to the physical properties Usually opposite to the physical properties of metalsof metals

DullDull

NonconductorsNonconductors or poor conductors of or poor conductors of heat and electricityheat and electricity

BrittleBrittle

Generally Generally lowerlower densities and densities and meltingmelting pointspoints

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

Nonmetals tend to Nonmetals tend to gaingain electrons electrons 88 electrons electrons in the outer shell= a stable configuration in the outer shell= a stable configuration

Nonmetals that need Nonmetals that need 11 electron(s) electron(s) Group VIIA, Group VIIA, 1717

Or Or 22 electrons (Group VIA, electrons (Group VIA, 1616) to fill their outer ) to fill their outer energy level are the most energy level are the most reactivereactive

The Noble Gases are The Noble Gases are nonreactivenonreactive= inert = inert because the outer shell is because the outer shell is full (complete)full (complete) and and thus stablethus stable

MetalloidsMetalloids

Solids Solids betweenbetween the metals and nonmetals the metals and nonmetals

They will conduct, but not as well as They will conduct, but not as well as metalsmetals

They are ductile and They are ductile and malleablemalleable, but not as much , but not as much as metals because they have 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 as metals because they have 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 electrons in the outer shellelectrons in the outer shell

Metalloids with 6 or 7 electrons in the outer shell Metalloids with 6 or 7 electrons in the outer shell are large atomsare large atoms

The outer shell is The outer shell is farfar from the nucleus and the from the nucleus and the atom isn’t as tightly held to the nucleus.atom isn’t as tightly held to the nucleus.

Active MetalsActive MetalsGroup 1A Group 1A (1)(1) = the = the AlkaliAlkali metals metalsLithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (k), Rubidium Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (k), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr)(Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr)Hydrogen is not an alkali metalHydrogen is not an alkali metal it is actually a it is actually a nonmetalnonmetalThis group easily loses its This group easily loses its 11 outer electron so it is the outer electron so it is the most most reactivereactive group of metals group of metalsIt is never found in the free or uncombined state in It is never found in the free or uncombined state in naturenatureIt must be stored under oil to protect it from It must be stored under oil to protect it from oxygenoxygen and water and water It reacts violently with It reacts violently with oxygen and wateroxygen and water

Active MetalsActive Metals

The Alkali metals form important The Alkali metals form important compounds such as NaClcompounds such as NaCl

They are soft, silvery, and have They are soft, silvery, and have lower lower melting and boiling pointsmelting and boiling points than other than other metalsmetals

Sodium (Na)Sodium (Na) and and Potassium (K)Potassium (K) are the are the most important to plants and animalsmost important to plants and animals

Active MetalsActive MetalsGroup IIA Group IIA (2)(2) = the = the AlkalineAlkaline Earth metals Earth metals Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra)Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra)This is the second most This is the second most reactivereactive group of metals. group of metals.They are also never found free in nature because their They are also never found free in nature because their 22 outer electrons are easily lost outer electrons are easily lostThey are harder, denser, and have higher melting and They are harder, denser, and have higher melting and boiling points than Group boiling points than Group 11CalciumCalcium and and MagnesiumMagnesium are the most important both are the most important both in biology and industryin biology and industryMagnesium is used in Magnesium is used in fireworks, cars, planes, fireworks, cars, planes, spacecraft, baseball/softball bats,spacecraft, baseball/softball bats, and old fashioned and old fashioned flashbulbsflashbulbs

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Rows 3-12 (in middle of periodic table)Rows 3-12 (in middle of periodic table)Often occur as uncombined elementsOften occur as uncombined elementsOften form colored compoundsOften form colored compounds Paints—cadmium=yellow, cobalt=bluePaints—cadmium=yellow, cobalt=blue

Toxic– limited useToxic– limited use Iron triad– Iron, cobalt, nickelIron triad– Iron, cobalt, nickel

Used to create steelUsed to create steelIron most widely used of all metalsIron most widely used of all metalsNickel used to give added strength and shiny, Nickel used to give added strength and shiny, protective coatingprotective coating

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Coinage metals– copper, silver, goldCoinage metals– copper, silver, gold Most coins now made of nickel and copperMost coins now made of nickel and copper Copper used in electrical wiringCopper used in electrical wiring

Zinc, cadmium, mercuryZinc, cadmium, mercury Zinc and cadmium used to coat other metalsZinc and cadmium used to coat other metals Cadmium used in rechargeable batteriesCadmium used in rechargeable batteries Mercury– only metal that is liquid at room temperatureMercury– only metal that is liquid at room temperature

Used in thermometers (not much now), thermostats, Used in thermometers (not much now), thermostats, switches, and batteriesswitches, and batteries

poisonouspoisonous

Lanthanides Lanthanides

Elements from 57-71Elements from 57-71

Commonly referred to as the rare earth metals Commonly referred to as the rare earth metals (along with scandium and yttrium)(along with scandium and yttrium) Most are not that rare thoughMost are not that rare though Many more common than goldMany more common than gold

Uses:Uses: catalysts catalysts Deflect UV and Infrared rays so are often used in the Deflect UV and Infrared rays so are often used in the

production of sunglassesproduction of sunglasses laserslasers

ActinidesActinides

Actinides– 89-103Actinides– 89-103 Thorium and Uranium only Thorium and Uranium only

ones occur in substantial ones occur in substantial amounts in natureamounts in nature

Small amounts of Small amounts of plutonium have been foundplutonium have been found

The rest are syntheticThe rest are syntheticNuclear weapons have Nuclear weapons have released six others into released six others into naturenature

Bomb on Nagasaki had a Bomb on Nagasaki had a plutonium chargeplutonium charge

HalogensHalogens

Group 17 (VIIA)Group 17 (VIIA) Very reactiveVery reactive Found only in nature in compounds or ionsFound only in nature in compounds or ions Exists as diatomic moleculesExists as diatomic molecules Only periodic group exhibiting all 3 states of matter at Only periodic group exhibiting all 3 states of matter at

room temp.room temp. If gains an electron from a metal it forms a saltIf gains an electron from a metal it forms a salt Fluorine is most reactiveFluorine is most reactive

Added to toothpaste and water to stopAdded to toothpaste and water to stop Chlorine disinfects water (most abundant)Chlorine disinfects water (most abundant) Bromine is only nonmetal liquid at room temp.Bromine is only nonmetal liquid at room temp.

Noble GasesNoble Gases

StableStable

Eight electrons in outer Eight electrons in outer shell (except He)shell (except He)

All are odorless and All are odorless and colorlesscolorless

He used to ease He used to ease breathing for asthma breathing for asthma patientspatients

Xenon is used as an Xenon is used as an anestheticanesthetic