MEEN 489/689:

Entrepreneurship & Nanomaterials for

Energy Applications

Lecture 4:

Fundamentals of nano length scale &

Unique properties of nanomaterials for

energy applications

James Donnell, Andreas Polycarpou,

Tanil Ozkan, Haejune Kim

Fall 2015

19/8/2015

MEEN 489/689 2

Subatomic Atomic Microstructure Macrostructure

9/8/2015

What is nanoscale?

1 nanometer = 10-9 m

diameter of human hair ≈ 100 microns = 10-4 m

MEEN 489/689 3

Subatomic structure

~ 2-400 -27 kg p+: 1.673 -27 kgn0: 1.675 -27 kg

e-: 9.11 -31 kg

9/8/2015

MEEN 489/689 49/8/2015

Graphene: Crystalline material 1 layer of atoms thick!

Stronger than steel, and with fast electron transport

5

http://www.materialsviews.com

http://www.nature.com

9/8/2015

Nanotechnology: What is the state of

the art?

69/8/2015

Nanotechnology: What is the state of the art?

M. Peplow, Nature, 525, 19, 3 SEP 2015

7

Nanotechnology: Historical perspective - I

9/8/2015 slideplayer.com/4/1416483/slides/slide_2.jpg

You won’t be tested on this!

MEEN 489/689 8

Nanotechnology:

Historical

perspective - II

Development of

the model of

atomic theory with

contributions from

Dalton to

Chadwick

Source: VCEasy.org1/27/2015

You won’t be tested on this!

9

Nanotechnology: Historical perspective - III

9/8/2015PJS&TO MEEN 222 Intro. Mat. Sci. Lecture Notes

1933

Time independent Schrödinger equation:

1

pro

ba

bil

ity

Distance from nucleus

Bohr atomic

model

Wave-mechanical

model

V = potential energy well

Ψ = electron wave function

Ψ2 gives the probability for

finding an electron in a

given volume.

NOTE: IN MEEN 489/689, WE WILL

ONLY CONSIDER TECHNOLOGICAL

CONSEQUENCES OF QUANTUM

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF

NANOMATERIALS RATHER THAN

THEORETICAL DERIVATIONS! You won’t be tested on this!

10

Nanotechnology: Historical perspective - IV

9/8/2015

STM Image © IBM

© USPS

Directly adapted from Fig. 1-8, Nanotechnology Demystified, 1st ed.

MEEN 489/689 119/8/2015

Nanomaterials: Why do they behave differently?

Attractive energy EA

Net energy EN

Repulsive energy ER

Interatomic separation r

Ene

rgy

EA

ttrac

tion

R

epul

sion

r0

+

E0

EN = EA + ER

∫ ∫∫

∫

∞ ∞∞

+==

=r r

AR

r

N drFdrFFdrE

FdrE

Attractive Force FA

Net Force EN

Repulsive force FR

Interatomic separation r

For

ce F

Rep

ulsi

on

Attr

actio

n

r0

+

-

MEEN 489/689 129/8/2015

Nanomaterials: Why do they behave differently?

Directly adapted from Fig. 3-2, Nanotechnology Demystified, 1st ed.

MEEN 489/689 139/8/2015

Nanomaterials: Surface-to-volume ratio

© National Nanotechnology Initiative

Same geometry, increasing

number of atoms:

© Royal Society of Chemistry

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Nanomaterials: Why do they behave differently?

• Melting Temperature, Tm

Tm is larger if Eo is larger.

r o r

Energy

larger Tm

smaller Tm

• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, α

α depends on the shape of the potential well.

r o r

Energy

MEEN 489/689 159/8/2015

Nanomaterials:

Alchemy reinvented?

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Nanomaterials: Bulk scale Au vs. nanoscale Au

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Nanomaterials: Bulk scale Au vs. nanoscale Au

Ryogo Kubo

1920-1995

MEEN 489/689 189/8/2015

Nanomaterials: Functional properties & some applications

http://brainimaging.waisman.wisc.edu/facilities/MRI.htmlhttp://www.nanotoothbrush.com/benefits.html

MEEN 489/689 199/8/2015

Nanomaterials: Technology development strengths

20142006

© Lux Research

MEEN 489/689 209/8/2015

NNI: NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE

MEEN 489/689 219/8/2015

2 Examples for Energy Storage Applications

Smart nanobatterymPhase Technologies, the company behind a nanotechnology-enabled

battery with unlimited shelf life, has posted a video demonstration of its

Smart Nanobattery on YouTube.The video illustrates in layman's

terminology some fundamental concepts behind the smart nano battery.

The company has proven it is possible to fabricate nanotech-based "smart"

batteries, which can store reserve power for decades and generate electric

current virtually on demand.

Video:

http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/videos/Smart_nanobattery.php

MEEN 489/689 229/8/2015

2 Examples for Energy Storage Applications

http://www.technologyreview.com/sites/default/files/images/3d.printing.gif

MEEN 489/689 239/8/2015

Nanotechnology and Energy: Reading Assignment

nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/nano_energy_brochure_upload_feb_12_2014.pdf

Read the document

on ‘Nanotechnology

and Energy’

published by the NNI.

Identify with

one/two sentences

an application of

nanotechnology in

energy generation,

conversion,

distribution and

storage. Explain how

you think

nanotechnology

entrepreneurship can

contribute to this

segment.