Meats, Feeds & Grains Abigail Cooke. Overview Meat consumption is growing worldwide –Pork and...
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Transcript of Meats, Feeds & Grains Abigail Cooke. Overview Meat consumption is growing worldwide –Pork and...
Meats, Feeds & Grains
Abigail Cooke
Overview
• Meat consumption is growing worldwide– Pork and chicken consumption increasing
worldwide– Beef consumption declining in developed
countries, but increasing in developing countries
• Feed and Subsistence Crops compete for land and for consumption calories
• Beef, rice, and cassava illustrate important trade, development and environment linkages
Beef Production
Source: Clay (2004)
Process Outcome
Production intensifying
Individual cow/calf farms
Feedlots
Slaughter houses process
meat (semimechanized)
Favors large-scale production at all stages
Very large ranches, squeezing out small farmers
Uniformity, fast growth, lowering stock quality
Slaughter houses and meatpacking consolidated, squeezing out local butchers
International Beef Trade
• 23% of world production is exported and trade is growing
• Major ExportersBoneless: Australia, US, New Zealand, Ireland
CanadaBone In: Germany, France, US, Netherlands,
Ukraine
• US is a major producer and exporter, but is a net importer
Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
Environmental Consequences
• Increasing pastures on marginal lands leads to deforestation, desertification and biodiversity loss
• Rapid expansion of feedlot production– Increases consumption of cereal harvest (33% of
cereals consumed by animals)– Increases air and water pollution in surrounding areas– Increases risk of disease outbreaks in herds and
humans• Concentration of processing (slaughter,
meatpacking and tanning)– Large amounts of organic waste– Chemical waste
Source: Clay (2004)
Rice Production
• About 11% of the world’s cultivated land grows rice
• Major Producers– India (44.8 million hectares), China (30.3 million
hectares), Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand
• Green revolution technologies greatly increased productivity of irrigated paddies in the 1970s– 55% of the world’s production area is irrigated, but
this produces 75% of the world’s rice
Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
Rice Consumption
• Over 90% of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia
• 50% of the total calories consumed in Asia come from rice; 25% of total calories in the world come from rice
Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
International Rice Trade
• Small compared to local consumption– 4% of world production is exported
• Largest Exporters– Thailand, Vietnam, China, USA, Pakistan, India
• Market dominated by large mills and international companies– Vertical integration – Oriented for urban consumption and export markets
• Overall export amount increased, but value decreased 1961-2000
Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
Environmental Impacts of Rice
• Highest negative impact associated with Green Revolution production – Salinization, pesticide and herbicide overuse,
lowering biodiversity and increasing crop vulnerability
• Extensification and conversion of land for rice paddies limits future land use (likely to grow with increasing population size)
• Large knowledge base indicates existence of environmentally friendly, cost effective, small farmer-friendly production processes
Source: Clay (2004)
Cassava
• Important source of calories for many people in the developing world
• “Miracle crop”– Drought- and pest-resistant and poor-soil tolerant
• Negative effects– Potential to degradation soil through erosion– Can cause thyroid problems– Producers: Nigeria, Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia, Dem.
Republic of Congo
• 9% of world production is exported
Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
Cassava -Thailand and the EC
Thailand’sShare of World Cassava Exports
1973-1975
82%
1983-1985
93%
1993-1995
81%
1995 75%
1996 79%
1997 83%
1998 80%
EC's share of world cassava imports
1973-75 1983-85 1993-95
1995 1996 1997 1998
88% 77% 70% 63% 60% 56% 59%
Papers
• Damaged Environments and Lives: The Bitter Harvest of Rice Policies in The Gambia
Judith Carney, UCLA
• Feeding Europe, Deforesting ThailandSara Curran and Abigail Cooke, Princeton University
• Globalization of Unsustainable Food-Consumption: Trade Policies, Producer Lobbies and Beef Consumption in North East Asia
Sjur Kasa, University of Oslo
Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
Sources
• Jason Clay. World Agriculture and the Environment. Washington: Island Press 2004.
• FAOStat Data, 2004.
World Meat Consumption
Source: FAO (2005)
Meat Consumption in the World 1961-2002
0
50
100
150
200
250
1961 1967 1973 1979 1985 1991 1997
Cal
/Cap
/Day
Cal/Cap/Day (Number)
Beef Consumption
• World consumption is rising
• Developed nations stable or declining [dates]
• Developing nations driving world increases– Population growth, urbanization, lower real
prices, income growth
Source: FAO (2002) cited in Clay (2004)
Social Considerations
• Health considerations– Heart disease and cancer– Antibiotic resistant bacteria for humans too– Growth hormones– Disease outbreaks
Source: Clay (2004)
Social Considerations of Rice
• External trade conditions and local politics work to keep rice prices very low– Large multinational trading companies can operate on
small margins and still make large profits– Local states and urban centers in developing
countries structure markets to depress rice prices
• Consequently, small rice farmers face adverse economic situations in good and bad economic times
• Environmentally friendly practices would help small farmers survive
Source: Clay (2004)