measuring*polariza/on** on*social*media - ETH Z · measuring*polariza/on** on*social*media...
Transcript of measuring*polariza/on** on*social*media - ETH Z · measuring*polariza/on** on*social*media...
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measuring polariza/on on social media michael mathioudakis
computer science aalto university
h6p://www.michalis.co
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social media
Michael Mathioudakis
consume content news about friends, poli/cs, favorite ar/sts
generate content share experiences, interes/ng ar/cles
interact with others comment, rate, and discuss
hundreds of millions of ac/ve users
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why study social media
a window into the thoughts and ac/ons of people
how people spend their /me what a6racts their a6en/on
what they think about poli/cal issues how they interact socially
unique opportunity for social scien/sts
study human behavior at large scale & fine detail
Michael Mathioudakis 3
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but you are a computer scien/st
develop algorithms to extract insights from social media
two challenges
1-‐ volume of data 2-‐ complexity of social behavior
calls for complex models (e.g., graphs) that require fast algorithms
solu/on
algorithmic methods, soIware tools and systems for large-‐scale computa/on
analyze efficiently & automa/cally large amounts of data
Michael Mathioudakis 4
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no informa/on barriers
ci/zen journalism
social connec/vity …
…
harassment
fake news
polariza/on
social media: good and bad sides
Michael Mathioudakis
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polariza/on
poli/cal or social polariza/on ‘the act of separa-ng or making people separate into
two groups with completely opposite opinions’*
related term: controversy
‘public discussion and argument about something that many people strongly disagree about’*
*oxford english dic-onary
Michael Mathioudakis 6
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why study polariza/on?
polariza/on can be linked to adverse effects
social segmenta/on stereotypes
echo chambers
goal understand and mi/gate them
Michael Mathioudakis 7
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Donald Trump Approval Ra0ng % February 2017
Democrats Republicans
Michael Mathioudakis
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ideology of USA public source: Pew Research Center
1994
2014 Democrats and Republicans
have driIed apart
Michael Mathioudakis
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why study polariza/on on social media
extract insights on the polariza/on process
some specific ques/ons
what are the polarizing issues? does polariza/on increase over /me?
we saw one such instance: US public how could we ‘nudge’ people away from
extreme polariza/on? is polariza/on linked to echo chambers? do social media increase polariza/on?
Michael Mathioudakis 10
this
talk
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in this talk…
twi6er
algorithms to measure it
long-‐term study
next steps
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polariza/on
Michael Mathioudakis
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retweets tweet
replies
connecCons
interacCons Michael Mathioudakis
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twi6er
microblogging plaXorm since 2006; 300 million ac/ve users users post short messages -‐ ‘tweets’
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global structure of interac/ons
nodes
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user accounts
edges retweets replies connec/ons
interac/on graph
Michael Mathioudakis
1% sample of all tweets from the internet archive
data
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in what follows…
15 Michael Mathioudakis
twi6er algorithms to measure it
long-‐term study next steps
polariza/on
Quan/fying Controversy in Social Media. WSDM 2016. With Kiran Garimella, Gianmarco De Francisci Morales, Aris/des Gionis.
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how polarized is a discussion?
e.g., obamacare in January 2017
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how could we approach this ques/on?
content? do opposing sides say different things?
sen/ment? do polarized topics exhibit wider
range of emo/ons?
interac/ons? do people interact more with their own side?
Michael Mathioudakis 17
let’s try this
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method template
build an interac/on graph several types to try
retweets, replies, connec/ons
is the interac/on graph polarized?
output: polariza/on score
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not polarized polarized two sides, well separated
Michael Mathioudakis
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pipeline
19 Michael Mathioudakis
topic
evaluaCo
n
Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
PolarizaCon
what type of interac/on graph should we use?
how to find two sides in the
graph?
how to measure the separa/on between
two sides?
do we iden/fy polarized
discussions?
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retweets replies
connec/ons
20 Michael Mathioudakis
topic
evaluaCo
n
Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
PolarizaCon
what type of interac/on graph should we use?
how to find two sides in the
graph?
how to measure the separa/on between
two sides?
do we iden/fy polarized
discussions?
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par//on into two sides
Michael Mathioudakis
topic
evaluaCo
n
Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
PolarizaCon
what type of interac/on graph should we use?
how to find two sides in the
graph?
how to measure the separa/on between
two sides?
do we iden/fy polarized
discussions?
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par//oning
many exis/ng algorithms spectral clustering label propaga/on me/s
Michael Mathioudakis 22
well connected
badly connected
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random walk controversy (RWC)
23 Michael Mathioudakis
topic
evaluaCo
n
Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
PolarizaCon
what type of interac/on graph should we use?
how to find two sides in the
graph?
how to measure the separa/on between
two sides?
do we iden/fy polarized
discussions?
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random walk controversy (RWC)
polariza/on score how difficult to reach c from B
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A and B: two sides c and d: central nodes
and values -‐1 to 1
the more difficult the higher the score how difficult to reach d from A
Michael Mathioudakis
c d
A B
random walk
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random walk
25 Michael Mathioudakis
discrete process on a graph step 1, 2, 3, …
at each step, we are at one node
at next step, we move to a nearby node -‐ following an edge at random
specify where the walk starts (e.g., at c) where the walk ends (e.g., at d)
c d
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random walk controversy (RWC)
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A and B: two sides c and d: central nodes
Michael Mathioudakis
c d
A B
random walk start: random node of A / B 50% chance that we do either end: at central nodes c of side A or d of side B
PXY = P(started in X | ended in Y)
consider two independent instances one ending at the central node of side A, the other at the central node of side B
RWC = PAA PBB -‐ PBA PAB
both random walks started in the side where they ended
both random walks started in a side other than where they ended
values?
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random walk controversy (RWC)
27 Michael Mathioudakis
topic
evaluaCo
n
Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
PolarizaCon
what type of interac/on graph should we use?
how to find two sides in the
graph?
how to measure the separa/on between
two sides?
do we iden/fy polarized
discussions?
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28 Michael Mathioudakis
topic
evaluaCo
n
Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
PolarizaCon
what type of interac/on graph should we use?
how to find two sides in the
graph?
how to measure the separa/on between
two sides?
do we iden/fy polarized
discussions?
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evalua/on
non-‐polarized topics
indian beelan, nemtsov protests, netanyahu US congress speech,
bal/more riots, ukraine polarized topics
germanwings plane crash, sxsw, mother’s day, jurassic world movie,
na/onal kissing day
29 Michael Mathioudakis
popular topics of 2015 graphs with 1 – 150 thousand nodes
examples:
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Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
PolarizaCon
results
Michael Mathioudakis 30
does the pipeline dis/nguish polarized from non-‐polarized topics?
retweets replies
connec/ons
two sides random walk controversy (RWC)
topic
(if we use retweets) yes!
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results
nemtsov protests
indian beef ban
sxsw conference
germanwings plane crash
interac/on graphs: retweets 31 Michael Mathioudakis
polarized
topics non-‐polarized topics
high RWC low RWC
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results
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retweets replies
interac/on graphs for nemtsov protests
Michael Mathioudakis
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an algorithmic way to quan/fy polariza/on
Michael Mathioudakis 33
retweets two sides random walk controversy (RWC)
topic
based on structure of interac/ons language-‐independent
Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
PolarizaCon
new method can be deployed in the wild
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in what follows…
34 Michael Mathioudakis
twi6er algorithms to measure it
long-‐term study next steps
polariza/on
Graph Building
Graph Partitioning
Controversy Measure
The Ebb and Flow of Controversial Debates on Social Media. ICWSM 2017. The Effect of Collec/ve A6en/on on Controversial Debates on Social Media. WebScience 2017. With Kiran Garimella, Gianmarco De Francisci Morales, Aris/des Gionis.
PolarizaCon
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polariza/on over /me
has polariza/on around controversial topics increased over /me?
35 Michael Mathioudakis
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polariza/on over /me
data 1% sample of all tweets from the internet archive
September 2011 to September 2016
method for a given topic (e.g., obamacare)
retrieve related tweets build an interac/on graph for each day
using retweets measure RWC score
Michael Mathioudakis 36
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RWC vs Time
37 Michael Mathioudakis
September 2011
September 2016
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volume of ac/vity spikes at major events
38 Michael Mathioudakis
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39 Michael Mathioudakis
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does polariza/on spike with volume? measure rwc vs volume of ac/vity
40 Michael Mathioudakis
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RWC vs Volume
higher volume
higher con
troversy
41 Michael Mathioudakis
higher volume higher volume
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RWC vs Volume
Michael Mathioudakis 42
higher volume
higher con
troversy
rwc
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summary
43 Michael Mathioudakis
twi6er algorithms to measure it
long-‐term study next steps
polariza/on
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why study polariza/on on social media
extract insights on the polariza/on process
some specific ques/ons
what are the polarizing issues? does polariza/on increase over /me?
we saw one such instance: US public how could we ‘nudge’ people away from
extreme polariza/on? is polariza/on linked to echo chambers? do social media increase polariza/on?
Michael Mathioudakis 44
this
talk
next steps
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thank you!
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Beanplot of RWC on retweet networks
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e
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controversial non-‐controversial RW
C
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me/s
par//oning scheme george karypis et.al.
phase 1
coarsening (random or connec/vity-‐based)
phase 2 2-‐way-‐par//oning phase
(spectral clustering) phase 3
uncoarsening & refining phase
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other polariza/on measures
betweenness of cross-‐cusng edges (BCC) frac/on of shortest paths that include an edge
embedding distance
2d embedding produced by ForceAtlas2
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average in-‐cluster distances
average cross-‐cluster distance
Michael Mathioudakis
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Polariza/on scores on retweet networks
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… beyond polariza/on
develop methods, tools and systems to help social scien/sts
study social ac/vity on the web
computa/onal social science social influence
understand how people experience their ci/es track poli/cal-‐social-‐ethnic trends
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