MEASURING POLICE MEASURING POLICE EFFECTIVENESSEFFECTIVENESS

Bill Bieck

Measuring Police EffectivenessMeasuring Police Effectiveness• Implementing Neighborhood-Oriented Policing: The

Houston Experience--Where to start? – Political Context– Facilitating Change

• Executive Sessions + Reports + Implementation Reports• Department Command Staff Meetings (Assistant

Chiefs): change orientation• Command Meetings (Assistant Chief and Captains):

change orientation.

Developmental LegacyDevelopmental Legacy– Kansas City Interactive Patrol Program

– Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

– Kansas City Directed Patrol Program (introduction of “tele-serve”)

– Kansas City Response Time Analysis Study

– San Diego One/Two Officer Car Study

– San Diego Field Interrogation Study

– San Diego Community-Oriented Policing (COP) Program

– New Haven directed-Deterrent Patrol Study

– Rand Study of Criminal Investigations

Developmental Legacy - Developmental Legacy - Cont.Cont.

– Forensic Evaluation of Police Crime Labs– Wilmington’s Split Force Program– Nashville’s Helicopter Patrol Study– Nashville’s Replication of Kansas City’s

Preventive Patrol Experiment– Flint, Michigan’s Foot Patrol Program– Newark’s Foot Patrol Program– Newport News, Virginia’s, Problem-Oriented

Policing Study (New Briarfield)– Washington Metropolitan Police Dept’s Repeat

Offender Program (ROP)

Developmental Legacy - Developmental Legacy - Cont.Cont.

– Differential Police Response Experiment (Garden Grove, Toledo, and Greenville)

– Patrol Emphasis Program (LEAA)– Integrated Criminal Apprehension Program

(LEAA)– Managing Patrol Operations (MPO)– Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI)– Serious, Habitual (Juvenile) Offender

Comprehensive Action Program (SHOCAP/LEAA)

– Minneapolis’ Study regarding Domestic Violence.

The Patrol Function: Beat The Patrol Function: Beat Design/ReconfigurationDesign/Reconfiguration

• Districts, beats, zones, divisions, sectors, commands, car territories, etc.: What’s the purpose of a beat, zone, district, division, etc.? – MANAGEABLE area, crime suppression and

accountability; traffic analysis, ability to impact problems.

• Issues regarding beat design/reconfiguration– Type(s) of area– Beat, etc., boundaries

The Patrol Function: The Patrol Function: Staffing/Deployment/Resource Staffing/Deployment/Resource

AllocationAllocation• Staffing relief factor (SRF)• Work demands (temporal) analysis• Cross-beat/sector dispatches• Repeat location analysis• One-two officer units• “Rovers”• Time management• Territorial imperative• “GBs” and “wolfpacks”

Operations: PatrolOperations: Patrol

• Types of patrol: What’s the objective? What do you want to accomplish? Traditional, random, routine, conventional patrol vis-à-vis directed patrol (DP) and self-directed activities (SDAs)

• “Snoopervision,” supervision, or management: Who Works for whom?

Operations: Patrol - Operations: Patrol - Cont.Cont.

– Administrative: rules, regulations, policies, and special operating procedures

– Operations: Utilization of crime analysis information for directed patrol planning and implementations and evaluation; safety and tactical training, problem identification, verification, and process resolution.

– Interpersonal communications– Career and professional development and

performance evaluations.

Operations: Dispatch and Operations: Dispatch and Emergency CommunicationsEmergency Communications

• Call intake screening

• Call prioritization

• Call diversion

• Evaluation– Misclassification– Clearance coding

• Measuring police response time– Response-related arrests– Witness availability, citizen injury, citizen satisfaction

Operations: Managing Operations: Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI)Criminal Investigations (MCI)

• Case intake and administrative screening/sorting to determine assignment and establish case priorities (including review of early case closure recommendations)

• Assignment– objective/rationale/criteria/ PURPOSE regarding

assignment, e.g., individual, team, “kickback,” patrol, or detective(s)

– Is rationale regarding assignment antithetical to objective desired?

– Is it “take a number” like a New York deli?

Operations: Managing Criminal Operations: Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI) - Investigations (MCI) - Cont.Cont.

• The “GET” system.

• Review (relative to case priority) and structured feedback regarding progress and impediments.

• Evaluation for possible reassignment, suspension, case preparation for filing, trial, etc.

• Prosecutorial liaison

• Early case closure

Crime Analysis GoalsCrime Analysis Goals• Types of crime analysis (including brief

historicity)– Tactical– Link– Taxonomical (cold, unsolved cases); coroner’s

office– Trend/exception, etc.– Hot sheet– Wanted persons– Known offenders

Crime Analysis Goals - Crime Analysis Goals - Cont.Cont.

• Solvability– Elements– Quantifying

• Evaluation– Tactical action plans (TAPS)– “Trash-can” surveys

Crime Analysis Goals - Crime Analysis Goals - Cont.Cont.

• Products– Crime analysis information bulletin– Crime analysis intelligence bulletin– Crime analysis pattern alert bulletin– Special bulletins regarding theft of unique

property, special events, fugitives, etc.– Hot sheets– Field interview recaps– Exception reports

Operations AnalysisOperations Analysis

• Staffing/deployment

• Beat design and reconfiguration

• Where did the offense occur?

• Where were officers dispatched?

• Operations Calendar

Traffic AnalysisTraffic Analysis• Minor property damage/no injury• Minor property damage/minor injury• Major property/minor injury• Major property/injury with hospital

transport with treatment and release• Serious injury with hospital stay

required• Autos collision fatality• Pedestrian (minor injury, serious injury,

fatality)

Crime Analysis AdministrationCrime Analysis Administration

• Offense form and format

• State/regional considerations

• Standardized offense report to identify state-wide patterns/problems

Data Needs and Elements: Data Needs and Elements: InternalInternal

• Offense reports and investigative supplements

• Arrest/blotter/booking records

• Dispatch records

• Traffic accident reports and citations

• Field interview, i.e., investigation/interrogation/ observation reports

• Confidential informants

• Sworn and civilian “in-house” personnel, e.g., patrol officers, records clerks, criminalists, crime analysts, detectives, etc.

Data Needs and Elements: Data Needs and Elements: ExternalExternal• NCIC

• TCIC

• Regional PIN

• Intelligence networks and data banks

• Crime Stoppers

• Other local law enforcement including county, state, and federal agencies.

• Local medical examiner(s) and personnel from the district attorney’s office; jail and correctional employees

Data Needs and Elements: Data Needs and Elements: External - External - Cont.Cont.

• Tracking court “no-shows”

• Bail bondsmen

• Citizens and citizen groups

Centralized and Decentralized Centralized and Decentralized Crime Analysis OperationsCrime Analysis Operations

• Centralized, City Wide: Suspect specialists and area generalists

• Decentralized, Neighborhood: Area specialists and suspect generalists

Tactical Crime Analysis Tactical Crime Analysis ProcessProcess

• Collection

• Analysis

• Collation– serial crime matrix– external and extraneous source materials

• Synthesis

• Dissemination

• Feedback and evaluation

Crime Analysis to Support Crime Analysis to Support Community-Oriented PolicingCommunity-Oriented Policing• Cultivating positive

relationships through open communications, information, and reciprocity, e.g., “PIP,” etc.

• Identifying, defining, and verifying problems; constructing a process (e.g., contracts)

Crime Analysis to Support Crime Analysis to Support Community-Oriented Policing -Community-Oriented Policing - Cont.Cont.

• Articulating rules, roles, and responsibilities in working with citizens and citizen groups to obtain credible and conscientious involvement and participation

– What citizens, and what groups?

Crime Analysis to Support Crime Analysis to Support Community-Oriented Policing -Community-Oriented Policing - Cont.Cont.

– What’s in “it” for them? Why should citizens work with local authorities?• Citizens police academy• Citizens graduate police academy• The role of the Field Training Officer (FTO)

program in relationship to Community-Problem and Neighborhood-Oriented policing efforts

• Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Tactical Operations based Tactical Operations based on Crime Analysison Crime Analysis

• Electronic and physical surveillance• Target hardening• Channeling• Saturation• Stake-outs• Zero-tolerance• Directed patrol• Intelligence monitoring• Covert patrol• Decoy operations

Tactical Operations based Tactical Operations based on Crime Analysis on Crime Analysis -- Cont.Cont.

• TRAP– Design– Implementation– Simulation– Evaluation

• “Auto-Dial,” the Oxnard Model

Crimes Against ChildrenCrimes Against Children

• Identify external threats, i.e., possible suspects that prey on children – Parole records– Probation records– Mechanism to identify and tract chronic, repeat

sexual offenders

• Problematic families– Runaways– Throw-a-ways

Crimes Against Children Crimes Against Children -- Cont.Cont.

• Child exploitation– Prostitution– Adult clubs– Pornography

Intra/inter/multi-Agency Intra/inter/multi-Agency and Community Support and Community Support

and Organizationand Organization• Law enforcement INTRA-AGENCIES

• Community INTER-AGENCIES– Courts (i.e., criminal, juvenile, family, etc.)– Prosecutors– Probation, parole, corrections– Welfare and health care, including

youth/juvenile services, Child Protective Services (CPS), foster homes, Day Care, etc.

Intra/inter/multi-Agency Intra/inter/multi-Agency and Community Support and Community Support and Organization and Organization -- Cont.Cont.

– Schools– Medical community (ER) and the medical

examiner– Sheriff’s Office/Police Department– Victim’s services, e.g., rape crisis, etc.– ___________________________

“Measuring Police Measuring Police Effectiveness”Effectiveness”

Discussion