Mechanical Technology Gr11 Learner's Guide

7/23/2019 Mechanical Technology Gr11 Learner's Guide

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~kim ~kc |idc faocl~ |ènemj i`fmj ~kc jqfsmn-

I||c||dcm~

Qc|ciqlk kfz ~kc emxcm~efm f ~kc zkcc` ki| qcxf`s~efme|cn ~kc ziu wcfw`c

zfqb- Zqe~c im c||iu f iwwqf{edi~cù 377 zfqn| imn s|c e``s|~qi~efm| ~f

lfmxcu ufsq mnemj|-

H`sen hqel~efm

Faocl~|dfxemj~kqfsjkisen+èysenfqji|%c{wcqecmlcsenhqel~efm

fqnqij-Nqijjqci~ùkemncq|~kcdf~efmfh~kcfaocl~+c|wclei`ùemxcqu

xe|lfs|sen|%-cidfsm~fhnqijncwcmn|fm~kcfaocl~||kiwc,di~cqei`,

imn|wccn,i|zc`ì|~kcsen|xe|lf|e~u-I|ufs`ciqm~emJqinc97,xe|lf|e~u

e|~kcdci|sqcfhisen|qc|e|~imlc~ffz-E~qc|s`~|hqfd~kchqel~efm~ki~

fllsq|ac~zccm~kcsen|df`cls`c|-\~snuemjxe|lf|e~ue|i|~snufhe~|fzm-

Nqiji`|f|`fz|nfzmimfaocl~,|slki|imicqfwìmcuemj~kqfsjk~kcieq-

Im icqfwìmc| cmjemc| wqfnslc ~kqs|~ zkelk kc`w| e~ ~f fxcqlfdc nqij imn

~qixc` fqziqn-

Hejsqc :-8? Im ieqfe`

qc~iqn|zfqb| ijiem|~2kemncq|

NEN UFS

BMFZ6^c emxcm~efm f~kc zkcc` ki| dinc

~kc df|~ |ejmehlim~lfm~qeas~efm ~f ~kcqcnsl~efm f qel~efmem ksdim ke|~fqu-


199/310

959

Diem~cmimlc :

Hejsqc:-8|kfz|kfzieqfzemjfxcqimieqhfe`qc|s`~|emè-\~snuemjsen

qel~efm e| i dslk dfqc lfdw`c{ |~snu, aclis|c ~kcqc iqc dfqc xiqeia`c|

emxf`xcn- Icqfnumidel| e| ~kc aqimlk f wku|el| zkelk nci`| ze~k ~kc

df~efmfhieqimnsen|-

^kc chhcl~| fh hqel~efm

Hqel~efm kc`w| s| ~f lfmxcq~ fmc fqd f df~efm em~f imf~kcq- Hfq c{idw`c,

zkcm i xckel`c| ~uqc| ws|k ailbziqn i`fmj ~kc jqfsmn, qel~efm ze~k ~kc

jqfsmn dibc| ~kc ~uqc| qf`` fqziqn- Hqel~efm i``fz| ji|c| ~f ac lfdwqc||cn

em ~kc lfdas|~efm lkidacq f im em~cqmi` lfdas|~efm cmjemc-

Ac|enc| qel~efm cmiaèmj s| ~f lfmxcq~ df~efm qfd fmc fqd ~f imf~kcq,

qel~efm i`|f lfmxcq~| |fdc cmcqju em~f kci~, mfe|c, imn zciq imn ~ciq fm

di~cqei`- I| zciq emlqci|c|, |f ~ff nfc| xeaqi~efm, kci~ imn mfe|c, zkelk

sq~kcq nidijc ~kc dclkimeli` lfdwfmcm~|- ^c `f|| em cmcqju f ~kc|c

wiq~| qcnslc| ~kc clecmlu imn wfzcq f i dilkemc imn ze`` cxcm~si`ù

qc|s`~ em dclkimeli` ie`sqc-

Fxcq`finemj hqel~efm

I| ufs `ciqm~ em Jqinc 97, ~kc wsqwf|c f i `saqelim~ e| ~f wqfxenc i ~kem h`d

fq aiqqecq ac~zccm dc~i` lfdwfmcm~| ~f wqcxcm~ ~kc qenjc| imn jqffxc| f

~kc qc|wcl~exc |sqilc| qfd qsaaemj ijiem|~ cilk f~kcq- Lfqqcl~ù dilkemcnlfdwfmcm~| |kfs`n ac i| |dff~k i| wf||ea`c- Cmjemc lfdwfmcm~| iqc

dilkemcn ~f c{il~ ~f`cqimlc| em ~ke| qc|wcl~-

Hejsqc :-:? ^kc ccl~ f `saqeli~efm ac~zccm dc~i` |sqilc|

Fxcq`finemj qel~efm fllsq| zkcm ~kc ~kem h`d f `saqeli~efm e|

lfdwqfde|cn- ê| lim fllsq i| i qc|s`~ f i xiqec~u f il~fq|, as~ ~kc ~zf

diem fmc| ze`` ac ne|ls||cn-

NEN UFS

BMFZ6

Qcnslemj imicqfwìmc| ieq|wccn

diu qc|s`~ em ~kcicqfwìmc |~i`èmjzkcm ~kc nqijaclfdc| ~ff jqci~imn ~kc ~kqs|~ ~ffè~~`c-

Dc~i` |sqilc|

ze~kfs~ saqeli~efm

Dc~i` |sqilc| ze~k i ~kem `df saqeli~efm


200/310

951

: Dclkimeli` ^clkmf`fju

Fxcq`finemj

Fxcq`finemje|~kcil~fhqsmmemjidilkemcfqncxelc+|slki|imem~cqmi`

lfdas|~efmcmjemc%i~iqi~c,asqncmfqwfzcq`cxc`kejkcq~kim~ki~

i~ zkelk e~ zi| nc|ejmcn ~f fwcqi~c, qe|bemj wcqdimcm~ nidijc ~f ~kc

dilkemc- Zkcm imu dilkemc e| fxcq`fincn, ~kc `saqeli~emj aiqqecq f fe` e|ccl~excù |yscccn fs~ f ~kc dilkemc| aciqemj |sqilc|- ê| qc|s`~| em

dc~i` fm dc~i` lfm~il~- ^c qel~efm lis|cn au ~kc lfm~il~ lis|c| kci~ imn

c{wim|efm- ^c c{wim|efm sq~kcq |ysccc| fe` qfd ~kc aciqemj |sqilc|,

zkelk zfq|cm| ~kc lfmne~efm, qc|s`~emj em dfqc kci~ acemj wqfnslcn- E ~kc

wqflc|| lfm~emsc|, ~kc dc~i` |sqilc| ze`` aclfdc |lqi~lkcn imn |lfqcn, imn

hmi`ù |cec, lis|emj di||exc cmjemc ie`sqc imn c{wcm|exc qcwieq|- Cmjemc

fxcq`finemj e| wqediqeù lis|cn au nqexcq ackixefsq as~ lim i`|f ac lis|cn

auimumsdacqfhdclkimeli`hie`sqc+|%zkelkqc|s`~+|%emiaqcibnfzm

f ~kc `saqeli~efm |u|~cd fq lis|c jqci~cq ~kim mfqdi` qel~efm- \fdc

lis|i~exc il~fq| qcì~emj ~f nqexcq ackixefsq iqc? fxcq$qcxxemj, |wccnemj

imn ijjqc||exc nqexemj |~u`c, c-j- qiwen illc`cqi~efm&nclc`cqi~efm, emlfqqcl~

jciq |c`cl~efm, liqquemj `fin| c{lccnemj ~kc dimsil~sqcq| |wclehli~efm|

fq i lfdaemi~efm f ~kc iafxc- Df|~ dfncqm xckel`c| kixc |fwke|~eli~cn

c`cl~qfmelcmjemclfm~qf`sme~|+CLS%fmafiqn,zkelkdfme~fq~kccmjemc

wcqfqdimlc lfm~emsi`ù ~kqfsjk |cm|fq| imn il~si~fq|- ^cu lim i`|f nc~cl~

dclkimeli`&c`cl~qfmel is`~| acfqc li~i|~qfwkel cmjemc ie`sqc fllsq|- \fdc

xckel`c| iqc i`|f jfxcqmcn ~f wqcxcm~ c{lc||exc |wccnemj-

Fxcqkci~emj

Fxcqkci~emj s`~edi~cù ki| ~kc |idc ccl~ i| fxcq`finemj- E~ lim fllsq em i

xiqec~u f ziu|-

C{~cmncn s|c

E i dilkemc qsm| fxcq c{~cmncn wcqefn|, e~ ze`` mf~ ac ia`c ~f incysi~cùdiem~iem i |ic zfqbemj ~cdwcqi~sqc- Dilkemc| |kfs`n mcxcq fwcqi~c fxcq

wcqefn| jqci~cq ~kim ~kceq ns~u lul`c fq ~ke| qci|fm-

Emincysi~c diem~cmimlc

\cqxelc| |kfs`n ac |c~ fq qfs~emc em~cqxi`| imn ~kc ~cdwcqi~sqc |kfs`n i`|f

ac qcjsìqù dfme~fqcn au em|wcl~emj ~kc ~cdwcqi~sqc jisjc imn wiuemj

i~~cm~efm ~f ziqmemj èjk~|- Fe` mf~ fmù ki| ~kc xe~i` sml~efm f `saqeli~emj

~kc cmjemc, as~ i`|f wìu| i wiq~ em ne|wcq|emj kci~- Fxcq ~edc, fe` aclfdc|

lfm~idemi~cn ze~k liqafm wiq~el`c| imn f~kcq edwsqe~ec|- Zkcm fe` `f|c|

ns~u lul`c~kc wcqlcm~ijc f~edc wqc|lqeacn

au i dimsil~sqcqfq ~kc s|c f iwiq~elsìq dilkemc


201/310

953-

zf fq dfqc ~cc~k iqc em dc|k i~ ~kc |idc ~edc,

ncwcmnemj fm ~kc kcè{ imj`c-

^c kimn f ~kc jciq, ce~kcq `c fq qejk~, e| ~kc neqcl~efm em zkelk ~kc ~cc~k

`cim fq |`fwc, ze~k ~kc jciq kfqefm~i` imn ~kc afqc xcq~eli`- Kcèli` jciq|

f fwwf|e~c kimn| ze`` fwcqi~c fm wiqi``c` |ki|- Kcèli` jciq| f ~kc |idc

kimn| fwcqi~c fm |ki| lqf||emj i~ im imj`c, ncwcmnemj fm ~kc imj`c f ~kc

jciq|- \emj`c kcèli` jciq| iqc s|cn zkcqc |e`cm~ nqexc| iqc qcyseqcn-

Inxim~ijc| f |emj`c kcèli` jciq| eml`snc? cnc|ejmfh~kcjciqwqcxcm~|lfmlcm~qi~cn`fin|fm~kc~ew|fh~kc

~cc~k nsqemj eme~ei` dc|kemj-

clfm~il~ac~zccm~kcdc|kemj~cc~k~ibc|wìlcxcqujqinsi`ù-

Kcèli`jciq|iqcdslkysec~cq~kim|wsqjciq|aclis|cimsdacq

f ~cc~k cmjijc i~ ~kc |idc ~edc-

Ikcèli`jciqe|dslk|~qfmjcq~kimi|wsqjciqfh~kc|idc|ec-

Ikcèli`jciqlimliqqukcixecq fin|-

Ikcèli`jciqlim~qim|de~dfqcwfzcq-

Kc eli`jciqnqexc|iqc|dff~kimn|e`cm~-

i{ei` `fin`fin iwwècn em ~kcneqcl~efm f ~kc i{`cfm zkelk ~kc jciq e|dfsm~cn

^c kcè{ imj`c e|~kc imj`c i~ zkelk~kc ~cc~k f i kcèli`jciq iqc |ìm~cnilqf|| ~kc ilc f~kc jciq-

NEN UFS

BMFZ6

Hfq i wieq f kcè{f kcèli` jciq| ~fdc|k, ~kcu ds|~kixc ~kc |idc kcè{imj`c, ~kc |idcwe~lk imn ~kc |idcwqc||sqc imj`c-

Hejsqc ;-9? I |wsq jciq

Hejsqc ;-1? I |emj`c kcèli` jciq


220/310

191

; Dclkimeli` ^clkmf`fju

^c ne|inxim~ijc| f |emj`c kcèli` jciq| iqc?

Hqel~efmnsc~f~kc|ènemjdf~efmac~zccm~kcdc|kemj~cc~ke|kejk

imn, ~kcqcfqc, ~kc zciq imn ~ciq e| i`|f kejk-

Aclis|cfh~kckejkzciqimn~ciq,kcèli`jciq|mccn~faczc``fe`cn,fq

cxcm ac~~cq, qsm em im fe`$ai~k |slk i| em jciqaf{c| fq |sdw|-

c|cjciq|iqcnels ~imnc{wcm|exc~fdimshil~sqc- qs|~aciqemj|ds|~aceml`sncn~fmcs~qiè|c~kc~cmncmlu~fziqn|i{ei`

~kqs|~ ~ki~ ~kc jciq| kixc-

Nfsa`c kcèli` jciq|

Hejsqc ;-


221/310

19? ^zf$|wccn mi` nqexc em kejk qi~ef

W`ci|c mf~c ~ki~ ~kc wemefm imn lqfzm zkcc` iqc acxc` jciq| em dc|k- I|b

ufsq ~cilkcq ~f |kfz ufs ~kc |emj`c cwelulèl jciq ~qiem-

^c ~cc~k f acxc` jciq| iqc ls~ fm ~kc fs~|enc f i lfmc- ^c ~cc~k lim ac ls~

|~qiejk~ ilqf|| ~kc ilc f ~kc jciq, fq ~kcu diu kixc i |weqi`- Acxc`| iqc s|cn

~f ~qim|de~ wfzcq ac~zccm ~zf |ki| ~ki~ iqc |e~si~cn i~ qejk~ imj`c| ~f cilkf~kcq- ^c|c jciq| iqc s|cn ~f lkimjc neqcl~efm f ~qim|de||efm- De~qc jciq|

iqc ~zf acxc` jciq| f cysi` |ec imn nedcm|efm, ze~k im cysi` msdacq f

~cc~k imn ~kceq i{c| em~cq|cl~emj i~ qejk~ imj`c|-

Acxc` jciq| iqc s|cn em ~kc fzcqemj imn qie|emj dclkime|d| f nqe`èmj,

de`èmj imn |kiwemj dilkemc| ~ia`c|-

Zfqd jciq|

Zfqd jciq nqexc| lfm|e|~ f i zfqd dc|kemj ze~k

i zfqd zkcc` +fq jciq%- ^c lcm~qc èmc| iqc i~

57 ~f cilk f~kcq imn nf mf~ èc fm ~kc |idc `cxc`-

^c zfqd e| ~kc |di`` nqexemj jciq imn ~kc nqexcm

jciq e| ~kc zfqd zkcc`- ^c kcèli` ~cc~k fm ~kc

zfqd iqc em ~kc fqd f |lqcz ~kqcin, imn iqc fcm

li``cn i ~kqcin- ^c ~cc~k fm ~kc zfqd zkcc` iqc

kcèli`- Mfqdi`ù i zfqd e| dinc f kejk$liqafm

|~cc` imn ~kc zfqd jciq f aqi|| fq aqfmc- Zfqd|

diu kixc |emj`c, nfsa`c fq ~qew`c ~kqcin|- Hejsqc ;-3? I zfqd imnzfqd jciq


222/310

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Zfqd jciq nqexc| iqc s|cn zkcqc?

imemlqci|cfhwfzcqe|mccncn-

~kcneqcl~efmfh~kcnqexcds|~lkimjc~kqfsjk57 imn~kclcm~qcèmc|

f ~kc nqexc |ki| iqc |e~si~cn fm ~kc |idc wìmc-

kejkqi~ef|fhqcnsl~efmem|wccniqcqcyseqcn,c-j->7?9,i|em~kc

nexenemj kcin f ~kc de`èmj dilkemc-

C{idw`c| f ~kceq s|c| iqc ~kc nexenemj kcin| f de`èmj dilkemc| imn

qcnsl~efm jciqaf{c|-

^c inxim~ijc| f zfqd nqexc| iqc?

cneqcl~efmfhqf~i~efmfh~kcjciq|limaclkimjcn-

Iwfzcqemlqci|climci|eùacilkecxcnze~k~ke||u|~cd-

cnqexce|xcquysec~-

Kejk|wccnqi~ef|limacilkecxcn-

ceq|wccnlimacqcnslcnjqci~ù,c-j-qcnsl~efmjciqaf{c|-

^c ne|inxim~ijc| f zfqd nqexc| iqc?

Ijqci~nci`fhzciqimn~ciqe|lis|cnauhqel~efm-

Iìqjcidfsm~fhwfzcqe|s|cn~ffxcqlfdc~kchqel~efmac~zccm~kc

zfqd imn ~kc zfqd zkcc`-

Wfzcqlimac~qim|de~~cnfmùhqfd~kczfqd~f~kczfqdzkccìmn

mf~ qfd ~kc zfqd zkcc` ~f ~kc zfqd-

Qilb imn wemefm

Hejsqc ;-8? Qilb imn wemefm jciq| Hejsqc ;-:? Leqlsìq df~efm f ~kc jciq e|

~qim|de~~cn em~f èmciq df~efm f ~kc qilb

^c jciq qilb e| i weclc f wiqi``c`$|encn di~cqei` ze~k ~cc~k ls~ fm ~kc

i~ |sqilc, imn ~kc wemefm e| i |di`` |wsq jciq- ^c qilb imn wemefm dc|k

~fjc~kcq- ê| |u|~cd e| s|cn ~f lkimjc qf~iqu dfxcdcm~ em~f qclewqfli~emj

df~efm, imn xelc xcq|i, ncwcmnemj fm zkelk e| ~kc nqexcm lfdwfmcm~- I

qilb imn wemefm diu ac ce~kcq |wsq fq kcèli` em ~ff~k fqd- Qilb imn wemefm

jciq| iqc s|cn em ~kc ccn dclkime|d| f de`èmj dilkemc| imn wìmmemj

dilkemc|-

Wemefm

Qilb


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\u|~cd| imn lfm~qf` ;

^cqc iqc msdcqfs| f~kcq jciq| imn jciq |u|~cd|, c-j- kuwfen jciq, em~cqmi`

jciq|, cwelulèl jciq|, wìmc~iqu jciq|, |weqfen imn kcèlfm jciq|- I s``cq

|~snu f jciq| e| em~qeli~c imn fs~|enc ~kc |lfwc f ~kc Jqinc 99 |u`ìas|-

Ws``cu|

Em Jqinc 97 ws``cu| zcqc ne|ls||cn em

jcmcqi`- Ufs bmfz ~ki~ ws``cu| iqc zkcc`|

~ki~ ~sqm qcineù fm im i{ei`- ^c i{ei` e|

dfsm~cn fm i qidc- Fmc fq dfqc ws``cu|

cml`f|cn em i qidc iqc li``cn i a`flb- I

|cqec| f ws``cu| ze~k i~~ilkcn qfwc| fq

lkiem| e| bmfzm i| i a`flb imn ~ilb`c-

Ws``cu|sqhilc||kfs`nac|dff~kimnl`cimze~kfs~imuqfsjk|wf~|fq

ase`n$sw f di~cqei`- ^c |ec f ~kc ws``cu ncwcmn| fm ~kc jqinc f ac`~emj,

~kc msdacq f wèc| imn ~kc |wccn-

Em lqfzmcn ws``cu| ~kc ac`~ dfxc| ~f ~kc ìqjc|~ neidc~cq f ~kc ws``cu- I

lqfzmcn ws``cu s|c| ~ke| ~cmncmlu ~f lcm~qc ~kc ac`~- ^c ws``cu ki| i jqci~cq

neidc~cq i~ ~kc lcm~qc ~kim i~ ~kc qed-

Hìmjcn ws``cu| iqc s|cn ~f bccw ~kc ac`~ fm ~kc nexc zkcqc ~kcqc e| i

lfdaemi~efm f |di`` ws``cu| i~ kejk |wccn, fq zkcm ~kcqc iqc |snncm |~iq~|

smncq kcixu `fin|-

En`cq ws``cu| kixc ~zf diem wsqwf|c|? ~f emlqci|c ~kc iql f lfm~il~ fm ~kc

nqexcq ws``cu imn ~f il~ i| i ac`~ ~ibc$sw inos|~dcm~- En`cq ws``cu| qsm fm ~kc

|ìlb |enc f ~kc ac`~ imn |kfs`n ac i| ìqjc i| wqil~eli`- Dc~i`èl i|~cmcq| fq

kejk |wf~| em ~kc ac`~ ze`` lis|c ~kc en`cq ~f osdw fq afsmlc-

Hejsqc ;-5? Nqexcq imn nqexcm |kcixc ièjmdcm~

Hejsqc ;-;? Ws``cu nqexc em|~i`ì~efm

NEN UFS

BMFZ6I ws``cu e| i`|fli``cn i |kcixc-

C`cl~qeli` df~fqX$ac`~

X$ws``cu


225/310


226/310

19;


Lkiem|

Hejsqc ;-93? ^kc ai|el lfm|~qsl~efm f i qf``cq lkiem

I qf``cq$lkiem nqexc lfdaemc| ~kc wf|e~exc il~efm f jciq nqexc| ze~k ~kc zenc

lkfelcfh|kilcm~qc|fhiac`~nqexc-Heme|kcn|~cc`qf``cq$lkiem|iqcclecm~

aclis|c ~kcqc e| mf |èwwijc, mf eme~ei` ~cm|efm imn lkiem| diu ~qixc` em ce~kcq

neqcl~efm-

^c |kfq~cq we~lk i``fz| fq kejkcq fwcqi~emj |wccn| f i qf``cq lkiem-

Emlqci|cn wfzcq liwile~u lim ac ilkecxcn au s|emj ds`~ew`c lkiem|, zkelk

iqc c||cm~ei`ù wiqi``c` |emj`c lkiem| i||cda`cn fm wem| lfddfm ~f i``

|~qimn|-

\wqflbc~ zkcc`| ze~k czcq ~kim 98 ~cc~k diu ac s|cn fq qcì~exc u |`fz

|wccn|,as~9;~f1>~cc~kfmi|flbc~iqcmccncnhfqkejk$|cqxelc|wccn|-

\wqflbc~| ze~k czcq ~kim 13 ~cc~k, qsmmemj i~ |wccn| f iafxc 377 877

qcxf`s~efm| wcq dems~c, |kfs`n ac kci~$~qci~cn ~f jexc i ~fsjk zciq$qc|e|~im~

|sqilc zkelk, zkcm ~c|~cn, |kfs`n kixc qcinemj| ac~zccm 3 fm ~kc

Qflbzc`` L kiqnmc|| |li`c-

E~ e| s|si`ù ac~~cq ~f dibc ~kc nc|eqcn qcnsl~efm em ~zf fq dfqc |~cw|- En`cq

|wqflbc~| diu ac s|cn fm ce~kcq |enc f ~kc |~imniqn qf``cq$lkiem ~f ~ibc

sw |ìlb, jsenc ~kc lkiem iqfsmn imu fa|~qsl~efm|, lkimjc ~kc neqcl~efm fqf~i~efm f i nqexc |ki imn wqfxenc dfqc zqiw iqfsmn fmc imf~kcq-


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195


Inxim~ijc fh qf``cq lkiem|

cclecmlufhqf``cqlkiem|e|emscmlcnau~kchf``fzemjhil~fq|?

~kc|wccnfh~kclkiem

~kcqi~efac~zccm~kc|ec|fh~kc|wqflbc~|

~kclcm~qcne|~imlcac~zccm~kc|ki| ~kcclecmlufh~kc`saqeli~efm

~kc~uwcfhaciqemjs|cnfm~kc|ki|

~kcmi~sqcfh~kc finemj

~kcqi~efac~zccm~kcdijme~sncfh~kc`finimn~kc|ecfh~kclkiem-

Hejsqc ;-98? Lfmmcl~emj èmb|? I lf~~cq ~uwc2 A |wqemj ~uwc

I||c||dcm~Im|zcq ~kc f` fzemj ysc|~efm| em ufsq zfqbaffb-

9- Jexc imf~kcq midc fq ~kc acxc` jciq-

1- C{wìem ~kc ~cqd dc|kemj f jciq|-

- Nc|lqeac ~kc nc|ejm f ~kc kcqqemjafmc jciq, imn c{wìem ~kc inxim~ijc

f ~ke| ~uwc f jciq nc|ejm-

3- Zkcqc zfs`n ufs s|c ~kc f``fzemj jciq| em ~kc zfqb|kfw? +Kem~? ~kemb

|wcleli`ù f ~kc dilkemc| em ufsq zfqb|kfw-%

i- zfqd imn zfqd jciq6

a- qilb imn wemefm6

8- Zki~ iqc ~kc diem sml~efm| f en`cq |kcixc|6

:- Kfz nf |kcixc |ec| emscmlc ~kc iql f lfm~il~6

;- \bc~lk imn e``s|~qi~c ~kc lfdwfmcm~| f i qf``cq$lkiem-


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117


Lia`c|

Hejsqc ;-9:? Lia`c|

Zeqc qfwc e| s|cn fq |f dimu wsqwf|c| ~fniu ~ki~ e~ e| mf~ wqil~eli` ~f

|wcleu cxcqu ~uwc f qfwc- Aclis|c f ~ke| zenc|wqcin s|c, e~ e| smèbcù ~ki~

fmc ~uwc f qfwc +lia`c%, xiquemj fmù em |ec imn |~qcmj~k, ze`` dcc~ i``

qcyseqcdcm~|-

f nc~cqdemc ~kc aqcibemj |~qcmj~k imn |ic zfqbemj `fin fq i zeqc qfwc, e~

e| c||cm~ei` ~f bmfz ~kc lfm|~qsl~efm f ~kc qfwc- ^c df|~ lfddfmù s|cn

zeqc qfwc e| 8 95 imn 8 1> w`fz |~cc` em fqnemiqu ìu- Ji`xime|cn zeqc

qfwc e| s|cn smncq kiq|k cmxeqfmdcm~i` lfmne~efm|, c-j- mciq |i`~zi~cq fq em

lkcdeli` wìm~| imn ws`w de``|-

@imj ìu zeqc qfwc e| df|~ù s|cn fm |kfxc`| imn nqij èmc|- Smncq fqnemiqu

lfmne~efm| haqc lfqc e| s|cn, as~ zkcqc inne~efmi` |~qcmj~k fq qc|e|~imlc ~f

lfdwqc||efm e| qcyseqcn, emncwcmncm~ zeqc qfwc lfqc e| lkf|cm-

Fm df|~ df~fq xckel`c|, ~kc kimnaqibc il~exi~c| fmù fm ~kc qciq

aqibc|- E~ e| i ìzs` qcyseqcdcm~ ~ki~ ~kc kimn lfm~qf` |kfs`n zfqb ~kc

aqibc dclkimeli`ù +au èmb|, lia`c| fq qfn|% e ~kc wcni` fwcqi~c| ~kcd

kunqisèli`ù-

^c kimnaqibc `cxcq diu ws`` fm i |emj`c lia`c, zkelk e| lfsw`cn ~f i wexf~cn

$weclc ~f ~qim|de~ ~kc ws`` encm~eli`ù fq cxcmù ~f af~k qciq aqibc|, fq ~kcqcdiu ac ~zf lia`c| qfd ~kc kimnaqibc `cxcq, fmc ~f cilk f ~kc qciq aqibc|-

Zkcm ne|l aqibc| iqc s|cn fm ~kc qciq zkcc`|, ~kcqc iqc |fdc~edc| ~zf wieq|

f aqibc win| |~qinnèmj ~kc ne|l, ze~k fmc wieq fwcqi~cn kunqisèli`ù qfd

~kc wcni` imn ~kc f~kcq wieq lid$fwcqi~cn au ~kc kimnaqibc lia`c|-


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119


Hejsqc ;-9;? Lia`c| imn èmbijc| s|cn ~f il~exi~c ~kc kimnaqibc f i xckel`c

Hejsqc ;-95? \fdc xckel`c| kixc ~zf emncwcmncm~ kimnaqibc lia`c| imn f~kcq| kixc fmc em

lfmosml~efm ze~k i èmbijc

I||c||dcm~ê| e| im cmjemccqemj il~exe~u- Qc|ciqlk imn nc|ejm i a`flb imn ~ilb`c |u|~cd

+fqnemiqu qfwc, mf~ |~cc` zeqc% ~f èh ~zelc ufsq afnu zcejk~- \bc~lk ufsq

nc|ejm imn ìac` ufsq |bc~lk-

Wexf~ $weclc ~qim|de~| ws``

~f af~k qciq aqibc|

^zf lia`c|? ^kc kimnaqibc `cxcq fwcqi~c|

~zf lia`c|, fmc ~f cilk qciq aqibc


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111


^kqcin|

^c ncxc`fwdcm~ f ~kc |lqcz ~kqcin jfc| ailb dimu lcm~sqec|- ^c lfmlcw~

fh~kc|lqcz~kqcine|èmbcn~fIqlkedcnc|+1;:191AL%,~kcjqci~c|~

di~kcdi~eleim imn emxcm~fq f ~kc imlecm~ zfq`n-

Em ~kc |e{~ccm~k lcm~squ, |lqcz| zcqc s|cn em Jcqdim zi~lkc| imn iqdfsq-

Em9;>9,\eqOf|cwkZke~zfq~k|~iq~cniwwcièmjemCmjìmnhfqi|~imniqn

|lqcz~kqcin-Kcncxc`fwcn~kcZke~zfq~k~kqcin-Em9;8>,Ze`èid\c`ìq|,

im Idcqelim, ncxc`fwcn i ~kqcin ~ki~ zi| infw~cn em ~kc Sme~cn \~i~c| f

Idcqeli- Kfzcxcq, ~kc \c`ìq| af`~ zfs`n mf~ h~ ~kc Zke~zfq~k ms~ i| ~kc

~kqcinimj`c|zcqcnecqcm~-

Nsqemj Zfq`n Ziq 9, ~ke| wqfxcn ~f ac i |cqefs| emlfmxcmecmlc- Nsqemj

Zfq`n Ziq 1, im ijqccdcm~ zi| qcilkcn ac~zccm ~kc Idcqelim|, Aqe~e|k

imn Limineim| qcjiqnemj ~kc smehli~efm f ~kc Idcqelim imn Aqe~e|k |lqcz

~kqcin|- ^c qc|s`~ zi| i |~imniqne|cn |lqcz ~kqcin li``cn ~kc Smehcn |lqcz

~kqcin- e| i``fzcn lfdw`c~c em~cqlkimjciaeè~uf |lqcz ~kqcin| em ~kc

~kqcc iafxc$dcm~efmcn lfsm~qec|-

\lqcz ~kqcin| iqc smnidcm~i` ~f emns|~qei` wqfjqc||- ^cu iqc s|cn fq

ksmnqcn|fhnecqcm~hsml~efm|-chf``fzemjiqc~kcai|eliwwèli~efm|?

~fkf`nwiq~|~fjc~kcq

~f~qim|de~df~efm

~f~qim|de~wfzcq

~finos|~wiq~|ze~kqchcqcmlc~ffmcimf~kcq-

^qcin| ~ki~ iqc ls~ fm ~kc fs~|enc f i luèmncq iqc li``cn c{~cqmi` |lqcz

~kqcin|, c-j- fm af`~|, imn ~kqcin| ~ki~ iqc ls~ fm ~kc em|enc f luèmncq| iqc

li``cn em~cqmi` ~kqcin|, c-j- ms~|-

C{~cqmi` |lqcz ~kqcin| diu ac dimsil~sqcn au ls~~emj- ê| ls~~emj limac nfmc au kimn ze~k i |~flb imn nec- ^c ~kqcin lim i`|f ac ls~ fm i

lcm~qc ì~kc fq i |lqcz$ls~~emj dilkemc- E~ diu i`|f ac fqdcn fm i de`èmj

dilkemc, qf`èmj ac~zccm nec|, nec li|~emj imn jqemnemj-

em~cqlkimjciaeè~uiaeè~u ~f qcwìlc i|edeìq wiq~ zkelke| dimsil~sqcn~f ~kc |idc|wclehli~efm|


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113

Hejsqc ;-19? \~imniqn |lqcz ~kqcin wqf`c|


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11:


Hejsqc ;-1>? Necqcm~ ~uwc| f èmbijc|

I||c||dcm~

9- Emneli~c ~kc eml`sncn imj`c| f ~kc f``fzemj |lqcz ~kqcin| au lfwuemj imn

lfdw`c~emj ~kc ~ia`c?

\lqcz ~kqcin Eml`sncn imj`c S|c

Ildc

\ysiqc

E\F dc~qel X

As~~qc||

1- Ncmc ~kc ~cqd em~cqlkimjciaeè~u f wiq~|-

- Dcm~efm |cxcm +:% ziu| ~f dimsil~sqc |lqcz ~kqcin|-

3- \bc~lk i X$dc~qel |lqcz ~kqcin imn em|cq~ i`` |lqcz ~kqcin

~cqdemf`fjec|-

8- Ne|ls|| ~kc wsqwf|c f èmb nc|ejm-


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Zkcc`| imn i{`c|

Hejsqc ;-13? I zkcc` imn i{`c

@ec ze~kfs~ zkcc`| imn i{`c| e| smedijemia`c- ^c \sdcqeim|, zkf `excnem Dc|fwf~idei +mfz bmfzm i| Eqiy%, diu kixc dinc ~kceq wf~~cqu s|emj

zkcc`| i| ciq`u i|


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115


Ai|el xc`fle~u li`lsì~efm|

Ac`~ nqexc|

Wfzcqe|jcmcqi`ù~qim|de~~cnhqfdfmcws``cu~f~kcf~kcqaudcim|fhac`~|-

^c|c ac`~| lim ac i~, X$|kiwcn fq zcnjc$|kiwcn- Zkcm i ac`~ e| em s|c, fmc|enc e| |ìlb imn ~kc f~kcq ~ejk~- ^c |ìlb |enc e| mf~ ~f~i`ù `ff|c- ^cqc ki|

~f ac i lcq~iem ncjqcc f ~cm|efm em e~ fq ~kc ac`~ ze`` |èw iqfsmn, zkelk ze``

wqcxcm~ e~ qfd nqexemj ~kc ws``cu-

Wfzcqe|~qim|de~~cnauac`~|nsc~fhqel~efmi`qc|e|~imlcac~zccm~kcac`~|

imn ws``cu|- Ac`~ |èw e| fmc f ~kc diem qci|fm| fq `f|| f wfzcq imn fllsq|

zkcm ~ke| qc|e|~imlc e| `fz- ^c inxim~ijc f ac`~ nqexc| e| ~kc ia|cmlc f

mfe|c +i| ze~k lkiem nqexc| imn jciq nqexc|%- Ac`~| nf mf~ ~qim|de~ |kflb-

^cu ~cmn ~f |èw smncq |snncm `fin|, ~ks| wqcxcm~emj diofq nidijc ~f ~kc

|u|~cd imn |ixemj ~kc c{wcm|c f h{emj dilkemc|- I`` ac`~ nqexc| |kfs`n ac

bcw~ l`cim imn nqu, imn qcc qfd ns|~, neq~, jqci|c imn fe`-

I ac`~ ws``cu ~ks| ki| ~zf fqlc| il~emj fm e~?

~kc~cm|efm+I%

fm ~kc ~ejk~ |enc

~kc~cm|efm+A%

fm ~kc |ìlb |enc-

cccl~exc~cm|efm~sqmemj~kcws``cue|,hfq~ki~qci|fm++I%

+A%

%-

Ufs iqc wqfaiaù ideèiq ze~k ~kc fqdsì?

zfqb nfmc 4 fqlc ne|~imlc dfxcn

^cqcfqc,

zfqbnfmcauac ~4ccl~exc~cm|efmne|~imlcdfxcnwcq|clfmn

^s|?

zfqb nfmc&| 4 ++I%

+A%

% + N M% d&|

wfzcq 4 zfqb nfmc wcq |clfmn

^cqcfqc,

wfzcq 4 Mcz~fm dc~qc|&|clfmn fq zi~~ fq be`fzi~~Zkcqc?

++I%

+A%%4ccl~exc~cm|efmem~kcac`~emMcz~fm

N 4 neidc~cq f ~kc ws``cu em dc~qc| +d%

M 4 msdacq f qcxf`s~efm| wcq |clfmn ~sqmcn au ~kc ws``cu

4 we 4 11:


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177 M imn ~kc qi~ef f ~cm|efm|

e| 1 ? 9- Li`ls`i~c ~kc wfzcq ~qim|de||efm-

\f`s~efm

Hemn~kcccl~exc~cm|efmem~kcac`~-

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Mfz hmn ne|~imlc dfxcn wcq |clfmn-

Ne|~imlc dfxcn

|4 N M

Ne|~imlcdfxcn177;77

|4

9 777

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240/310

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242/310

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C{idw`c

Ac`fz i jciq ~qiem e| |kfzm- Li`ls`i~c ~kc qf~i~efmi` qcyscmlu +|wccn% f

~kc nqexcm |ki-

\f`s~efm?

Qcxf`s~efm|fh Wqfnsl~fhmsdacqfh~cc~kfmi``hmi` nqexcm jciq ~kc nqexcq|

Qcxf`s~efm| f hq|~ nqexcq jciq4Wqfnsl~fhmsdacqfh~cc~kfmi`

~kc nqexcq|

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247/310

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248/310

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Lid|

Hejsqc ;-


249/310

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I||c||dcm~

9- Encm~eu imn nc|lqeac ~kc ~kqcc +


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Wmcsdi~elxi`xc|limi`|faclì||ecnem~kqccjcmcqi`li~cjfqec|?

lkclbxi`xc|

nqiemlflbxi`xc|

wqc||sqc$qcnslemjxi`xc|-

^c sml~efm| f xi`xc| eml`snc? qcjsì~emjwqc||sqcem~kcleqlse~

neqcl~emj~kckunqisèlsenimnlfdwqc||cnieqem~fèmc|fqem~f

|wclehl neqcl~efm|

nc~cqdememj~kcidfsm~fhsenimnlfdwqc||cnieq~ki~ze``fzem

necqcm~wiq~|fh~kcleqlse~-

Kunqisèl xi`xc|

Mfm$qc~sqm xi`xc| +h`fz neqcl~efm%

^c|c xi`xc| iqc df|~ù s|cn em |di``, we|~fm$~uwc wsdw| imn em |di`` fe`

wewcèmc| ~f wqfxenc fmc$neqcl~efmi` fe` fz- Df|~ mfm$qc~sqm xi`xc| iqc

|wqemj `fincn imn ~kceq fwcqi~efm e| ai|cn fm i aiìmlc ac~zccm wqc||sqc

imn |wqemj fqlc- ^cu fwcm i| |ffm i| ~kc wqc||sqc em ~kc |u|~cd e| ìqjcq

~kim ~kc |wqemj ~cm|efm- Fmc f ~kceq diem sml~efm| e| ~f il~ i| wqc||sqc

qcèc xi`xc|, imn ~kcu iqc em|~i``cn ac~zccm ~kc kunqisèl wsdw imn ~kc sen

qc|cqxfeq ~f ixfen ~kc c{~qcdc ase`n$sw f sen wqc||sqc em ~kc |u|~cd-

Hejsqc ;-


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Wewc|

Wewemje|ilfddfm~cqdzkelkeml`snc|~kcxiqefs|bemn|fhlfmnsl~emj

èmc| ~ki~ liqqu kunqisèl sen ac~zccm lfdwfmcm~|- E~ i`|f eml`snc| ~kc

h~~emj| fq lfmmcl~fq| s|cn ac~zccm ~kc lfmnsl~fq|- Kunqisèl |u|~cd|

mfziniu| s|c ~kqcc ~uwc| f lfmnsl~emj èmc|? |~cc` wewc|, |~cc` ~saemj imnc{ea`ckf|c-Wqc|cm~ù,wewc|iqcqcì~excclfmfdeli`,as~~saemjimnkf|c|

iqc dfqc lfmxcmecm~ fq dibemj lfmmcl~efm| imn em |cqxelemj w`sdaemj- E~ e|

èbcù ~ki~ wì|~el w`sdaemj ze`` aclfdc dfqc wfwsìq-

Eqfm imn |~cc` wewc| zcqc hq|~ s|cn em emns|~qei` kunqisèl |u|~cd| imn

iqc |~e`` zencù s|cn aclis|c f ~kceq `fz lf|~- \cid`c|| |~cc` wewc| iqc

qclfddcmncn fq kunqisèl |u|~cd| ze~k ~kc em|enc f ~kc wewc| qcc f qs|~,

|li`c imn neq~-

\cid`c||~saemjfcq||ejmelim~inxim~ijc|fxcqwewc|hfqkunqisèl

w`sdaemj- saemj lim ac acm~ em~f imu |kiwc, e| ci|ecq ~f zfqb ze~k imn lim

ac s|cn fxcq imn fxcq ze~kfs~ imu |cièmj wqfa`cd|- Em `fz$xf`sdc |u|~cd|,

~saemj ze`` kimn`c kejkcq wqc||sqc imn fz ze~k `c|| as`b imn zcejk~- E~

e|, kfzcxcq, dfqc c{wcm|exc, imn |f iqc ~kc h~~emj| qcyseqcn ~f dibc ~sac

lfmmcl~efm|-

H`c{ea`c kf|c |kfs`n ac em|~i``cn |f ~ki~ ~kcqc e| mf bembemj nsqemj fwcqi~efm-

\fdc |ìlb |kfs`n i`ziu| ac wqc|cm~ ~f qcècxc |~qiem imn wcqde~ ia|fqw~efm

f wqc||sqc |sqjc|- ze|~| em ~kc kf|c imn sms|si`ù `fmj `ffw| iqc

smnc|eqia`c- Lìdw| diu ac qcyseqcn ~f ixfen lkihmj fq ~imjèmj ac~zccm

dfxemj wiq~|- Kf|c |saocl~cn ~f qsaaemj |kfs`n ac cmli|cn em i wqf~cl~exc

|`ccxc fq jsiqn-

Wewc|hfqwmcsdi~el|u|~cd|iqcjcmcqi`ùdinchqfdi`sdemesd,lfwwcq,

|~iem`c|| |~cc` fq |~cc`- ^c wewemj il~| i| ieq lfmnsl~fq| zkelk liqqu

lfdwqc||cn ieq- E~ diu ac mclc||iqu ~f neqcl~ ~kc lfdwqc||cn ieq qfd ~kc

lfdwqc||fq ~f ~kc il~si~fq imn i`|f ~f |wclehl wfem~| f iwwèli~efm iqfsmn~kc wìm~-

^kc fwcqi~efm fh ~kc kunqisèl l`s~lk

^c kunqisèl l`s~lk lim ac s|cn ~f qcnslc ~kc idfsm~ f wcni` wqc||sqc

mccncn- Zkcm ~kc nqexcq ws|kc| nfzm fm ~kc l`s~lk wcni`, i ws|k qfn e|

fqlcn em~f i di|~cq luèmncq- I| ~kc ws|k qfn dfxc| nfzm em~f ~kc di|~cq

luèmncq, ~kc qfn fqlc| i we|~fm nfzm em~f ~kc luèmncq- ê| il~efm ws~|

wqc||sqc fm ~kc kunqisèl sen em ~kc luèmncq, imn |fdc f ~kc sen e| fqlcn

fs~- ^c sen fz| ~kqfsjk i ~sac fq wewc em~f i |cqxf luèmncq i~ ~kc l`s~lk-


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^c |cqxf i`|f ki| i we|~fm- ^c sen fzemj em~f ~kc |cqxf luèmncq qfd

~kc di|~cq luèmncq, fqlc| ~kc we|~fm em ~kc |cqxf luèmncq ~f dfxc- ê|

dfxcdcm~ e| liqqecn ~kqfsjk i ws|k qfn ~f ~kc qc`ci|c `cxcq, ~ks| qc`ci|emj

~kc l`s~lk-

Hejsqc ;->7? Kunqisèli`ù fwcqi~cn lfe`$|wqemj l`s~lk

^kc wqcwiqi~efm fh wewc|, ~sac| imn he~~emj| achfqc

em|~i`ì~efm em i kunqisèl |u|~cd

E~ nfc| mf~ di~~cq zkc~kcq ~kc kunqisèl em|~i`ì~efm e| s|cn em im emns|~qei`

wìm~ +il~fqu%, nfdc|~el, lfddcqlei` fq df~fq xckel`c, ~kcqc iqc jcmcqi`

qcyseqcdcm~| ~kc |u|~cd ds|~ s`h``- Zkcm em|~i`èmj ~kc xiqefs| eqfm imn

|~cc` wewc|, ~sac| imn h~~emj| f ~kc kunqisèl |u|~cd, e~ e| mclc||iqu ~ki~ ~kcu

ac ia|f`s~cù l`cim, qcc qfd |li`c imn i`` bemn| f fqcejm di~~cq-

^c ~saemj, wewc| imn h~~emj| |kfs`n ac aqs|kcn ze~k i afe`cq ~sac zeqc

aqs|k fq l`cimcn ze~k lfddcqlei` wewc l`cimemj iwwiqi~s|- ^c em|enc cnjc

f ~kc wewc, ~sac fq h~~emj| |kfs`n ac qcidcn icq ls~~emj ~f qcdfxc ~kc

asqq|-

NEN UFSBMFZ6

I asqq e| i ~kemcnjc f dc~i`s|si`ù xcqu |kiqw,`c qfd i ls~~emjfq dilkememjfwcqi~efm- ^cwqflc|| ~f qcdfxc~kc |kiqw cnjc

fq lfqmcq lis|cnau ~kc ls~~emjfq dilkememjfwcqi~efm e| li``cn

NCASQQ-


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Wqc||sqc jisjc|

Wqc||sqcjisjc|emneli~c~kcidfsm~fhwqc||sqcem~kckunqisèlfq

wmcsdi~el |u|~cd, imn iqc qcyseqcn au ìz i| ~kcu iqc im em~cjqi` wiq~ f i

kunqisèlfqwmcsdi~el|u|~cd-Wqc||sqcjisjc|iqcmccncnhfqinos|~emj

wqc||sqc lfm~qf` xi`xc| ~f qcyseqcn xi`sc| imn fq nc~cqdememj ~kc fqlcacemj c{cq~cn au ~kc luèmncq fq ~fqysc f i kunqisèl df~fq-

zf diem ~uwc| f wqc||sqc jisjc| iqc ~kc Afsqnfm ~sac imn ~kc \lkqincq

~uwc|- Em i Afsqnfm ~sac jisjc +midcn icq ~kc Hqcmlk emxcm~fq Csjmc

Afsqnfm% i |ci`cn ~sac e| fqdcn em im iql fq acm~ em~f ~kc |kiwc f i kffb-

Zkcm wqc||sqc e| iwwècn i~ ~kc wfq~ fwcmemj, ~kc ~sac ~cmn| ~f |~qiejk~cm-

ê| il~si~c| ~kc èmbijc ~f ~kc wfem~cq jciq imn dfxc| ~kc wfem~cq ~f

emneli~c ~kc wqc||sqc fm ~kc nei`-

Em i \lkqincq jisjc, ~kc wqc||sqc e| iwwècn ~f i |wqemj$`fincn |`ccxc imn

we|~fm- Zkcm ~kc wqc||sqc dfxc| ~kc |`ccxc, e~ il~si~c| ~kc jisjc mccn`c

~kqfsjk èmbijc- Jisjc| s|cn fq qclfqnemj i|~, smwqcnel~ia`c wqc||sqc|

jcmcqi`ù cdw`fu c`cl~qf|~i~el$|cm|emj c`cdcm~| ~ki~ lim jexc im eddcnei~c

qcinemj-Wqc||sqcjisjc|emneli~c~fizfqbcq~kcidfsm~fhwqc||sqcemi

|u|~cd i| zc`` i| |snncm nqfw| fq qe|c| em wqc||sqc em ~kc |u|~cd- E~ jexc| ~kc

zfqbcq idw`c ~edc ~f ~ibc lfqqcl~exc fq wqcxcm~i~exc il~efm, c-j- |~iq~ ze~k

is`~$hmnemj fq |ks~~emj nfzm ~kc |u|~cd- Df|~ wqc||sqc jisjc| qcin cqf i~

i~df|wkcqel wqc||sqc imn iqc lièaqi~cn em be`fjqid| wcq |ysiqc lcm~edc~qc,

ejmfqemj i~df|wkcqel wqc||sqc ~kqfsjkfs~ ~kceq qimjc-

Wqc||sqcjisjc|emwmcsdi~el|u|~cd|emneli~c~kcwqc||sqcem~kcieq

qclcexcq- ^c wqc||sqc jisjc |kfz| i a`flbijc, `cibijc fq nidijc em ~kc

|u|~cd- ê| jisjc xcqec| i |ic imn |i~e|il~fqu ieq wqc||sqc-

Hejsqc ;->9? Wqc||sqc jisjc|

xcqec|s|cn ~f lkclb fqlfmhqd


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We|~fm|

We|~fm|iqcimem~cjqi`wiq~fhkunqisèlwsdw|-I``we|~fmwsdw|fwcqi~cfm

~kc wqemlew`c ~ki~ i qclewqfli~emj we|~fm em i afqc ze`` nqiz em sen i| e~ e|

ws``cnailb+fqqc~qil~cn%imnc{wcè~fm~kchfqziqn|~qfbc-We|~fm|limac

|emj`c$il~emj fq nfsa`c$il~emj-

^c ~zf ai|el nc|ejm| f we|~fm| iqc qinei` imn i{ei`- ^cu iqc ixieìa`c

i| h{cn fq xiqeia`c ne|wìlcdcm~ dfnc`|- I qinei` wsdw ki| ~kc we|~fm|

iqqimjcn qinei`ù em i luèmncq a`flb, zke`c em ~kc i{ei` sme~| ~kc we|~fm| iqc

wiqi``c` ~f cilk f~kcq imn ~f ~kc luèmncq a`flb- ^c ì~~cq diu ac sq~kcq

nexencn em~f em$èmc +|zi|k wì~c fq zfaa`c wì~c% imn acm~$i{e| ~uwc|-

Qinei` we|~fm wsdw|

Em i qinei` wsdw ~kc luèmncq a`flb qf~i~c| fm i |~i~efmiqu |zexc`

|wemn`c imn em|enc i leqlsìq qcil~efm qemj fq qf~fq- I| ~kc a`flb qf~i~c|,

lcm~qesji` fqlc, lkiqjemj wqc||sqc fq |fdc fqd f dclkimeli` il~efm

lis|c|~kcwe|~fm|~fhf``fz~kcemmcq|sqhilcfh~kcqemjzkelke|f$|c~

qfd ~kc lcm~qc èmc f ~kc luèmncq a`flb- I| ~kc we|~fm| qclewqfli~c em ~kceq

afqc|, wfq~emj em ~kc |zexc` |wemn`c wcqde~| ~kcd ~f ~ibc em sen i| ~kcu

dfxc fs~ziqn imn ne|lkiqjc ~kc sen i| ~kcu dfxc em-

^c |ec, msdacq f we|~fm| imn ~kc `cmj~k f ~kc |~qfbc nc~cqdemc wsdw

ne|wìlcdcm~ +ncèxcqu qi~c%-

Hejsqc ;->1? I qinei` we|~fm wsdw


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|zi|k wì~ci |~i~efmiqu lim~cn+|`fwcn% wì~c

em im i{ei`$~uwcwe|~fm wsdw zkelklis|c| ~kc we|~fm|~f qclewqfli~c i|~kc luèmncq aiqqc`qf~i~c|-

I{ei` we|~fm wsdw|

Em i{ei` we|~fm wsdw|, ~kc luèmncq a`flb imn nqexc |ki iqc fm ~kc |idc

lcm~qc èmc imn ~kc we|~fm| qclewqfli~c wiqi``c` ~f ~kc nqexc |ki- ^c

|edw`c|~ ~uwc f i{ei` we|~fm wsdw e| ~kc |zi|k em$èmc nc|ejm |kfzm em

~kcHejsqc;->


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Qc|cqxfeq|

^c |~fqijc |wilc fq ~kc sen e| ~kc fe` qc|cqxfeq- Kunqisèl sen e| bcw~

l`cim au |~qiemcq|, h`~cq| imn dijmc~el w`sj| ~f ~kc ncjqcc qcyseqcn au ~kc

lfmne~efm|- ^c qc|cqxfeq, i`|f li``cn ~kc |sdw fq ~imb, |kfs`n ac nccw imn

miqqfz em|~cin f |ki``fz imn zenc-

E~ e| s|cn ~f |~fqc kunqisèl sen sm~e` e~ e| qcyseqcn au ~kc |u|~cd- ^c

qc|cqxfeq i`|f |kfs`n wqfxenc i wìlc fq ~kc ieq ~f |cwiqi~c fs~ f ~kc sen

imn |kfs`n wcqde~ lfm~idemim~| ~f |c~~`c fs~ i| zc``- Im inncn inxim~ijc f

i zc``$nc|ejmcn qc|cqxfeq e| ~ki~ e~ ze`` kc`w ne|wc` imu kci~ ~ki~ e| jcmcqi~cn

em ~kc |u|~cd- Em ~kc li|c f i |fèn ~imb, e~ kc`w| ~f nclqci|c ~kc mfe|c `cxc`-

E~ e| xe~i` ~ki~ cxcqu kunqisèl |u|~cd |kfs`n kixc e~| fzm fe` qc|cqxfeq-

^c diem sml~efm| f ~kc qc|cqxfeq iqc ~kc f``fzemj?

wqfxenc|isen|~fqijc~imb

wqfdf~c|ieq|cwiqi~efmhqfd~kcsen

|swwfq~|~kcwsdwimnc`cl~qeldf~fq

wqfdf~c|kci~ne|wcq|efm

il~|i|iai|cwì~chfq~kcdfsm~emjfhlfm~qf`cysewdcm~-

I qc|cqxfeq ds|~ kixc ~kc f``fzemj lfdwfmcm~|?

|ejk~jì||sen`cxc`|ds|~aclfm~emsfs|ùlkclbcn,s|emj~kc|ejk~

jì||2 di{edsd imn demedsd sen cxc`| ds|~ ac l`ciqù emneli~cn

qc~sqmèmc~kcqc~sqmèmcqc~sqm|~kcfe`~f~kcqc~sqmlkidacq

f ~kc qc|cqxfeq

|sl~efmèmc~kc|sl~efm|~qiemcqe|lfmmcl~cn~f~kc|sl~efmèmc2

~kc |sl~efm èmc lfmmcl~| ~kc |sl~efm lkidacq ~f ~kc em`c~ f ~kc wsdw

|~qiemcqe~|wsqwf|ce|~fwqcxcm~lfm~idemi~efmhqfdcm~cqemj

~kc kunqisèl |u|~cd

qcdfxia`clfxcqjcmcqi`ù~zffh~kcd,fmchfq~kc|sl~efm

lkidacq, ~kc f~kcq fq ~kc qc~sqm lkidacq2 dibc| l`cimemj ~kcqc|cqxfeq ci|u

aicwì~cnexenc|~kcqc|cqxfeqem~f~zflfdwiq~dcm~|+|sl~efm

imn qc~sqm lkidacq|%2 em ~kc qc~sqm lkidacq ~kc sen e| i``fzcn

~f |c~~`c, ncwf|e~ imu lfm~idemi~efm, ne|wcq|c ieq ~qiwwcn em ~kc sen

imn ne|wcq|c kci~, acfqc dfxemj em~f ~kc |sl~efm lkidacq

nqiemw`sjcmia`c|~kcdiem~iemcq~fjc~~kckunqisèlsenfs~

f ~kc qc|cqxfeq nsqemj sen lkimjc| i| l`cimù i| wf||eaù2 ~kc nqiem

w`sj e| i`ziu| h~~cn i~ ~kc `fzc|~ wfem~ f ~kc qc|cqxfeq

dijmc~elw`sj|fw~efmièmqc|cqxfeq|2~kceqwsqwf|ce|~f~qiweqfm, |~cc` fq imu dijmc~el di~~cq em ~kc sen


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139


`~cq&aqci~kcqwìu|imedwfq~im~qf`cembccwemjneq~fs~fh~kc

sen2 e~ lfm|e|~| f i dc|k |~qiemcq ~f qc~iem imu fqcejm di~~cq nsqemj

h`èmj f ~kc qc|cqxfeq, imn i liw ze~k i delqfm$|ecn c`cdcm~ zkelk

h`~cq| ~kc ieq nqizm em~f ~kc qc|cqxfeq-

Hejsqc ;->>? Neijqid f kunqisèl qc|cqxfeq em i di|~cq luèmncq

Hejsqc ;->3? I kunqisèl qc|cqxfeq

Em wmcsdi~el |u|~cd| ~kc |~fqijc ~imb fq lfdwqc||cn ieq e| li``cn im ieq

qclcexcq- E~ e| edwfq~im~ ~f qcdcdacq ~ki~ ~ke| ieq qclcexcq e| i xc||c` smncq

wqc||sqc imn |kfs`n ac ~qci~cn ze~k liqc- Ieq qclcexcq| |kfs`n i`ziu| ac

bcw~ fs~|enc ~kc zfqb|kfw fm i `cxc`, lfmlqc~c |sqilc- Im ieq qclcexcq |~fqc|

lfdwqc||cn ieq fq sq~kcq s|c imn |kfs`n ac h~~cn ze~k ~kc f``fzemj?

inqiemxi`xc+nqiemlflb%~~cni~~kc`fzc|~wfem~i~~kcaf~~fdfh

~kc ieq qclcexcq, ~f nqiem lfmncm|i~c i~ nieù em~cqxi`| +|cc nqiem lflb

smncq xi`xc|%

i|ihc~uxi`xc~fqc`ci|cwqc||sqczkcmiase`n$swfhwqc||sqcfq

nimjcqfs|ù kejk `cxc`| f wqc||sqc fllsq

iwqc||sqcxi`xc~femneli~cfwcqi~emjwqc||sqcem~kc|u|~cd-


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131


Kunqisèl li`lsì~efm|

^c xf`sdc f èysen ne|wìlcn au ~kc qid +ìqjc we|~fm% e| cysi` ~f ~kc èysen

ne|wìlcn i~ ~kc w`smjcq +|di`` we|~fm%-

Xf`sdc 4 Iqci f qid kcejk~ f ne|wìlcdcm~ +k% 4 Iqci f w`smjcq

kcejk~ f ne|wìlcdcm~ +K%

Xf`sdc 4 N1 k4

n1 K

> >

Wqc||sqcfmqid4Wqc||sqcfmw`smjcq

Wqc||sqc+W%4@iqjchfqlc+H%4 \di`` fqlc +%@iqjc iqci +I% \di`` iqci +i%

W4

H4

I i

C{idw`c 9

\swwf|c i we|~fm il~| fm ~kc èysen ze~k i fqlc f 5 777 M imn ~kc iqci f

~kc we|~fm e| 3 d1

- Hemn ~kc wqc||sqc em ~kc èysen-

Wqc||sqc4Hfqlc

Wqc||sqc45 777

Iqci 3

Wqc||sqc49;77Md$1

Wqc||sqc49;77Wi


261/310

131>::9

Hfqlc 4 9537> M

Hfqlc 4 9537> bM

QCDCDACQ?

^c \E sme~ fq fqlc e| Mcz~fm +M%-

f lfmxcq~ ~kc nfzmziqn fqlc f

37 bj +di||% ~f Mcz~fm, ufs kixc ~f

ds`~ew`u e~ ze~k ~kc jqixe~i~efmi`

illc`cqi~efm+j%45,;9d&|1-

Hfq ~ke| lfsq|c ufs diu s|c 97-

Di|| j

4 377 bj 97

4 3 777 M

Iqci 4 N1>

Iqci 4 7,

47,7;7>1>::9d1


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13>


C{idw`c >

^c qid f i kunqisèl wqc|| lim wqfnslc i fqlc f 93 bM zkcm i fqlc

fh137Me|iwwècn~f~kcw`smjcq-cneidc~cqfh~kcw`smjcqe|;7dd-

Li`lsì~c ~kc wqc||sqc em ~kc kunqisèl sen-

\f`s~efm?

Hfqlc 4 fqlcIqci iqci

Wqc||sqc 4 HfqlcIqci

Wqc||sqc 4 137 M7,77371833

Wqc||sqc 4 >5: 978 FQ Iqci 4 > 978

Iqci 4 7,77958


263/310


264/310

138


f ~kc `fin +ase`~$em |ic~u dclkime|d%- Jcmcqi` iwwèli~efm| f |~qiw fq

aimn aqibc| eml`snc zemlk aqibc| +i| s|cn fm lia`c imn kf|c nqsd zemlkc|

fm |kew| imn au C|bfd%, ~qim|de||efm wiqbemj aqibc| +liqqeijc|, lfilkc|

imn f{cm zijfm|%, imn cdcqjcmlu |~fwwemj f wqc|| aqibc|-

Kunqisèl aqibc |u|~cd|

I kunqisèl |u|~cd dibc| s|c f ~kc il~ ~ki~ ~kc sen e| mf~ lfdwqc||ea`c-

Wqc||sqcc{cq~cnfmimuwìlcimnfmisene||wqcincxcmù~kqfsjkfs~~kc

sen-

I we|~fm imn luèmncq sme~, lfm~qf``cn au i wcni`, lim ac s|cn ~f c{cq~

wqc||sqc i~ fmc cmn f ~kc kunqisèl èmc- ^c wqc||sqc em ~kc sen dfxc|

imf~kcq we|~fm i~ ~kc f~kcq cmn f ~kc èmc, zkelk em ~sqm iwwèc| aqibc wfzcq-

E ~kc |clfmn we|~fm ki| i ìqjcq lqf||$|cl~efmi` iqci ~kim ~kc hq|~ fmc, ~kcm

~kc c{cq~cn fqlc ze`` ac wqfwfq~efmi`ù jqci~cq ~kim ~kc fqlc c{cq~cn fm ~kc

hq|~ luèmncq- ^c ne|~imlc ~qixc``cn au ~kc |clfmn we|~fm ze`` ac |di``cq imn

em ~kc |idc wqfwfq~efm i| ~kc fqlc-

Hejsqc ;->8? @iufs~ f i kunqisèl |u|~cd

E, fq c{idw`c, ~kc |clfmn we|~fm ki| i lqf||$|cl~efmi` iqci ~kqcc ~edc|~ki~ f ~kc hq|~ we|~fm, ~kc c{cq~cn fqlc ze`` ac ~kqcc ~edc| i| jqci~ imn ~kc

ne|~imlc ~qixc``cn 9:? Ejme~efm |u|~cd f i fsq$luèmncq cmjemc

Ejme~efm ~edemj

^c |wiqb| ds|~ qcilk ~kc |wiqb w`sj| em ~kc luèmncq| i~ c{il~ù ~kc qejk~

~edc- ^c |wiqb| ds|~ iqqexc i |wclehl msdacq f ncjqcc| acfqc ~fw ncin

lcm~qc +NL% fm ~kc lfdwqc||efm |~qfbc- Inos|~emj ~kc ne|~qeas~fq ~f dibc

~kc |wiqb iqqexc i~ ~kc qejk~ ~edc e| li``cn ejme~efm ~edemj-

NEN UFS

BMFZ6

Em i ~uweli` cmjemc,~kc wfem~| diu|cwiqi~c zkcm ~kcwe|~fme|;dd

acfqc ~fw ncinlcm~qc +NL%-


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\~i~el ejme~efm ~edemj

^c |bc~lk ac`fzwfq~qiu| ~kc ~c|~ idw lfmmcl~cn ze~k ~kc wqediqu leqlse~

em wiqi``c`- ^c f``fzemj wqflcnsqc |kfs`n ac f``fzcn fq ~kc lfqqcl~

inos|~dcm~fh|~i~elejme~efm~edemj-Ze~k~kcejme~efm|ze~lkf,~sqm~kc

lqimb|ki sm~e` ~kc msdacq fmc we|~fm e| i~ ~kc cmn f ~kc lfdwqc||efm

|~qfbc- Aqemj ~kc ~edemj diqb| fm ~kc lqimb ws``cu f ~kc u zkcc` c{il~ù emèmc, illfqnemj ~f ~kc dimsil~sqcq| wqc|lqew~efm-

Hejsqc ;->5? ^c|~ ìdw fq |~i~el ejme~efm ~edemj

@ff|cm ~kc lìdw af`~ f ~kc ne|~qeas~fq imn |ze~lk fm ~kc ejme~efm- sqm

~kc ne|~qeas~fq li|emj em ~kc fwwf|e~c neqcl~efm ~f ~kc qf~fq neqcl~efm sm~e`

~kc ~c|~ ìdw lfdc| fm- ^c ~c|~ ìdw |kfz| ~ki~ ~kc lfm~il~ wfem~| iqcacjemmemj ~f fwcm, emneli~emj ~kc ncèxcqu f ~kc kejk xf`~ijc |wiqb- ejk~cm

~kc lìdw af`~ zke`c ~kc ne|~qeas~fq li|emj e| kc`n hqdù em wìlc-

^c msdacq fmc |wiqb w`sj `cin e| lfmmcl~cn ~f ~kc |enc ~cqdemi` em ~kc

ne|~qeas~fq liw, em èmc ze~k ~kc qf~fq- ^c f~kcq |wiqb$w`sj `cin| iqc mfz

lfmmcl~cn ~f ~kc f~kcq |enc ~cqdemi`| illfqnemj ~f ~kc hqemj fqncq imn

neqcl~efm f qf~i~efm f ~kc qf~fq-

Ejme~efm ~edemj au dcim| f i mcfm ~edemj èjk~Em ~ke| li|c ~kc ejme~efm ~edemj e| inos|~cn zke`c ~kc cmjemc e| enèmj-

Lfmmcl~~kc~edemjèjk~~f~kckejk$xf ~ijc`cinf~kcmsdacqfmc|wiqb

w`sj- E wqc|lqeacn au ~kc dimsil~sqcq, qcdfxc ~kc xilssd èmc f ~kc

xilssd inximlc dclkime|d-

Inos|~ ~kc enèmj |wccn illfqnemj ~f ~kc |wclehli~efm imn neqcl~ ~kc acid f

~kc ~edemj èjk~ fm~f ~kc ~edemj diqb| f ~kc cmjemc- Ze~k ~kc ne|~qeas~fq

lìdw af`~| ff|cmcn, ~sqm ~kc ne|~qeas~fq li|emj sm~e` ~kc ~edemj diqb|

lfqqc|wfmn ze~k ~kc dimsil~sqcq| |wclehli~efm|- ejk~cm ~kc lìdw af`~

ze~kfs~ dfxemj ~kc ne|~qeas~fq kfs|emj-


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^c ~qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm |u|~cd ze~k lfm~il~ wfem~|

Em fqncq ~f smncq|~imn ~kc lfm|~qsl~efm imn fwcqi~efm f ~kc ~qim|e|~fq$

ejme~efm |u|~cd ze~k lfm~il~ wfem~|, aqec qccqcmlc e| dinc ~f ~kc fwcqi~efm

f ~kc lfmxcm~efmi` ejme~efm |u|~cd- ^c lfm|~qsl~efm imn fwcqi~efm f ~kc

lfmxcm~efmi` ejme~efm |u|~cd ki| accm ne|ls||cn-

Hejsqc ;-37? Lfmxcm~efmi` ejme~efm |u|~cd

^c |bc~lk iafxc wfq~qiu| i |lkcdi~el ìufs~ f i lfmxcm~efmi` ejme~efm

|u|~cd i| s|cn em i |emj`c$luèmncq cmjemc- Aqecu, ~kc fwcqi~efm e| i| f``fz|-

Ze~k ~kc ejme~efm |ze~lk fm imn ~kc lfm~il~ wfem~| l`f|cn, ~kc wqediqu

leqlse~ e| lfdw`c~cn imn lsqqcm~ fz| ~kqfsjk ~kc ejme~efm |ze~lk, wqediqulfe` imn lfm~il~ wfem~|- Im c`cl~qfdijmc~el hc`n ase`n| sw iqfsmn af~k ~kc

wqediqu imn |clfmniqu lfe`| f ~kc ejme~efm lfe`- Zkcm ~kc lfm~il~ wfem~|

iqc fwcmcn au ~kc aqcibcq lid, ~kc fz f lsqqcm~ em ~kc wqediqu leqlse~ e|

em~cqqsw~cn imn ~kc dijmc~el hc`n iqfsmn af~k ~kc wqediqu imn |clfmniqu

lfe`| lf`ìw|c|-

Af~k ~kc wqediqu imn |clfmniqu lfe`| ls~ ~kqfsjk ~kc lf`ìw|emj dijmc~el

wfzcq èmc|- ^c |c`$emnsl~efm lkiqjc f ~kc wqediqu lfe` e| ia|fqacn au

~kc liwile~fq imn wqcxcm~| iqlemj ac~zccm ~kc lfm~il~ wfem~|- ^c ne|lkiqjc

f ~kc liwile~fq illc`cqi~c| ~kc ncdijmc~e|i~efm f ~kc ejme~efm$lfe` lfqc,

imn |clfmniqu emnsl~efm e| emlqci|cn- I| i qc|s`~ f ~kc kejk xf`~ijc f ~kc

|clfmniqu emnsl~efm lkiqjc, i kejk$xf`~ijc fq kejk ~cm|efm |wiqb e| ncèxcqcn

ilqf|| ~kc |wiqb w`sj c`cl~qfnc|-

E~ e| l`ciq qfd ~kc iafxc ~ki~ ~kc wqediqu leqlse~ e| lfm~qf``cn au ~kc lfm~il~

wfem~|- Zfqm lfm~il~ wfem~| lis|c qc|e|~imlc em ~kc wqediqu leqlse~, qc|s`~emj

em i `fzcq |clfmniqu emnsl~efm imn i zcib kejk$~cm|efm |wiqb- E~ e| l`ciq ~ki~zfqm lfm~il~ wfem~| ze`` qc|s`~ em wfzcq `f|| imn emlqci|cn sc` lfm|sdw~efm-


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187 777 xf`~|-

Zkcm i lfmxcm~efmi` ejme~efm |u|~cd e| lfmxcq~cn ~f i ~qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm

|u|~cd, ~kc ejme~efm lfe`, lfm~il~ wfem~| imn liwile~fq diu ac qc~iemcn-

^c ejme~efm lfe` diu ac qcwìlcn au i lfe` ze~k i jqci~cq msdacq f wqediqu

zemnemj| imn ~kc liwile~fq diu ac qcdfxcn, |emlc e~ e| mf `fmjcq qcyseqcn-

^c ~qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm |u|~cd ze~kfs~ lfm~il~ wfem~|

Em ~ke| li|c, ~kc ai|c lsqqcm~ f ~kc ~qim|e|~fq e| em~cqqsw~cn au dcim| f i

qcxcq|c lsqqcm~- I`~kfsjk |cxcqi` dc~kfn| diu ac s|cn ~f em~cqqsw~ ~kc ai|c

lsqqcm~, fmù fmc ~uwc e| ne|ls||cn kcqc-

^c |bc~lk ac`fz ncwel~| i |lkcdi~el ìufs~ f i ~qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm |u|~cd

ze~kfs~ lfm~il~ wfem~|, i| s|cn em i |emj`c$luèmncq cmjemc- e| |u|~cd

e| s`ù c`cl~qfmel, ze~k ~kc qf~fq acemj ~kc fmù dfxemj dclkimeli`

lfdwfmcm~-

Lfm|~qsl~efm

^c wqediqu imn |clfmniqu |u|~cd| iqc encm~eli` ~f ~ki~ f ~kc ~qim|e|~fq$

ejme~efm |u|~cd ze~k lfm~il~ wfem~|- Fmc cmn f ~kc edws`|c$lfe` e|

lfmmcl~cn ~f ~kc ~qim|e|~fq |enc f ~kc ejme~efm |ze~lk, zke`c ~kc f~kcq cmn f

~kc edws`|c lfe` e| lfmmcl~cn ~f ~kc lfm~qf` sme~- ^c ai|c f ~kc ~qim|e|~fq

e| i`|f lfmmcl~cn ~f ~kc lfm~qf` sme~- ^c ai|c i| zc`` i| ~kc edws`|c lfe` iqc

ciq~kcn au ~kc lfm~qf` sme~ imn iqc i`|f em~cqlfmmcl~cn- ^c cmjemc$nqexcm

qf~fq lfm~iem| i msdacq f wcqdimcm~ dijmc~|, ncwcmnemj fm ~kc msdacq

f cmjemc luèmncq|-


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Fwcqi~efm

Ze~k ~kc ejme~efm |ze~lk fm, ai~~cqu lsqqcm~ fz| ~kqfsjk ~kc cde~~cq, ai|c

imn lfm~qf` sme~ ~f ~kc ciq~k- ^c |di`` ai|c leqlse~ e| mfz lfdw`c~cn, ~kc

~qim|e|~fq e| il~exi~cn imn ~kc wqediqu leqlse~ e| |ze~lkcn fm c`cl~qfmeli`ù- I

dijmc~el hc`n ase`n| sw iqfsmn af~k ~kc wqediqu imn |clfmniqu lfe`| f ~kc

ejme~efm lfe`-

I~ ~kc |idc ~edc, ai~~cqu lsqqcm~ fz| ~kqfsjk ~kc ejme~efm |ze~lk, edws`|c

lfe` imn lfm~qf` sme~ ~f ~kc ciq~k- ^c qf~fq qf~i~c| imn, i| |ffm i| fmc f

~kc dijmc~| wi||c| ~kc edws`|c lfe`, dijmc~el emnsl~efm ~ibc| wìlc em ~kc

edws`|c lfe`- ^c emnsl~efm em ~kc edws`|c lfe` lis|c| i kejkcq xf`~ijc fm ~kc

edws`|c lfe` |enc ~kim fm ~kc cde~~cq |enc f ~kc ai|c- ^c qcxcq|c lsqqcm~ em

~kc ai|c a`flb| ~kc cde~~cq&ai|c leqlse~, imn ~kc wqediqu leqlse~ ~kqfsjk

~kccde~~cqimnlf``cl~fqe||ze~lkcnfc`cl~qfmeli`ù-

Hejsqc ;-31? qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm |u|~cd ze~kfs~ lfm~il~ wfem~|

^c dijmc~el hc`n iqfsmn af~k ~kc wqediqu imn |clfmniqu lfe`| lf`ìw|c|,

|clfmniqu emnsl~efm ~ibc| wìlc imn i kejk$~cm|efm |wiqb e| ncèxcqcn ilqf||

~kc |wiqb$w`sj c`cl~qfnc|-

I| |ffm i| ~kc dijmc~ ki| wi||cn ~kc edws`|c lfe`, mf sq~kcq emnsl~efm

~ibc| wìlc- c xf`~ijc em ~kc edws`|c lfe` fzcq|, ~kc cde~~cq&ai|c leqlse~ e|

qc|~fqcn imn ~kc wqediqu leqlse~ e| |ze~lkcn fm c`cl~qfmeli`ù- E~ e| l`ciq ~ki~

~kc msdacq edws`|c| em ~kc edws`|c lfe` e| nc~cqdemcn au ~kc msdacq f

qf~fq dijmc~|, zkelk em ~sqm nc~cqdemc| ~kc msdacq f kejk$~cm|efm |wiqb|

ncèxcqcn wcq qf~fq qcxf`s~efm-


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Inxim~ijc| f ~kc ~qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm |u|~cd ze~k lfm~il~ wfem~| em

lfdwiqe|fm ze~k ~kc lfmxcm~efmi` |u|~cd

clfm~il~wfem~|nfmf~cqfnci|iqc|s`~fhiqlemj,|emlc~kcuiqcmf~

|saocl~cn ~f ~kc |c`$emnsl~efm lkiqjc f ~kc wqediqu lfe`-

cqce|mflkimjcem~kcejme~efm~edemjfzemj~fasqmemjfqlfqqf|efm

f lfm~il~ wfem~|- Imejme~efmlfe`ze~kdfqcwqediquzemnemjedwqfxc|lfe`|i~sqi~efm-

Imejme~efmlfe`ze~kdfqcwqediquzemnemjedwqfxc||clfmniqu

emnsl~efm-

Qiwenem~cqqsw~efmfh~kcwqediquleqlse~edwqfxc||clfmniquemnsl~efm,

c|wclei`ù i~ kejk qcxf`s~efm|-

cwqfa`cdfhlfm~il~wfem~|~sqmemja`sci|iqc|s`~fhkejklsqqcm~fz

i~ `fz ~cdwcqi~sqc| e| cèdemi~cn-

Inne~efmi` inxim~ijc| f ~kc ~qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm |u|~cd ze~kfs~ lfm~il~

wfem~|

Ne|~sqaimlcfhejme~efm~edemji|iqc|s`~fhzciqfh~kcqsaaemja`flbfm

~kc dfxia`c lfm~il~ wfem~ e| cèdemi~cn-

I~kejkqcxf`s~efm|,~kcdfxia`clfm~il~wfem~~cmn|~fafsmlc-e|

wqfa`cd e| cèdemi~cn em ~kc ia|cmlc f lfm~il~ wfem~|-

Ne|inxim~ijc| f ~kc ~qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm |u|~cd em lfdwiqe|fm ze~k ~kc

lfmxcm~efmi` ejme~efm |u|~cd

qim|e|~fq|iqc|cm|e~excimndiuacnidijcnauc{lc||exccmjemc

xeaqi~efm-

qim|e|~fq||kfs`nacbcw~lff`|emlc~kcudiuacnidijcnaukci~-

clf|~fh~kc~qim|e|~fq$ejme~efm|u|~cde|lfm|encqiaùkejkcq~kim~ki~

f ~kc lfmxcm~efmi` |u|~cd-

Hsc` emocl~efm

Df|~ dfncqm df~fq xckel`c| kixc i wc~qf`$emocl~efm |u|~cd em|~cin f~kc liqasqc~~fq|- Em i liqasqc~~fq |u|~cd, ~kc wc~qf` e| |slbcn em~f ~kc

lfdas|~efm lkidacq imn ~kc |sa|cyscm~ de{~sqc e| ne|~qeas~cn ~f ~kc

luèmncq|- Em im emocl~efm |u|~cd, ~kc wc~qf` e| |yseq~cn smncq wqc||sqc

~kqfsjk è~~`c emocl~fq mf`c|, fmc fq cilk luèmncq- ^c wc~qf` e|

wqc||sqe|cn au i dclkimeli` fq c`cl~qeli` wsdw-

^c emocl~fq| iqc `fli~cn em ~kc em~ibc wi||ijc| mciq ~kc em`c~ xi`xc|- ^c

ysim~e~u f sc` emocl~cn imn ~edemj f emocl~efm xiqu ze~k ~kc ~uwc f |u|~cd

s|cn, as~ dc~cqemj f ~kc sc` ds|~ ac illsqi~c-

NEN UFS

BMFZ6

^c emocl~efm

|u|~cd qcwìlcn

~kc lfmxcm~efmi`

liqasqc~~fq, zkelk

ncèxcq| sc` smncq

wqc||sqc em~f

~kc lfdas|~efm

lkidacq fq em~f

~kc ieq fz os|~

i| e~ cm~cq| cilk

emnexensi` luèmncq-


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Lfdwiqcn ~f liqasqi~efm, sc` emocl~efm jexc| edwqfxcn di{edsd cmjemc

wfzcq imn illc`cqi~efm, imn sc` lfm|sdw~efm lim ac qcnslcn |emlc de{~sqc

ne|~qeas~efme|dfqcclecm~-ccmjemcs|si`ùqc|wfmn|dslkdfqc

qiwenù ~f ~kqf~~`c lkimjc| aclis|c f ~kc xcqu |di`` ~edc ìw|c ac~zccm

~kqf~~`c dfxcdcm~| imn emocl~efm f ~kc sc`-

^c ne|inxim~ijc| f sc` emocl~efm |u|~cd| iqc ~kceq kejk lf|~2 ~kcu iqc dfqc

c{wcm|exc ~kim ds`~e$liqasqc~~fq em|~i`ì~efm|- ceq |cqxelemj, i`~kfsjk

qiqcù mccncn, ds|~ ac nfmc au i |wcleiè|~-

Hejsqc ;-3


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18:


Neqcl~ emocl~efm

^c |bc~lk ac`fz wfq~qiu| ~kc wf|e~efm f ~kc emocl~fq em i neqcl~ emocl~efm

|u|~cd s|cn em i wc~qf` cmjemc- I| ze~k i lfdwqc||efm$ejme~efm cmjemc,

emocl~efm ~ibc| wìlc neqcl~ù em ~kc lfdas|~efm lkidacq- ^c emocl~fq e|

fcm |e~si~cn |f i| ~f |wqiu ~kc emocl~cn sc` neqcl~ù fm~f ~kc kf~ c{kis|~xi`xc- ê| kc`w| ~f lff` ~kc c{kis|~ xi`xc imn xiwfsqe|c ~f sc`-

cemocl~efmwqc||sqce|>777~f97777bWi-Emocl~efm~ibc|wìlcnsqemj~kc

ì|~ |cl~efm f ~kc em~ibc |~qfbc zkcm ~kc em`c~ ieq |wccn e| i~ e~| kejkc|~- Ze~k

emocl~efm ~fziqn| ~kc cmn f ~kc em`c~ |~qfbc, |lixcmjemj ze~k i ìqjcq xi`xc

fxcqìw e| wf||ea`c ze~kfs~ imu `f|| f sc` ~kqfsjk ~kc fwcm c{kis|~ xi`xc-

Neqcl~ emocl~efm e| lfddfmù s|cn em qilemj cmjemc|,

zkcqc di{edsd wfzcq imn kejk cmjemc |wccn| iqc

i`ziu| qcyseqcn- Em wqil~elc, e~ ki| accm fsmn ~ki~

`saqeli~emjfeè|zi|kcnf~kcluèmncqzi``|i~enèmj

imn `fz cmjemc |wccn| em neqcl~ emocl~efm- ^c kejk

ncjqcc f luèmncq zciq imn fe` wf``s~efm qcmncq ~kc

|u|~cd smwfwsìq em wi||cmjcq df~fq xckel`c|-

Hejsqc ;-33? Emocl~fq fq neqcl~ emocl~efm

Emneqcl~ emocl~efm

\bc~lk I ac`fz e``s|~qi~c| ~kc wf|e~efm f ~kc emocl~fq fq im emneqcl~

emocl~efm |u|~cd em wc~qf` cmjemc|- ^c emocl~fq e| wìlcn em ~kc em~ibc

dimef`n- Fcm ~kc emocl~fq e| wìlcn em ~kc em`c~ wfq~, i| |kfzm ac`fz em

\bc~lk A- Hsc` e| emocl~cn nsqemj ~kc em~ibc |~qfbc ~kqfsjk ~kc fwcm em`c~

xi`xc, zke`c ~kc ieq cm~cq| ~kc luèmncq- Em af~k li|c| i fz emocl~efm wqc||sqc

fh987~f


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êdcn emocl~efm

I| ~kc midc emneli~c|, emocl~efm ~ibc| wìlc fxcq i |wclehl wcqefn f ~edc- I|

em ~kc li|c f lfdwqc||efm$ejme~efm imn neqcl~ emocl~efm, ~kc emocl~efm wcqefn

diu emlqci|c fq nclqci|c ncwcmnemj fm ~kc |wccn imn wfzcq qcyseqcn-

Lfm~qiqu ~f ~kc |e~si~efm em lfdwqc||efm$ejme~efm cmjemc|, emocl~efm

~ibc| wìlc nsqemj ~kc em`c~ |~qfbc- ^c nsqi~efm f emocl~efm ncwcmn| fm

~kc idfsm~ f ieq ~ki~ cm~cq| ~kc luèmncq- Ieq em~ibc em ~kc luèmncq| e|

lfm~qf``cn au i as~~cqu xi`xc em ~kc em`c~ dimef`n zkelk e| lfmmcl~cn ~f

~kc illc`cqi~fq-

^c qi~ef f ~kc xf`sdc f ~kc ieq i``fzcn em~f ~kc luèmncq f ~kc ~edcn

emocl~efm +xf`sdc f sc`% |swwèc| ~kc lfqqcl~ ieq&sc` qi~ef fq i`` cmjemc

|wccn|-

Lfm~emsfs| emocl~efm

I| ~kc midc emneli~c|, emocl~efm ~ibc| wìlc lfm~emsfs|ù zke`c ~kc cmjemc e|

qsmmemj- c sc` e| emocl~cn lfm~emsfs| u em~f ~kc em`c~ dimef`n fq ackemn

~kc em~ibc xi`xc, imn e| ~ibcm em~f ~kc luèmncq ze~k ieq i| |ffm i| ~kc em~ibc

xi`xc fwcm|- c idfsm~ f sc` emocl~cn e| emlqci|cn fq nclqci|cn ncwcmnemj

fm ~kc idfsm~ f ieq i``fzcn ~kqfsjk ~kc as~~cqu xi`xc- Em ~ke| ziu ~kclfqqcl~ ieq&sc` qi~ef fq i`` cmjemc |wccn| e| cm|sqcn-

I msdacq f inxim~ijc| f ~edcn emocl~efm iqc `f|~ ze~k lfm~emsfs| emocl~efm-

Luèmncq |lixcmjemj imn lfm|encqia`c xi`xc fxcqìw iqc mf~ wf||ea`c |emlc

sc` ze`` c|liwc ~kqfsjk ~kc fwcm xi`xc- ^c em~ibc dimef`n |kfs`n ac

nc|ejmcn ~f wqcxcm~ fmc luèmncq qfd s|emj sc` qfd imf~kcq luèmncq-

Lfm~emsfs| emocl~efm e| wfwsìq aclis|c e~ e| i |edw`c, emc{wcm|exc |u|~cd- I

|edw`c emocl~efm wsdw diu ac s|cn |emlc e~ e| wf||ea`c ~f ccn ~zf fq dfqcluèmncq| qfd ~kc |idc wsdw c`cdcm~-

\~iq~emj leqlse~

^c |u|~cd df|~ù s|cn em wi||cmjcq liq| imn f~kcq xckel`c| ki| |~iq~emj

lfm~il~| em ~kc ejme~efm |ze~lk- Zkcm ~kc ejme~efm bcu e| ~sqmcn ijiem|~

|wqemj wqc||sqc wi|~ ~kc FM wf|e~efm ~f \IQ, ~kc |~iq~emj lfm~il~| l`f|c-

ê| lfmmcl~| ~kc |~iq~emj$df~fq |f`cmfen fq dijmc~el |ze~lk ~f ~kc ai~~cqu-

Icq ~kc cmjemc |~iq~| imn ~kc ejme~efm bcu e| qc`ci|cn, |wqemj wqc||sqc

qc~sqm| e~ ~f ~kc FM wf|e~efm-


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\fdc dfncqm xckel`c| kixc i ff~$fwcqi~cn wcni` lfmmcl~cn ~f is~fdi~el

ncxelc| ~ki~ l`f|c ~kc |~iq~emj df~fq leqlse~ zkcm ~kc illc`cqi~fq wcni` e|

ncwqc||cn-

^c |~iq~cq df~fq s|cn em df~fq xckel`c| e| i neqcl~$lsqqcm~ c`cl~qel df~fq

~ki~ e| wiq~elsìqù nc|ejmcn ~f ~sqm ~kc lqimb|ki f ~kc df~fq xckel`c|cmjemc- ^c |wccn imn ~fqysc f ~kc |~iq~cq df~fq |kfs`n ac incysi~c ~f |~iq~

~kccmjemcze~kmfnels`~u-

^c c`cl~qeli` cmcqju |~fqcn em ~kc ai~~cqu em i lkcdeli` fqd e| ~qim|fqdcn

em~f dclkimeli` cmcqju, midcù, qf~i~efm, au ~kc |~iq~cq df~fq-

Fwcqi~emj wqemlew`c

^c fwcqi~efm f ~kc |~iq~cq df~fq e| ai|cn fm ~kc il~ ~ki~ èbc dijmc~el

wf`c| qcwc` fmc imf~kcq imn smèbc dijmc~el wf`c| i~~qil~ cilk f~kcq- Zkcm

i lsqqcm~$liqquemj lfmnsl~fq ze~k e~| fzm dijmc~el hc`n e| wìlcn em

imf~kcq dijmc~el hc`n, ~kc dijmc~el èmc| f fqlc f ~kc dijmc~el hc`n iqc

ne|~fq~cn- ^c ~cmncmlu f ~kc dijmc~el èmc| ~f f``fz ~kc |kfq~c|~ wi~k

fq ~f |~qiejk~cm, qc|s`~| em i ws|k$il~efm ijiem|~ ~kc lfmnsl~fq- ê| ws|k$

il~efm ~cmn| ~f dfxc ~kc lfmnsl~fq fs~ f ~kc dijmc~el hc`n-

^c |bc~lk ac`fzwfq~qiu| i |emj`c lsqqcm~$liqquemj lfmnsl~fq wìlcn em i

dijmc~el hc`n- c neqcl~efm f ~kc dijmc~el hc`n iqfsmn ~kc lfmnsl~fq

ncwcmn| fm ~kc neqcl~efm f lsqqcm~ fz em ~kc lfmnsl~fq- Ze~k ~kc lsqqcm~

fzemj iziu, ~kc dijmc~el èmc| f fqlc iqc acm~ ~f ~kc `c iqfsmn ~kc

lfmnsl~fq, i| |kfzm- ^c lfmlcm~qi~efm f èmc| f fqlc fm ~kc `c, i``

~quemj ~f |~qiejk~cm ~kcd|c`xc|, wcqfqd| i ws|k$il~efm ~f ~kc qejk~ fm ~kc

lfmnsl~fq-

Hejsqc ;-3:? \emj`c lsqqcm~$liqquemj lfmnsl~fq

ê| ws|k$il~efm emlqci|c| i| ~kc dijmc~el hc`n |~qcmj~kcm| imn i`|f i| dfqc

lsqqcm~ fz| ~kqfsjk ~kc lfmnsl~fq- Em af~k li|c|, dfqc dijmc~el èmc| iqc

ne|~fq~cn imn dfqc fqlc e| c{cq~cn fm ~kc lfmnsl~fq i| ~kcu ~cmn ~f ws``

|~qiejk~-


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I S$|kiwcn lfmnsl~fq e| s|cn ~f lfmxcq~ ~ke| ws|k$il~efm, zkelk e| c{cq~cn

fm i lsqqcm~$liqquemj lfmnsl~fq em i dijmc~el hc`n, ~f i qf~i~emj df~efm-

Hejsqc ;-3;? Ai|el fwcqi~emj wqemlew`c| f im c`cl~qel df~fq

^c |bc~lk iafxc ncwel~| i |edw`c ìufs~ f im c`cl~qel df~fq- I dijmc~el

hc`n ncxc`fw| ac~zccm ~kc mfq~k wf`c imn ~kc |fs~k wf`c f ~kc

c`cl~qfdijmc~, i| |kfzm- c ~zf cmn| f ~kc S$|kiwcn, lsqqcm~$liqquemj

lfmnsl~fq iqc lfmmcl~cn ~f ~zf |cjdcm~| fm zkelk ~zf aqs|kc| qc|~- Mf~c

~ki~ ~kc c`cl~qeli` lsqqcm~ fz| ~kqfsjk ~kc ~zf hc`n lfe`| imn qfd ~kcqc,

~kqfsjk ~kc S$|kiwcn lfmnsl~fq, ailb ~f ~kc ai~~cqu- ^c hc`n lfe`| imnlfmnsl~fq iqc lfmmcl~cn em |cqec|, kcmlc ~kc midc |cqec| df~fq-

^c s`` ai~~cqu lsqqcm~ ~kqfsjk ~kc hc`n lfe`| emnslc| i |~qfmj dijmc~el

hc`n ac~zccm ~kc mfq~k imn |fs~k wf`c| f ~kc hc`n lfe`|- I~ ~kc |idc ~edc,

c`cl~qeli` lsqqcm~ fz| ~kqfsjk ~kc X$|kiwcn lfmnsl~fq, lis|emj i leqlsìq

dijmc~el hc`n iqfsmn ~kc lfmnsl~fq, i| |kfzm- ^c lsqqcm~$liqquemj

lfmnsl~fq ze`` ne|~fq~ ~kc dijmc~el hc`n f ~kc hc`n lfe`| i| nc|lqeacn-

Ze~k ~kc lsqqcm~$fz neqcl~efm i| |kfzm, ~kc qejk~ |enc f ~kc X$|kiwcn

lfmnsl~fq e| ècn imn ~kc `c |enc e| ncwqc||cn- ê| ws|k$il~efm lis|c| ~kc

X$|kiwcn lfmnsl~fq ~f qf~i~c i| emneli~cn-

^c lsqqcm~$fz neqcl~efm ~kqfsjk ~kc X$|kiwcn lfmnsl~fq e| i`~cqcn cxcqu

9;7ncjqcc|audcim|fhaqs|kc|imn|cjdcm~|-e|lkimjcfhneqcl~efm

cm|sqc| ~ki~ ~kc lsqqcm~$fz neqcl~efm em ~kc lfmnsl~fq qcdiem| lfm|~im~ em

qcì~efm ~f ~kc mfq~k imn |fs~k wf`c|- ^c ws|k$il~efm ijiem|~ ~kc ~zf `cj|

f ~kc X$|kiwcn lfmnsl~fq e| i`ziu| em ~kc |idc neqcl~efm imn, lfm|cyscm~ù,

~kc X$|kiwcn lfmnsl~fq bccw| qf~i~emj-


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Em ~kc li|c f ~kc |~iq~cq df~fq, ~zf hc`n dijmc~|, cilk ze~k i mfq~k

imn |fs~k wf`c, iqc mfqdi`ù s|cn- I lfm|encqia`c msdacq f X$|kiwcn

lfmnsl~fq| iqc lfmmcl~cn ~f i lfm|encqia`c msdacq f |cjdcm~| fm ~kc

lfdds~i~fq, i| em ~kc jcmcqi~fq- ^c ìqjc msdacq f lsqqcm~$liqquemj

lfmnsl~fq| imn ~kc ~zf hc`n dijmc~| wcqfqd i ws|k$il~efm fm i msdacq f

lfmnsl~fq| |eds`~imcfs|ù, zkelk emlqci|c| ~kc ~fqysc f ~kc |~iq~cq df~fq|ejmehlim~ù-

Lfm|~qsl~efm

^c e``s|~qi~efm ac`fz ncwel~| i |cl~efmi` xecz f i |~iq~cq df~fq s|cn

em xckel`c|- ^c |~iq~cq df~fq lfm~iem| ~kc |idc ai|el lfdwfmcm~| i| i

jcmcqi~fq, midcù hc`n lfe`|, iqdi~sqc, lfdds~i~fq imn aqs|kc|-

Hejsqc ;-35? \~iq~cq df~fq

cdf|~edwfq~im~necqcmlc|emlfm|~qsl~efmac~zccm~kc|~iq~cqdf~fq

imn ~kc jcmcqi~fq iqc ~kc ~kelbcq hc`n lfe` imn iqdi~sqc zemnemj|, imn ~kc

aqs|kc| f lfwwcq em|~cin f liqafm, i| em ~kc jcmcqi~fq- ^c |~iq~cq df~fq

mfqdi`ù s|c| fsq hc`n lfe`| imn fsq aqs|kc|- Em ~kc |~iq~cq df~fq, ~kc

iqdi~sqc zemnemj| iqc lfmmcl~cn em |cqec| ~f ~kc hc`n lfe`|, zke`c em ~kc

jcmcqi~fq, ~kc iqdi~sqc zemnemj| iqc lfmmcl~cn ~f ~kc hc`n lfe`| em wiqi``c`-

^c qciq cmn f ~kc iqdi~sqc |ki e| cysewwcn ze~k i Acmne{ nqexc, i| |kfzm-

^c |wsq jciq f ~kc Acmne{ nqexc dc|kc| ze~k ~kc uzkcc` qemj jciq em fqncq

~f nqexc ~kc lqimb|ki f ~kc cmjemc-


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Mechanical Technology Gr11 Learner's Guide

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Transcript of Mechanical Technology Gr11 Learner's Guide