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Mega Sports Events and Community Mega Sports Events and Community Health and Wellness:Health and Wellness:

The Case for Investing in The Case for Investing in Youth Youth

PRESENTER: PRESENTER:

Dr. Inonge M. Kamungoma-DadaDr. Inonge M. Kamungoma-DadaBSc. HB; MBChB; MA; APR. BSc. HB; MBChB; MA; APR.

UNFPA South Africa.UNFPA South Africa.Email: inonge@unfpa.org. Email: inonge@unfpa.org.

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Outline Outline

OverviewOverview Youth definedYouth defined Youth and Sports developmentYouth and Sports development Demographic Dividend Demographic Dividend The Challenges:The Challenges:

HIV and AIDSHIV and AIDS Teenage PregnancyTeenage Pregnancy Gender IssuesGender Issues UrbanizationUrbanization

Global context for youth developmentGlobal context for youth development The MDGs The MDGs UNFPA UNFPA

SummarySummary

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OverviewOverview

Largest generation of adolescents in Largest generation of adolescents in history-1.5 billion is preparing to enter history-1.5 billion is preparing to enter adulthood. adulthood.

More than half of them: 525 million live on More than half of them: 525 million live on less than 2 dollars a day less than 2 dollars a day

More than 100 million do not attend schoolMore than 100 million do not attend school 15 million adolescent girls become 15 million adolescent girls become

mothers everydaymothers everyday Among mothers under the age 20…infant Among mothers under the age 20…infant

mortality rate average 100 deaths per mortality rate average 100 deaths per 1,000 live births 1,000 live births

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What we Know..What we Know..

““Educational and health status of the youth, Educational and health status of the youth, their readiness to take on adult roles and their readiness to take on adult roles and responsibilities and support received from responsibilities and support received from families, communities, (including through families, communities, (including through mega sports events) and governments, mega sports events) and governments, will determine their future and the future will determine their future and the future of their countries”, of their countries”,

UNFPA: Investing in adolescents2 health UNFPA: Investing in adolescents2 health and rights, State of the World report 2003.and rights, State of the World report 2003.

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Youth definedYouth defined The terms ‘adolescents’, ‘youth’, and ‘young The terms ‘adolescents’, ‘youth’, and ‘young

people’ are used differently in various societies people’ are used differently in various societies Categories are associated with different roles, Categories are associated with different roles,

responsibilitiesresponsibilities SASA National Youth Policy is directed toward National Youth Policy is directed toward

young males and females aged from young males and females aged from 1414 to to 3535 years years

Other young age categories in use:Other young age categories in use:              i) i) Adolescents: 10-19 years of ageAdolescents: 10-19 years of age              ii) ii) Youth: 15-25 years of ageYouth: 15-25 years of age iii) Young people: 10-24 years of ageiii) Young people: 10-24 years of age

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Youth and Sports Youth and Sports developmentdevelopment

‘‘There has been a growing understanding There has been a growing understanding of the role sports can play in changing of the role sports can play in changing peoples’ lives for the better –- and those of peoples’ lives for the better –- and those of young people, in particular, young people, in particular, Kofi Annan, Kofi Annan, Olympic Aid Forum, 2002.  Olympic Aid Forum, 2002. 

Development: adolescent (10-19)Development: adolescent (10-19)

Peak performance (18-25)Peak performance (18-25)

Retirement (30- 35)Retirement (30- 35)Skilled labour, savings and investments, employers Skilled labour, savings and investments, employers

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Youth and sports Youth and sports development.. development..

Sports are an effective instrument for:Sports are an effective instrument for:Building character, tolerance and Building character, tolerance and

friendshipfriendshipDelivering and promotion of youth Delivering and promotion of youth

development: reducing povertydevelopment: reducing povertyBuilding democracy, conflict Building democracy, conflict

resolutionsresolutionsAdvocacy to young people on HIV and Advocacy to young people on HIV and

AIDS, drug abuse and alcoholism etcAIDS, drug abuse and alcoholism etc

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Youth and Mega sports Youth and Mega sports events events

Adolescence is a critical passage in Adolescence is a critical passage in which young people gain life which young people gain life experience through schooling, job experience through schooling, job training, work experiences, training, work experiences, community activities, youth groups, community activities, youth groups, relationships and sports .relationships and sports .

The Glitz and Glamour of the FIFA The Glitz and Glamour of the FIFA Soccer World cup allows youth to Soccer World cup allows youth to dream, hope and achieve! dream, hope and achieve!

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‘‘Demographic Dividend’ Demographic Dividend’

The concept of ‘Demographic Dividend’ is The concept of ‘Demographic Dividend’ is rooted in the Theory of Demographic rooted in the Theory of Demographic Transition.Transition.

Demographic transition occurs when a Demographic transition occurs when a country has achieved significant decline in its country has achieved significant decline in its birth and death rates, from high to low levelsbirth and death rates, from high to low levels

In the transition process, only two In the transition process, only two demographic factors (fertility & mortality) demographic factors (fertility & mortality) exert influence on population dynamicsexert influence on population dynamics

The population is assumed to be closed to The population is assumed to be closed to migrationmigration

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Demographic dividend definedDemographic dividend defined

The ‘demographic dividend’ also called ‘demographic gift’ or The ‘demographic dividend’ also called ‘demographic gift’ or ‘‘bonus’ occurs when a falling birth rate changes the age bonus’ occurs when a falling birth rate changes the age distribution of a population:distribution of a population:

• Fertility declineFertility decline• Decline in population growth Decline in population growth • Decline in the dependency ratio Decline in the dependency ratio (ratio of persons under age 15 and over 65 to (ratio of persons under age 15 and over 65 to

those in the economically productive age group 15-65).those in the economically productive age group 15-65).

As a result:As a result:• Less ‘mouths to feed’Less ‘mouths to feed’• Up surge in labour force or working population aged 15-49yrs relative Up surge in labour force or working population aged 15-49yrs relative

to the dependantsto the dependants• If workforce is skilled, and adequate jobs available, there isIf workforce is skilled, and adequate jobs available, there is

potential for workforce to increase income, save, invest and potential for workforce to increase income, save, invest and thus, stimulate economic growththus, stimulate economic growth

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Demographic DividendDemographic Dividend

The ‘demographic dividend’ is delivered through The ‘demographic dividend’ is delivered through three main mechanisms: three main mechanisms: a) labour supply, a) labour supply, b) savings, b) savings, c) human capital. c) human capital.

**However, demographic dividend is **However, demographic dividend is not not automatic.automatic.Countries need to act to capitalize on it through Countries need to act to capitalize on it through appropriate policies and programmesappropriate policies and programmes..

N.B. Must seize the ‘gift’ as it is a limited window N.B. Must seize the ‘gift’ as it is a limited window of opportunity!of opportunity!

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Labour Supply and the Labour Supply and the Demographic Dividend Demographic Dividend

The demographic transition affects labor The demographic transition affects labor supply through:supply through:

a) size of the labour force, a) size of the labour force, b) increase in the labour force participation b) increase in the labour force participation

incl. women incl. women c) labour productivity. c) labour productivity. Potential labour force is not an Potential labour force is not an

effective labour forceeffective labour force Much depends on the extent on Much depends on the extent on

investmentsinvestments in education, in education, healthhealth, labour , labour force skills and female participationforce skills and female participation

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SA Projected labour force SA Projected labour force

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Demographic Transition in South AfricaDemographic Transition in South Africa

Among the white population the transition Among the white population the transition from high to low fertility has been completed. from high to low fertility has been completed.

The Asian and the Coloured population, with The Asian and the Coloured population, with TFR of 2.5 in 1998, have almost completed TFR of 2.5 in 1998, have almost completed their fertility transition. their fertility transition.

The black population (79% of the tot.pop), The black population (79% of the tot.pop), the level of TFR 3.1 in 1998. the level of TFR 3.1 in 1998.

However, among the non-urban African However, among the non-urban African population, the TFR was 4.0 in 1998. population, the TFR was 4.0 in 1998.

Rather unequal demographic experience Rather unequal demographic experience among the racial groups - adopt slightly among the racial groups - adopt slightly different strategies to tap the dividends of different strategies to tap the dividends of demographic transition in the population.demographic transition in the population.

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South Africa: Demographic South Africa: Demographic DividendDividend

Children under the age of 15 are expected to increase from 11.6 Children under the age of 15 are expected to increase from 11.6 million (million (40%40% of total population) in 1980 to 21 million of total population) in 1980 to 21 million (38%)(38%) in 2005. in 2005.

The potential economically active population (age group 15-64) from The potential economically active population (age group 15-64) from 17 million (17 million (56%)56%) to about 30 million ( to about 30 million (54%)54%) over this period. over this period.

Unfortunately, the country may not be able to take advantage of this Unfortunately, the country may not be able to take advantage of this demographic dividend, as the formal economy is unlikely to be able demographic dividend, as the formal economy is unlikely to be able to provide employment for the new labour market entrants. to provide employment for the new labour market entrants.

In 1999, for example, only 8.4% of the new entrants could be In 1999, for example, only 8.4% of the new entrants could be accommodated, resulting in widespread unemployment, and accommodated, resulting in widespread unemployment, and unemployment rate stands at 25.5% unemployment rate stands at 25.5%

The African population is still experiencing demographic transition, a The African population is still experiencing demographic transition, a comprehensive programme of education and skills development is comprehensive programme of education and skills development is urgently required to capture the dividend.urgently required to capture the dividend.

Sports could play a critical contributory role in developmentSports could play a critical contributory role in development

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South Africa: Fertility TransitionSouth Africa: Fertility Transition

..Fig 2:Fertilty Trends in South Africa, by Race (1960-1998)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1960 1970 1980 1990 1996 1998

Year

Tota

l Fert

ility

Rate

African

Coloured

Asian

White

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The SA Population PyramidThe SA Population Pyramid

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Implications for Demographic Implications for Demographic Dividend for South Africa Dividend for South Africa

South Africa is about to reap from the South Africa is about to reap from the “Demographic Dividend”“Demographic Dividend”

Depends on what policies and programmes Depends on what policies and programmes are in place to capitalize on the large are in place to capitalize on the large population of young people in the working population of young people in the working age Group. age Group.

Sports, through the FIFA Soccer World Cup Sports, through the FIFA Soccer World Cup presents an opportunity for young people presents an opportunity for young people through sports development, employment through sports development, employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. and entrepreneurship opportunities.

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Human Capital Formation Policies for Human Capital Formation Policies for YouthYouth

For the demographic dividend to materialize, For the demographic dividend to materialize, there must be in place a conducive policy there must be in place a conducive policy environment, including:environment, including:

Access of youth to reproductive health Access of youth to reproductive health services and facilities;services and facilities;

Reduction in HIV/AIDS prevalence;Reduction in HIV/AIDS prevalence; Reduction in teenage pregnancies;Reduction in teenage pregnancies; Addressing gender inequalities Addressing gender inequalities High quality education and appropriate High quality education and appropriate

skills development for the youth.skills development for the youth. Second chances for out of school youth Second chances for out of school youth

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The challenges The challenges

““..I am someone who benefited in my ..I am someone who benefited in my youth -- and still does benefit -- from the youth -- and still does benefit -- from the wonderfully formative experience of sport; wonderfully formative experience of sport; and who believes in every child’s right to and who believes in every child’s right to that experience -- the right to play”, that experience -- the right to play”, Kofi Kofi Annan, 2002.Annan, 2002.

HIV and AIDSHIV and AIDS Teenage Pregnancy Teenage Pregnancy Gender disparities Gender disparities UrbanisationUrbanisation

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HIV and AIDSHIV and AIDS

AIDS now a disease of the young, 15-24 account AIDS now a disease of the young, 15-24 account for half of the 5 million new cases of HIV infection for half of the 5 million new cases of HIV infection worldwide each year.worldwide each year.

More than 6,000 young people become infected More than 6,000 young people become infected with HIV – everydaywith HIV – everyday

In Sub-Saharan Africa, 63% of those who were In Sub-Saharan Africa, 63% of those who were HIV positive in 2003 were between the ages of HIV positive in 2003 were between the ages of 15-2415-24

Feminization of HIV infection with ratios of new Feminization of HIV infection with ratios of new female to male infection in young people as high female to male infection in young people as high as 8 to 1 (SA) as 8 to 1 (SA)

The overwhelming majority of AIDS orphans live The overwhelming majority of AIDS orphans live in Africa.in Africa.

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Teenage PregnancyTeenage Pregnancy

Worldwide every year, 14 million adolescent Worldwide every year, 14 million adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 give birth. girls aged 15 to 19 give birth.

Highest rates of adolescent fertility are found Highest rates of adolescent fertility are found in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Urban and rural girls aged 15 - 19 from the Urban and rural girls aged 15 - 19 from the poorest groups are three times more likely poorest groups are three times more likely than their better-off peers to give birth in than their better-off peers to give birth in adolescenceadolescence

Girls aged 15 to 19 account for at least one-Girls aged 15 to 19 account for at least one-fourth of the estimated 20 million unsafe fourth of the estimated 20 million unsafe abortions performed each yearabortions performed each year

Statistics in South Africa indicate that one in Statistics in South Africa indicate that one in three girls has had a child by age 20three girls has had a child by age 20

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Teenage pregnancy and Dividend Teenage pregnancy and Dividend PolicyPolicy

Need for a multi-sectoral approach which considers Need for a multi-sectoral approach which considers reproductive and sexual health issues as one aspect of reproductive and sexual health issues as one aspect of personal development, personal development,

Link to other health, family planning and social services Link to other health, family planning and social services including employment, gender based violence, including employment, gender based violence, education and livelihoods programmes. education and livelihoods programmes.

Include positive involvement of boys and men as Include positive involvement of boys and men as partners in the struggle for equality and reproductive partners in the struggle for equality and reproductive healthhealth

Sports presents opportunities for girls Sports presents opportunities for girls

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Investment in Girls’ educationInvestment in Girls’ education

• Through sports scholarshipsThrough sports scholarships• Educated mothers increase human capital Educated mothers increase human capital

through influence on the health, education through influence on the health, education and nutrition of their childrenand nutrition of their children

• Contributes to economic growth and reduces Contributes to economic growth and reduces poverty leading to improvement on family’s poverty leading to improvement on family’s economic prospectseconomic prospects

• Improves reproductive health including HIV Improves reproductive health including HIV preventionprevention

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UrbanizationUrbanization

More that half the human population, 3.3 billion people, More that half the human population, 3.3 billion people, will be living in urban areas by 2008, growing to 5 will be living in urban areas by 2008, growing to 5 billion by 2030. billion by 2030.

Majority of these people will be poor. Majority of these people will be poor. About 60% of all urban dwellers will be under the age About 60% of all urban dwellers will be under the age

of 18 by 2030. of 18 by 2030. Proliferation of street children and homeless orphans Proliferation of street children and homeless orphans Investing in young people could bring about a Investing in young people could bring about a

demographic bonus and break the cycle of poverty demographic bonus and break the cycle of poverty which their parents are caught in. which their parents are caught in.

A rights based approach to poverty reduction will A rights based approach to poverty reduction will ensure the full participation of youth in policies and ensure the full participation of youth in policies and plans. plans.

Great opportunities provided through sports Great opportunities provided through sports

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The Global perspective The Global perspective

International Conference on Population and International Conference on Population and Development 1994 in Cairo, 179 countries (SA) Development 1994 in Cairo, 179 countries (SA) agreed that: agreed that: population and development are inextricably linked, population and development are inextricably linked, empowering girls and women empowering girls and women meeting people's needs for education and health, meeting people's needs for education and health,

including reproductive healthincluding reproductive health

are are necessarynecessary for both individual advancement for both individual advancement and balanced development. and balanced development.

MDGs: MDGs: reflect a broad consensus in the international community. reflect a broad consensus in the international community. Most MDGs speak to young people Most MDGs speak to young people Sports contributes to the attainments of all MDGs esp 1-6Sports contributes to the attainments of all MDGs esp 1-6

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The reality:The reality: Poverty is influenced by and influences population dynamics, Poverty is influenced by and influences population dynamics,

such as population growth, age structure, and rural-urban such as population growth, age structure, and rural-urban distribution.distribution.

Population dynamics have a critical impact on a country’s Population dynamics have a critical impact on a country’s development prospects and specifically on prospects for raising development prospects and specifically on prospects for raising the living standard of the poor and marginalizedthe living standard of the poor and marginalized

The global context challenges us to link population and The global context challenges us to link population and development in a human rights based approach. It is imperative development in a human rights based approach. It is imperative that they are addressedthat they are addressed

MDGs spells out the agenda, and sets clear targets for us to MDGs spells out the agenda, and sets clear targets for us to attainattain

Population and sexual and reproductive health issues, including Population and sexual and reproductive health issues, including gender, HIV and AIDS , environment all need to be addressed in gender, HIV and AIDS , environment all need to be addressed in developmentdevelopment

ASRH is an essential component of young people’s ability to ASRH is an essential component of young people’s ability to become well adjusted, healthy, responsible and productive become well adjusted, healthy, responsible and productive members of society members of society

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UNFPA on Youth..UNFPA on Youth..

Keys:Keys: Supportive policy making that applies the Supportive policy making that applies the

lens of population structure and poverty lens of population structure and poverty dynamics analysisdynamics analysis

Gender sensitive life skills based SRH Gender sensitive life skills based SRH EducationEducation

Sexual and reproductive health services: Sexual and reproductive health services: HIV preventionHIV prevention

Young People’s leadership and Young People’s leadership and participation. participation.

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Lead in the UN family on HIV preventionLead in the UN family on HIV prevention Scaling up efforts on prevention including Scaling up efforts on prevention including

attention to gender inequalities and liking HIV to attention to gender inequalities and liking HIV to SRH SRH

Special focus on young people and vulnerable Special focus on young people and vulnerable populations :populations :

InformationInformation Life skillsLife skills Youth friendly servicesYouth friendly services A safe and supportive environment A safe and supportive environment

Sports and in particular mega sports events Sports and in particular mega sports events provide a perfect opportunity for advocacy and provide a perfect opportunity for advocacy and dissemination of key messages to address youth dissemination of key messages to address youth SRH issues.SRH issues.

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In summaryIn summary Investing in the health and rights of youth will yield large benefits Investing in the health and rights of youth will yield large benefits

for generations to come.for generations to come.

Reducing poverty requires progress in addressing adolescent Reducing poverty requires progress in addressing adolescent reproductive needs including HIV prevention, gender and teenage reproductive needs including HIV prevention, gender and teenage pregnancy.pregnancy.

Need to plan to reap from the ‘potential demographic dividend’ Need to plan to reap from the ‘potential demographic dividend’ from the large number of working age youth from the large number of working age youth

Need to put in programmes in place for vulnerable youth Need to put in programmes in place for vulnerable youth

Innovative ways to address youth issues, including through sports Innovative ways to address youth issues, including through sports critical for the development of youth, both for their own personal critical for the development of youth, both for their own personal development and for the future of their countries development and for the future of their countries

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Food for thoughtFood for thought

How can FIFA Soccer World Cup 2010 How can FIFA Soccer World Cup 2010 contribute to addressing the issues of contribute to addressing the issues of youth: their players and potential youth: their players and potential players: to ensure a healthy, motivated, players: to ensure a healthy, motivated, empowered, skilled pool of soccer stars empowered, skilled pool of soccer stars for the many world cups still to be held? for the many world cups still to be held?

What legacy in terms of SRH will the What legacy in terms of SRH will the hosting of the FIFA Soccer World Cup hosting of the FIFA Soccer World Cup leave for our young people in 2010? leave for our young people in 2010?

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Thank you !Thank you !

UNFPA- because everyone counts!UNFPA- because everyone counts!