Memory. Information processing 8Encoding - Getting information in 8Storage - Retaining information...
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Transcript of Memory. Information processing 8Encoding - Getting information in 8Storage - Retaining information...
Information processing
Encoding - Getting information in Storage - Retaining information Retrieval - Getting information out
Instant encoding & storage
Flashbulb memories 9-11 Titanic President Kennedy Space Shuttle Challenger
Rehearsal (continuous repetition) Spacing Effect
Ebbinghaus’s retention curve
We retain information better when study time is spaced out
Spaced study beats cramming - E.g. 12 - 5 minute segments beat one hour of study
Types on Encoding Words that lend themselves to mental images (e.g.
house) are remembered better that abstract low image words e.g. “domicile”
Semantic - meaning - Best (for words) Acoustic - sounds (hearing the word) -
Songs?
Visual - images (seeing the type) - Least Photos?
Encoding Imagery
Mnemonics (Greek for memory) Method of Loci Chunking
License plate Phone # Words
Association E.g. Grocery list
Mnemonics (cont.)
“Peg word” system Numbers into pictures
1 = Bun 2 = Shoe 3 = Tree 4 = Door 5 = Hive
6 = Sticks 7 = Heaven 8 = Gate 9 = Swine 10 = Hen Attach items to be
remembered to the pictures
Sensory Memory
Iconic Memory - What our eyes register Fleeting photographic memory Lasts only a few tenths of a second
Brain (synaptic) changes
Long-term potentiation (LTP) Stimulating neurons increased efficiency Sending neuron released its neurotransmitter more easily Receptor sights may increase. May explain why experience and repetition can increase
memory.
Implicit memories (procedural memory)
Remembering how to do something Can not be consciously recalled
Explicit memories
Declarative memory Can be consciously recalled
E.g. A person may retain past skills, but not remember them.
Priming
Memories are held by a web of associations - identify one strand and it leads to others
“Awakening of associations” E.g. Wedding song Retrieval cues can be sights,
sounds, smells and tastes
Mood congruent memories - (State dependent memories)
We remember things best when we are in the same mood as when we did it or learned it. E.g. Happy times are more apt. to be remembered when
we are happy. If you were drunk when you hid something, you are more
apt. to remember where it is when you are drunk again. (However, drinking - in general - reduces memory
Retrieval Failure
Proactive (forward-acting) interference Earlier learning reduces later learning
Retroactive (backward-acting) interference Later learning reduces earlier learning
Misinformation effect
Given misinformation about an event someone experienced, they misremember the event.
Source amnesia (Source misattribution)
You remember something as real, but forget the source of the memory (e.g. a movie).
E.g. After repeatedly hearing false detailed accounts of an accident you were in, you begin to mistakenly “remember” that these events actually occurred. (You forgot that they were told to you)