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1 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Mechanics, Materials and Structural Engineering for Infrastructure Assets
Klaas van Breugel
Delft University of Technology
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences / Materials & Environment
Ageing Centre TU Delft
Asset Management of infrastructure: Challenges and new approaches
Thursday May 21st – Drijvend Paviljoen Rotterdam
Caring for Ageing Infrastructure Scope, Materials & Modelling, Codes and Research
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2 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
May 29, 2015
2
The Pantheon, Rome
Ancient History Encyclopedia
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3 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
The Pantheon of Rome
The Pantheon built by Caesar Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD)
Why did the Pantheon survive 2000 year? Good architectural design?
Good structural design?
Good materials choice?
Good workmanship?
Good management?
Adequate building codes? Prescriptive codes Performance-based codes
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4 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Vitruvius (born 80–70 BC, died 15 BC)
“Architectura” (10 books) Originally (and preferably): • The builder should know all aspects of the building process • Building process in the hands of 1 person • The building process was considered an “holistic” activity
Afbeelding: De architectura - Wikipedia
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5 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Concrete Infrastructure: A problem?
I
Town of Bellefontaine, State of Ohio, USA, 1891
50 year concrete pavement
75 year concrete pavement George Bartholomew
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6 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Performance of bridges - Observations in USA
Before 1930 • Slow strength development • Fineness of cement: 180 m2/kg (Blaine surface) • C3S content of cement: < 30%
1930 – 1950 • Structures (bridge decks) built after 1930 less durable than those built before 1930 • Finer cement: Blaine increased from 180 m2/kg up to 300 m2/kg (Applied construction and building technology as before 1930!)
Mehta & Burrow, 2001
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7 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
1950 – 1980 • Structures (bridge decks) after 1940 had many durability problems • Fineness increased to 400 m2/kg • C3S content increased to > 60% • Low w/c ratio: denser concrete, but higher proneness to cracking!
1980 to present • Use of high-range water-reducing admixtures • w/c ratio as low as 0.17 • Increased risk of early-age cracking • 29 bridges: Cracking in 44 MPa bridges twice that of 31 MPa bridges
Mehta & Burrow, 2001
Performance of bridges - Observations in USA
Changes in cement in order to build faster
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8 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Value of our assets – Key figures
E.A. Long (UK, 2007)
• Our infrastructure accounts for at least 50% of our national wealth.
• The performance characteristics and quality of our infrastructure are of fundamental importance to urban sustainability and the well-being of our environment.
McKinsey Global Institute (2013)
“The world needs to spent $ 57 trillion (1012) on infrastructure in the next 18 years simply to keep up with projected growth”
For The Netherlands this would be: $ 7.4 109 per year
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9 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Value of infrastructure – Global Perspective
Global Gross National Wealth (GNW) € 180 trillion Global Infrastructure (50% of GNW) € 90 trillion
• Houses € 50 trillion
• Civil Infrastructure € 40 trillion
− Roads, Rail, Ports, Airports € 20 trillion
million = 106; billion = 109; trillion = 1012
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10 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Architecture: The city planner Basic Building Blocks: Skyscrapers etc.
New York, USA
Ageing cities
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11 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Hong Kong's Ageing Towers (German Michael Wolf)
Ageing building stock
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12 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Increasing scale of chemical plants
Rotterdam (NL), 5 refineries – Storage of hazardous chemicals
Ageing plants
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13 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future Chemiepark Delfzijl – photo Gouwenaar
Ageing plants
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14 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
May 29, 2015
14 Donghai Bridge, Shanghai, 2005, 32.5 km
Ageing infrastructure
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15 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
May 29, 2015
15 Fremont Av. S. north of Lake Street in Minneapolis. [email protected]
Ageing bridges
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16 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future Collapse of Interstate 35W bridge, Minneapolis, 2011
Ageing substructure
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17 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Fixing ‘crumbling’ US roads, rails and airways
Americal Society of Civil Engineers $ 2 trillion are needed over next 5 years to bring nation’s total infrastructure up to standard ($ 400 billion/year)
(Dams, schools, solid waste disposals, highways, rail, aviations)
Provided by the state $ 105 billion for infrastructure in 2009. That is only 25% of what is needed!
Hoff (1999) $2 to $3 trillion are needed over next 20 years to repair all US concrete structures
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18 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
The urgency of the ageing issue
1950 1970 1990 2010 1030 2050
100
Intensive building activities
Service life: 50 – 80 years
Intensive repair and new built of structures
Rel
ativ
e in
vest
men
t [%
]
year
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19 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Characteristics of the ageing curve
Prob
abili
ty o
f fai
lure
Point determined by • Initial quality • Actions/Loads • Maintenance
Perfo
rman
ce
time
Period of ‘top level sport’ of the system!!
Period of ‘rest’?
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20 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Characteristics of the ageing curve
Prob
abili
ty o
f fai
lure
Point determined by • Initial quality • Actions/Loads • Maintenance
Perfo
rman
ce
time
Period of ‘top level sport’ of the system
Period of ‘rest’?
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21 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Towards sustainable infrastructure *)
D Dedication & Discipline
R Responsibility & Research
E Execution & Expertise
A Awareness (of our limitations)
M Materials, Modelling, Monitoring
C Codes, Certificates, Communication
O Organisation
D Design
E Education & Economy
*) Breugel, K van (2014). A critical appraisal of codes as vehicles for realising on-site quality. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th international fib congress 2014, Mumbai, India (pp. 325-328).
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22 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
STW-Perspectief “Integral Solutions for Sustainable Construction”
• Total budget: M€ 6, spread over (nominal) 4 years
• > 20 PhD’s (TU Delft, TU Eindhoven, Univ. Twente, Univ. Leiden)
Recent research with focus on infrastructure
Project leader: E.A.B. Koenders
STW-Perspectief “Bio-based solutions for Geo- and Civil Engineering”
• Total budget: M€ 4.5, spread over (nominal) 4 years
• > 25 PhD’s (TU Delft, Wageningen, Utrecht)
Project leader: Timo Meimovaara
IOP project “Self Healing Materials”
• Total budget: M€ 20 spread over (nominal) 10 years
• > 60 PhD’s and Postdocs (TUD, TU/e, UT, Nijmegen, Groningen) Project leader: Sybrand van der Zwaag
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23 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Full-scale test loading ASR-damaged bridge
Dick Hordijk, COBc-presentation, 2013 RWS - TUD – Section Concrete Structures
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24 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
pH<6 Ca-rich layers
Self-healing – Ca-substituted iron oxides/hydroxides
Preventing rebar corrosion by self-healing by using smart nano particles
D.A. Koleva
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25 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Endospore
Wadi Natrun, Egypt pH ~ 10
Playa, rock
Alkali-resistant spore-forming bacteria 1. > 50 years viable 2. Concrete compatible
Bioconcrete – For self-healing of cracks
Endolithic communities
Soda-lake communities
Jonkers, Wiktor
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26 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Bio-based self-healing of cracks in concrete
Control concrete before healing Control concrete after healing
Bio-concrete before healing Bio-concrete before healing
H. Jonkers
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27 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
First aid emergency station “Paviljoen Galder, Breda
Jonkers, Wiktor
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28 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Multiscale modelling: from macro to nano
10-10 10-6 10-3 10-2 10-1 1.0 10+1 [m]
na
no
mic
ro
m
eso
mac
ro
Microstructure models
Reaction product Molecular scale
Microstructure
Cement paste with micro cracks
Meso structure
Concrete cube
Structural element
Concrete structure
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29 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Numerical simulation of materials behaviour
Lattice structure of microstructure in
tension
Internal cracking in cement paste
Ye Guang, Schlangen, Zhiwei Qian
Virtual microstructure
200 ∙ 200∙ 200 µm3
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30 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Load-displacement curve of cement paste
Zhiwei Qian, 2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Displacement (µm)
Load
(mN)
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31 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Flexural performance of repair systems
Mladena Lukovic
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32 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Self Healing asphalt
+ Induction heating Zoom
aggregates microcack
bitumen conductive fibers Opening of microcracks
Crack closed
Induction heating Melted bitumen
Conductive fibre
Post-Doc: Dr. Alvaro Garcia
PhD-student: Dr. Quantao Liu
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33 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Self healing asphalt - The test track
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34 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Classic Building Codes
Code of Hammurabi (1750 BC) “If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death”.
Deuteronomium (14th century BC) “When you build a new house, you must build a railing around the edge of its flat roof. That way you will not be considered guilty of murder if someone falls from the roof”.
These were Performance-Based building codes!
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35 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Original perception of architecture
Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures for human shelter or use.
Note: • Architecture is(was) not just “aesthetics” • Architecture was an activity “in the service of mankind” • Building codes were largely performance(functional)-based
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36 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Age of Enlightenment (1650s to 1780s)
In the Age of Enlightment:
• The visible world is “decomposed” (scientific approach)
• Farewell to the perception of holisticity
Art and Science of architecture become divorced
• From a decomposed reality we “create”, or “engineer”, a new reality
• Building codes are designed as rule books, strongly focusing on the properties of the ‘building blocks’ (prescriptive codes!)
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37 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
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38 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Lessons from using prescriptive codes
• Quality requires more than following detailed rule books.
• The more detailed a rule book is, the more interfaces you create between individual “building blocks”. This increases the risk of communication errors.
• The more stringent prescriptive codes are (in an attempt to ensure high quality), the less room is left for innovation.
• The separation of art and science of the building process further hampers innovation (suffering from a lack of holistic/integral view).
• Prescriptive codes are less suitable for addressing sustainability issues (“new responsibilities”).
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39 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Towards “corporate social responsibility” (MVO)
• Performance-based codes are potentially better suited to stimulate, or accommodate, innovation.
• Reducing the huge impact of the building process on the environment is a responsibility of the whole society. Performance-based codes are potentially better suited to “implement” these responsibilities in concrete structural designs.
• The promise that performance-based codes are better suited to promote innovation will not come true if the risk of innovation is not shared by all stakeholders in the building process.
• Sharing of the risk of innovation presupposes preparedness to communicate details of the proposed innovation.
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Global fixed capital goods 50% of Global National Wealth
€ 90 1012
€ 1.8 1012
Required investment for generating savings
Annual replacement cost of assets based on mean lifetime of 50 years
Annual savings if the service life is increased by 10%: € 240 109 /year
Required research investment 20% of generated savings: € 48 109 /year
Investment in fundamental materials research (50%): € 24 109 /year
10% of materials research to be spent on research of ageing processes: € 2.4 109 /year (=1% of generated savings)
Value of fixed assets (global) For Netherlands: € 33 106 /year
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41 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
Südholter Applied sciences
Sluijs Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Vlugt Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Spitas Industrial Design
Jongbloed Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computers Sciences
Van Loosdrecht Applied sciences
The Ageing Centre’s structure
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42 Ageing Centre for Materials and Structures Challenge the future
In summary … • Infrastructure is the physical “hardware” of our society
• Ageing of infrastructure is, globally, a “trillion dollars issue”
• Mitigating effects of ageing requires a multidisciplinary approach: − Technology − Engineering − Science
• Investing in a Multidisciplinary Master Plan on ageing is needed: − It is ecologically a must − It is economically justified − It is a matter of responsible stewardship!
Thank you!