Measuring (and Increasing) the Value of Academic Libraries
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Measuring (and Increasing) the Value
of Academic Libraries
Carol TenopirUniversity of Tennessee
ALPSPFebruary 2011
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
1) Implicit value (i.e., usage, downloads)
2) Explicit value (i.e., interviews)
3) Derived values (i.e., ROI)
Value can be measured in many ways:
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
% change in ave # of Article Readings/Year & Ave Minutes/Reading by University Faculty in the US
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
1977 1993 2000-2003
2004-2006
Readings
Minutes perReading
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
• Purpose• Outcomes• Return on Investment (ROI)
Going beyond implied value to show…
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Methods for measuring value
Usage Citations
Focus groups
Return on Investment
Perceptions
Experiments Critical incident Contingent
valuation
Observations
Conjoint measurement
Interviews
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Series of studies Surveys by Tenopir & King, 1977-
Present using critical incident of last article reading
ROI in grants, Phase 1: case study at University of Illinois, completed 2008
ROI in grants, Phase 2: expanded to 8 countries, completed 2010
Value and ROI (2010-2012) (Lib-Value)
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
“The following questions in this section refer to the SCHOLARLY ARTICLE YOU READ MOST RECENTLY, even if you had read the article previously. Note that this last reading may not be typical, but will help us establish the range of patterns in reading.”
Critical incident of last reading
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Principal purpose of reading (Faculty in U.S. and Australia, 2004-2006, n=1433)
51%
9%
11%
9%
20%
Research
Teaching
CurrentAwarenessProposals
Other
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Source of reading by purpose of reading by faculty (Faculty in U.S. and Australia, 2004-2005, n=1412)
ResearchTeaching
Current Awareness
5%
5% 5%
11%
37%
38%
3%3%
30%
47%
7%
10%
3%
50%
18%
14%
7%
9%Library provided
Personalsubscription
Open Web
Colleagues
SchooldepartmentsubscriptionOther
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Readings for research or writing• More likely to be rated “absolutely
essential”
• More likely to be found by searching
• More likely to be from e-sources
• More likely to be after the first year of publication
• More likely to be from the library
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Outcomes of reading in order of frequency of responses (n=880)
• Inspired new thinking (55%)• Improved results (40%)• Changed focus (27%)• Resolved technical problems (12%)• Saved time (12%)• Faster completion (7%) • Collaboration (6%)• Wasted my time (<1% of readings)
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
E-Collections improve efficiency, writing, and research
“E-access is essential for
scientific writing”
“I could not do the kind of research or
teaching I do without these resources.”
“[e-access] saves me a lot of time which can be used for more extensive
reading.”
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Derived measuresReturn on Investment (ROI) is a quantitative
measure expressed as a ratio of the value returned to the institution for each monetary unit
invested in the library.
For every $/€/£ spent on the library,the university received ‘X’ $/€/£ in return.
Demonstrate that library collections contribute to income-generating activities
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
ROI Phases 1 and 2Faculty Grant Research Cycle
LIBRARY
ConductResearch
ObtainGrants
WriteArticles
WriteReports &Proposals
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
ROI for University of Illinois grants (Phase 1)
$4.38 grant income for each $1.00 invested in library
(% of faculty who rated citations in proposals from library as important x
% of proposals funded/library budget)
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Phase 2: grants only8 institutions in 8 countries
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Phase 2: ROI findings
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Administration values: Measuring up
1) Attract outstanding faculty• Faculty who publish more read more• Faculty who receive awards read more• Library is main source of article readings
2) Retain outstanding faculty• “I would leave this university in a microsecond if the library
deteriorated” - U.S. University
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Administration values: measuring up
3) Foster innovative research• “I am now able to explore and trace back topics and check the
developments that arose along the topic history making connections that were only dreams a few years ago.” -Western European Research Institute
• For every article cited, 27-40 more are read
4) Build research reputation of institution• In 2 universities, over 10 years an increase in library budget
correlates with an increase in grant funding• Faculty with more publications and citations obtain more grants.*
– *Ali & Bhattacharyya, “Research Grant and Faculty Productivity Nexus: Heterogeneity among Dissimilar Institutions.” Academic Analytics
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Administration values: Measuring up
5) Promote seamless integration of the library with institutional research activities • “With the current workload, I could not continue with research
without the convenience of access from my own computer” – South African University
• A doubling in article downloads, from 1 to 2 million, is statistically associated with dramatic increases in research productivity**
**Research Information Network. 2009. E-journals: their use, value and impact. Report prepared by Research Information Network.
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Lib-Value: Multiple institutions using multiple methods to measure multiple values for multiple
stakeholders
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Ebooks Special Collections
Information Commons
Journal Collections Value and ROI Teaching and
Learning
Reading and Scholarship Tools
Website and Value
Bibliography
Current Projects
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Anticipate change..New Scholarly Endeavors
That Cut Across the Library’s Functional Areas
Research Social / Professional
Teaching / Learning
Sc
ho
larl
y E
nd
ea
vo
rs
Functional Areas
E-scienceE-science
CollaborativeScholarshipCollaborativeScholarship
InstitutionalRepositoriesInstitutionalRepositories
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
What we can show so far…• Academic library e-collections help faculty be
productive and successful• Libraries help generate grants income• E-collections (books, journals, etc.) are valued
by faculty and students• ROI varies by mission and location of institution• Learning/information commons are reflecting
changes in student work habits
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Some final thoughts on measuring value
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For further information: [email protected]
http://libvalue.cci.utk.edu
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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Tenopir, C., King, D. W., Edwards, S., Wu, L. (2009a). Electronic journals and changes in scholarly article seeking and reading patterns. Aslib Proceedings, 61 (1), 5-32.
Tenopir, C., King, D. W., Spencer, J., Wu, L. (2009b). Variations in article seeking and reading patterns of academics: What makes a difference?. Library & Information Science Research, 31(3), 139-148.
Tenopir, C. (2010). University Investment in the Library, Phase II: An International Study of the Library’s Value to the Grants Process. Report prepared for Elsevier LibraryConnect. http://libraryconnect.elsevier.com/whitepapers/roi2/lcwp021001.html.