Medical Terminology - جامعة بابل | University of Babylon Parts to a Medical Term (1) Word...
Transcript of Medical Terminology - جامعة بابل | University of Babylon Parts to a Medical Term (1) Word...
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Medical Terminology
Dr. Rafal J. Al-Saigh
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Basic Elements of a Medical Word
1. Word Root
2. Combining Form
3. Suffix
4. Prefix
These four parts of a word are known as
ELEMENTS.
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4 Parts to a Medical Term
(1) Word Roots = base of a word The main part of a word which contains the basic meaning
usually refers to a body part (e.g. Cardi-Heart, Osteon-Bone).
(2) Combining Forms = is a Combining Vowel
(usually an “O”)that enable two parts
to be connected.
Used to connect a word root ---to--- a suffix
Used to connect a word root --- to --- a word root
Don’t use when suffix begins with a vowel (e.g. dermat/itis)
Use if suffix begins with a consonant (e.g. rhin/o/plasty)
(3) Prefixes = add at beginning of word root
(4) Suffixes = add at end of word root (usually with combining vowel)
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1. Word Root Examples
Greek Word Word Root
Kardia (heart) Cardi
Thorax (chest) Thorac
Hepar (liver) Hepat
Nephros (kidney) Nephr
Osteon (bone) oste
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Combining forms consist of a combining
vowel.
The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but
others may be used like (i, e, a, y).
Micr o
Word root Combining vowel
2. Combining Forms
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When a word has more than one root, a
combining vowel is used to link the root to
each other.
osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itis
Word root
Combining
vowel Word root
suffix
Slashes separate elements
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3. Prefixes Word parts placed at the beginning of word root to alter its
meaning or create a new word.
Usually indicates location (direction), number, or time
Often not need a combining vowel with Prefix
Meta = after or beyond (direction)
Trans = through (direction)
Intra = within (direction)
Contra = against (direction)
• A- mast -ia
without breast condition
• hyper- therm -ia
excessive heat condition
• intra- muscul -ar
within muscle relating to
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Pre- (before) Preoperative
Post- (after) Postoperative
Homo- (same) Homocystinuria
Hypo- (below) Hypotension
under
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9
Prefix Meaning
a
ab
ana
ante
anti
aut(o)
without
away from
up, toward
before
against
self
antenatal
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10
Prefix Meaning
brachy
brady
contra
dys
hemi
hyper
hypo
short
slow
against
abnormal; difficult
half
above normal
below normal
brachycephaly
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11
Prefix Meaning
inter
Iso
mal
meta
micr(o)
olig(o)
peri
between
equal; same
bad; inadequate
After
small
few; little; scanty
around; about; near
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12
Prefix Meaning
pro
re
retro
semi
supra
tachy
un
before; forward
again; backward
behind; backward
half
above; over
fast
not
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4. Suffixes
A suffix is added to the END of a word root or
to combining form to modify its meaning.
By adding a suffix to the end of a word root, we
create a noun or adjective with a different
meaning.
suffix often indicates the:
procedure
condition
disorder
disease
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Noun suffixes
-ism --- condition (e.g. giantism)
-osis ---- abnormal condition (e.g. arteriosclerosis)
-itis ---- inflammation of (gastritis)
Adjective suffixes
-ous --- pertaining to (e.g. erythematous)
-ic ------ pertaining to (colposcopic)
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Meanings of certain suffixes (derived from greek or latin language)
Arthr/o -centesis Arthrocentesis
joint puncture puncture of a joint
throac/o -tomy Thoracotomy
chest incision incision of the chest
gastr/o -megaly Gastromegaly
stomach enlargement enlargement of the
stomach
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Meanings of certain suffixes (derived from modern language)
-al pertaining to dent/al
(pertaining to teeth)
-er one who speak/er
(one who speaks)
-able capable of being playable
(capable of being played)
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If suffix begins with a consonant, therefore a combining vowel must be used between the word root and the suffix.
-scope (instrument to view) Gasteroscopy
-rrhexis (rupture) Angiorrhexis
-rrhea (flow or discharge) Rhinorrhea
If suffix begins with a vowel, therefore a combining vowel is NOT used between the word root and the suffix.
-algia (pain) Arthralgia
-edema (swelling) Papilledema
-uria (urine, urination) Heamaturia
-oma (tumor) Adenoma
(glandular tumor)
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Suffix Meaning
-algia
-asthenia
-blast
-cidal
-clast
-crine
pain
breaking
weakness
immature; forming
destroying; killing
secreting
myasthenia
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Suffix Meaning
-crit
-cyte
-cytosis
-derma
-ectasis
-ectomy
separate
cell
condition of cells
skin
expanding; dilating
removal of
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Suffix Meaning
-emesis
-emia
-esthesia
-globin
-gram
-graph
-graphy
vomiting
blood
sensation
protein
a recording
recording instrument
process of recording
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Suffix Meaning -ic
-ism
-itis
-kinesia
-logist
-lysis
-malacia
pertaining to
condition; disease
inflammation
movement
one who practices
destruction of
softening osteomalacia
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Suffixes (mania-pathy) Suffix Meaning
-mania
-megaly
-oid
-opia
-ostomy
-para
-pathy
obsession
enlargement
like; resembling
vision
opening
bearing
disease
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Suffix Meaning
-penia
-pepsia
-pexy
-phage
-phobia
-phonia
-phrenia
deficiency
digestion
fixation
eating; devouring
fear
sound
of the mind
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Suffixes (phylaxis-rrhaphy) Suffix Meaning
-phylaxis
-plasty
-plegia
-pnea
-ptosis
-rrhagia
-rrhaphy
protection
surgical repair
paralysis
breath
falling down; drooping
heavy discharge
surgical suturing
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Suffix Meaning
-rrhexis
-spasm
-stasis
-stenosis
-tomy
-trophy
-tropia
rupture
contraction
stopping; constant
narrowing
cutting operation
nutrition
turning
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