Measurements of FLY with MACFLY
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Transcript of Measurements of FLY with MACFLY
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18/05/06 P. Nedelec - 4th Air Fluorescence Workshop
Measurements of FLY with MACFLY
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Measurement of Air Cerenkov and Fluorescence Light Yield
http://wwwlapp.in2p3.fr/MACFLY/
LAPP (France): Pierre COLIN, Patrick NEDELEC;LIP (Portugal): Antonio ONOFRE;JINR (Russia): Leonid TKATCHEV, Artem CHUKANOV, Basar SABIROV, Yuri NEFEDOV, Sergei POROKHOVOI, Dmitry NAUMOV.
Collaboration:
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Original Goals
To Measure Air FLY variations as a function of atmospheric conditions:
Reproduce and study in laboratory the light emitted
by an “extensive air shower” (EAS)
15 km
2 km
EAS
Temperature Pressure Humidity
- 60°C
10°C
100 hPa
800 hPa
0 %
1 %
Alt
itu
de
(km
)
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4MACFLY project = 2 devices
Vacuum pump
N2 Air
Ar
O3
Beam:- β Source- CERN- JINR
PMT
Preshower
Gauge : P,T,H2O
H2O
shower
Gas system
MACFLY 1(for beam)
MACFLY 2(for shower)
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MF1: a reference device
• Single track events device– Light, compact, movable (plane?),…
• Used both– @ Lab (quiet) – on Test Beam (noisy)
• Measure:– Air/N2FLY– Cherenkov contribution
• Used for comparison with– Other experiments– MF2
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6Macfly 1 @ LaboratoryPompe à
vide
90Sr β Source
PMT1
PMT2Electrons
beam
Scintillator
PM Trigger
Radioactive source
Sr90
Optic fibres
Pressure sensor
Main tankTemperature
sensor
Input/ouput of gas
PMT
Vacuum pump
Trigger PMT
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MF1 cut view
EMI
9820
QA
EMI9820QA
PMT EMI 9820QAQuartz Window
Filters Quartz Lens
Mirror : ~98%(multi-layers)
Light Guide
Electron beam
15 cm
Macfly 1 optical system
EMI9820QA
5 cm
Filter
Filters Transmittance (Schott BG3 and GG385)
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MF2: looking for real showers
• A “From single track to showers” device– Heavy, Big, Fix ,…
• Used:– Only on Test Beam Line
• Measure:
– Air/N2 FLY induced by a e- shower (10-50 GeV)
– From 0 to Xmax radiation length
• Used to:– Perform original measurements– for comparison with Monte Carlo prg (G4,…)
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Macfly 2 (MF2)Ø
96 cm
146 cm
Volume : ~1m3Input/Output of gas system
CERN Beam
PMT
Sensors (P,T)
Cooper target(Preshower)
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MF2 working process
EM
I
EMI
Black surface
Ø10 cm
Light guide
Filters
Preshower
Electromagnetic Shower
Preshower system:
PMT EMI 9820QAQuartz Window
Electron beam
Stack of copper disks (Thickness :1cm)
Lead shield
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Measurement campaigns
> At JINR ? : (MF1)– Microtron(12 MeV) and Phasotron (170 MeV) – Pressure and temperature dependencies
> In Lab : (MF1)– Radioactive source (1.5 MeV electron)– Pressure dependence
> At CERN : (MF1+MF2)– SPS test Beam (5-100 GeV e-, μ-, π-)– Pressure dependence: ; Temp., H2O: – Shower age dependence (MF2)
Too noisy! Then a Fire !!!
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MACFLY set up overview at CERN
Macfly 2
Delay chamber
MF2
Trigger TriggerMF1
Thermal Box
Small Trigger
MF1 in its thermal box
Pumping system
Large Trigger
Delay chamber
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Macfly Data
Event by event acquisition
PMT signal read by a QADC (Gate=100ns)
Very Low signal: mean=0.01photoelectron
Expected FLY ~ 4 ph/m
~106 triggers/run (1/2 data+1/2 Bgd)
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Delay chamber
MF2
Trigger TriggerMF1
Thermal Box
Macfly Data selection
Centered events
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MacFly: Fluo. Signal extraction
DL = FLY x εMF + CDL + Bgd
PMT Detected Light (fit method)
Cherenkov Detected Light
(Geant4 simulation)
Background (Vacuum
measurement)
Fluorescence Light Yield (in photons)
Detector efficiency
(Calibration)
FLY/E = FLY / EdepDeposed Energy(Geant4 Simulation)
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Macfly Data
Detected Light: PMT spectrum fit Method
Pedestal : (~99% of events)
Single photoelectron(~1% of event)
2 photoelectrons
DL = FLY x εMF + CDL + Bgd
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MacFly: Geant4 Simulation
Geometrical Acceptance(Optical Properties of surfaces were previously measured)
εMF = Accgeo x QEPMT
DL = FLY x εMF + CDL + Bgd
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MacFly: Geant4 Simulation
DL = FLY x εMF + CDL + Bgd
Cherenkov Light: compare simulation with data
LensesCerenkovcatcher
e-
Cherenkov light in MF1
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MacFly: data
Background:
DL = FLY x εMF + CDL + Bgd
• Well measured events– Random triggers (@lab)– Off-spill triggers (@beam)– Vacuum On-spill triggers (@beam)
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MacFly: Geant4 Simulation
Radiation length (#X0) 0 disc
1 disc
3 disc
5 disc
7 disc10 disc
Pre-Shower
Deposed Energy in MF2
Deposed Energy:
FLY/E = FLY / Edep
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Detected Light Composition
DL(Macfly data)
CDL(Simulation)
Bgd(Measurement)
FDLFluorescence detected light
MF1 : 50 GeV e- in airMF1 : 50 GeV e- in air MF1 : 50 GeV e- in N2MF1 : 50 GeV e- in N2
MF1 : 1.5 MeV e- in airMF1 : 1.5 MeV e- in air MF2 : 50GeV Shower in airMF2 : 50GeV Shower in air
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22Systematic errors of MF1
Error Sources
MF1 (Dry Air)
CERN Lab.
QE of PMT 10% 10%
Geo. Acc. 8.2% 7.5%
DL Recon. 3.5% 4%
CDL Simu. 2% 0%
Bgd Meas. 2% 1%
FLY : 13.7% 13.2%Edep 1% 1%
FLY/E : 13.7% 13.2%
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MF1 result: Pressure dependence
We create a model of air FLY proportional to deposed energy which fit all Macfly data.
(Dry air and pure Nitrogen)
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MF1 result: Energy dependence
Reference point : Dry air at 1atm. & 23ºC: FLY/E = 18 ph/MeVReference point : Dry air at 1atm. & 23ºC: FLY/E = 18 ph/MeV
dEdX: Berger-Seltzer formula All experiments are coherent
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Absolute measurement
Reference point : Dry air at 1atm. & 23ºC : FLY/E = 18 ph/MeVReference point : Dry air at 1atm. & 23ºC : FLY/E = 18 ph/MeV
dEdX: Berger-Seltzer formula All experiments are coherent
Error< 10% ?
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MF2 result: Shower age dependence
500 hPa data
100 hPa data
PDG model of shower development
Air FLY follows the shower development !Air FLY follows the shower development !
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MF2: Air FLY deposed Energy
FLY/Edep and pressure variations independent of the excitation source
FLY/Edep and pressure variations independent of the excitation source
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Conclusion
Measurements done: P. Colin thesis Dry air and pure Nitrogen fluorescence 1.5 MeV, 20 GeV and 50 GeV incident electron Lab. measurement of air Shower FLY Pressure and Shower age dependencies
Fluorescence model: Air FLY Edep Fitted on Macfly data Compatible with previous exp. (<10%)
Back to the future: PMT calibration Temperature dependence Papers in preparation
Systematic down to: ~10%