Atmospheric conditions associated with turbulence encountered by ...
Measurement of Atmospheric Turbulence by Means of Light, Sound, and Radio Waves
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Transcript of Measurement of Atmospheric Turbulence by Means of Light, Sound, and Radio Waves
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Measurement Measurement of Atmospheric Turbulenceof Atmospheric Turbulence
by Means of Light, Sound, and Radio Wavesby Means of Light, Sound, and Radio Waves
Andreas MuschinskiAndreas Muschinski
Dept. of Electrical and Computer EngineeringDept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Massachusetts AmherstUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst
Observing the Turbulent Atmosphere:Observing the Turbulent Atmosphere:
Sampling Strategies, Technologies, and ApplicationsSampling Strategies, Technologies, and Applications
NCAR, Boulder, CO, 28-31 May 2008NCAR, Boulder, CO, 28-31 May 2008
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OverviewOverview
IntroductionIntroduction
Wave propagation through turbulence: the basicsWave propagation through turbulence: the basics
Anisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulenceAnisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulence
Vertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodarsVertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodars
OutlookOutlook
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OverviewOverview
IntroductionIntroduction
Wave propagation through turbulence: the basicsWave propagation through turbulence: the basics
Anisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulenceAnisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulence
Vertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodarsVertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodars
OutlookOutlook
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Light, sound, and radio waves Light, sound, and radio waves in the optically clear atmospherein the optically clear atmosphere
Do not propagate along straight linesDo not propagate along straight lines
Change their amplitudes, phases, and angles-of-arrival Change their amplitudes, phases, and angles-of-arrival deterministically and randomly in space and timedeterministically and randomly in space and time
Carry information about mean values and fluctuations of wind, Carry information about mean values and fluctuations of wind, temperature, density, pressure, humidity, and refractive index.temperature, density, pressure, humidity, and refractive index.
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Differential downward ray-bendingDifferential downward ray-bending
can make the sun look squeezed …can make the sun look squeezed …
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Here comes the sun …Here comes the sun …
Number of dipoles: Number of dipoles: 18,43218,432
Peak power:Peak power:1.5 MW1.5 MW
Beam width:Beam width:0.8 deg0.8 deg
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… … or otherwise deformed.or otherwise deformed.
From Pernter and Exner, From Pernter and Exner, Meteorologische OptikMeteorologische Optik (1910, p. 194) (1910, p. 194)
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Upward ray-bending can make Upward ray-bending can make
you see water puddles on a dry road …you see water puddles on a dry road …
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Road mirageRoad mirage
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Near Bonneville Speedway, UT, August 2005Near Bonneville Speedway, UT, August 2005
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From Pernter and Exner, From Pernter and Exner, Meteorologische OptikMeteorologische Optik (1910, p. 127) (1910, p. 127)
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From Pernter and Exner, From Pernter and Exner, Meteorologische OptikMeteorologische Optik (1910, p. 128) (1910, p. 128)
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Random ray-bending can create Random ray-bending can create
changing patterns at the bottom ofchanging patterns at the bottom of
a swimming pool …a swimming pool …
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OverviewOverview
IntroductionIntroduction
Wave propagation through turbulence: the basicsWave propagation through turbulence: the basics
Anisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulenceAnisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulence
Vertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodarsVertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodars
OutlookOutlook
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Valeryan TatarskiiValeryan Tatarskii
Tatarskii, V. I., 1961:Tatarskii, V. I., 1961:
Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium.Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium.
McGraw-Hill, New York, 285 pp. McGraw-Hill, New York, 285 pp.
Tatarskii, V. I., 1971: Tatarskii, V. I., 1971:
The Effects of the Turbulent Atmosphere on Wave Propagation.The Effects of the Turbulent Atmosphere on Wave Propagation.
Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 472 pp.Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 472 pp.
Rytov, S. M., Y. A. Kravtsov, and V. I. Tatarskii, 1986-89:Rytov, S. M., Y. A. Kravtsov, and V. I. Tatarskii, 1986-89:
Principles of Statistical Radiophysics, Vols. 1-4.Principles of Statistical Radiophysics, Vols. 1-4.
Springer, Berlin.Springer, Berlin.
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The inhomogeneous Helmholtz equationThe inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation
Maxwell equationsMaxwell equations
Time-harmonic fieldsTime-harmonic fields
Simplified constitutive parameters (Simplified constitutive parameters (μμ==μμ00, , σσ=0, =0, εε varies with location) varies with location)
Wave equationWave equation
(Inhomogeneous) Helmholtz equation(Inhomogeneous) Helmholtz equation
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Methods to solve the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equationMethods to solve the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation
Eikonal equationEikonal equation
Born approximationBorn approximation
Rytov approximationRytov approximation
Parabolic equationParabolic equation
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Eikonal equation and transport equationEikonal equation and transport equation
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Eikonal equation and transport equationEikonal equation and transport equation
(cont.’d)(cont.’d)
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Refraction and diffractionRefraction and diffraction
Eikonal equationEikonal equation
(geometrical optics, “ray tracing”)(geometrical optics, “ray tracing”)
Describes refraction but not diffractionDescribes refraction but not diffraction
Approximates variances and frequency Approximates variances and frequency spectra of optical angle-of-arrival spectra of optical angle-of-arrival (AOA) fluctuations very well if aperture (AOA) fluctuations very well if aperture diameter is larger than twice the diameter is larger than twice the Fresnel lengthFresnel length
Born approximationBorn approximation
Describes both refraction and diffractionDescribes both refraction and diffraction
Very good approximation for radio-wave Very good approximation for radio-wave backscatter from clear-air refractive-backscatter from clear-air refractive-index perturbationsindex perturbations
Fraunhofer approximation valid if Fraunhofer approximation valid if turbulence is Bragg-isotropicturbulence is Bragg-isotropic
Fresnel approximation (or higher-order Fresnel approximation (or higher-order approximation) necessary if turbulence approximation) necessary if turbulence not Bragg-isotropic of in case of not Bragg-isotropic of in case of scatter from interfacesscatter from interfaces
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Turbulence in the inertial range (in a nutshell)Turbulence in the inertial range (in a nutshell)
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Optical angle-of-arrival fluctuations Optical angle-of-arrival fluctuations
(from theory of eikonal fluctuations)(from theory of eikonal fluctuations)
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Horse Farm, Amherst, MA, 19 June, 2005Horse Farm, Amherst, MA, 19 June, 2005
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““Seeing” the ground cooling after sunsetSeeing” the ground cooling after sunset
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Boulder Atmospheric Observatory, September, 2006Boulder Atmospheric Observatory, September, 2006
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Sequence of Sequence of
snapshotssnapshots
of single lightof single light
30 frames / s30 frames / s
Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007: Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007:
Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. AJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A, , 2424, 3478-3492., 3478-3492.
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Random ray-bending (lateral and vertical)Random ray-bending (lateral and vertical)
Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007: Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007:
Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. AJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A, , 2424, 3478-3492., 3478-3492.
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Frequency spectrum of AOA fluctuationsFrequency spectrum of AOA fluctuations
Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007: Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007:
Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. AJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A, , 2424, 3478-3492., 3478-3492.
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Frequency spectrum of AOA fluctuationsFrequency spectrum of AOA fluctuations
(measured, lateral and vertical)(measured, lateral and vertical)
Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007: Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007:
Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. AJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A, , 2424, 3478-3492., 3478-3492.
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““Seeing” the wind speed transverse to the line of sightSeeing” the wind speed transverse to the line of sight
Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007: Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007:
Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. AJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A, , 2424, 3478-3492., 3478-3492.
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Random ray-bending (lateral and vertical)Random ray-bending (lateral and vertical)
Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007: Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007:
Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. AJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A, , 2424, 3478-3492., 3478-3492.
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““Seeing” quasi-periodic changes Seeing” quasi-periodic changes
in the vertical temperature gradient (gravity waves)in the vertical temperature gradient (gravity waves)
Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007: Cheon, Y., V. Hohreiter, M. Behn, and A. Muschinski, 2007:
Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. Angle-of-arrival anemometry […]. J. Opt. Soc. Am. AJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A, , 2424, 3478-3492., 3478-3492.
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METCRAX: Looking for “atmospheric seiches” METCRAX: Looking for “atmospheric seiches”
in the Atmospheric Meteor Craterin the Atmospheric Meteor Crater
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OverviewOverview
IntroductionIntroduction
Wave propagation through turbulence: the basicsWave propagation through turbulence: the basics
Anisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulenceAnisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulence
Vertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodarsVertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodars
OutlookOutlook
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Nastrom, G. D., and T. E. VanZandt, 1994: Mean vertical motions seen by Nastrom, G. D., and T. E. VanZandt, 1994: Mean vertical motions seen by
radar wind profilers. radar wind profilers. J. Appl. Meteor.J. Appl. Meteor., , 3333, 984-995., 984-995.
Downward bias in vertical velocities Downward bias in vertical velocities
observed with VHF radars in the free troposphereobserved with VHF radars in the free troposphere
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Coulter, R. L., and M. A. Kallistratova, 2004: Two decades of progress in Coulter, R. L., and M. A. Kallistratova, 2004: Two decades of progress in
SODAR techniques […]. SODAR techniques […]. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., , 8585, 3-19., 3-19.
Upward bias in vertical velocities Upward bias in vertical velocities
observed with a sodar in the lower CBLobserved with a sodar in the lower CBL
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Geophysical causesGeophysical causes
of biases in vertical clear-air radar or sodar windsof biases in vertical clear-air radar or sodar winds
Nonzero covariance between local Cn2 and local w (due to gravity Nonzero covariance between local Cn2 and local w (due to gravity waves in the stable free troposphere, Nastrom and VanZandt 1994)waves in the stable free troposphere, Nastrom and VanZandt 1994)
Horizontal advection of asymmetrically corrugated interfaces Horizontal advection of asymmetrically corrugated interfaces (“KHI bias”, Muschinski 1996)(“KHI bias”, Muschinski 1996)
Nonzero covariance between local Cn2 and local w (“intermittency flux” Nonzero covariance between local Cn2 and local w (“intermittency flux” or “reflectivity flux” in the CBL, Muschinski et al., to be published)or “reflectivity flux” in the CBL, Muschinski et al., to be published)
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Muschinski, A., 1996: Possible effect of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability on VHF Muschinski, A., 1996: Possible effect of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability on VHF radar observations of the mean vertical wind. radar observations of the mean vertical wind. J. Appl. MeteorJ. Appl. Meteor., ., 3535, 2210-, 2210-2217.2217.
“ “KHI bias”KHI bias”
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Muschinski, A., 1996: Possible effect of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability on VHF Muschinski, A., 1996: Possible effect of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability on VHF radar observations of the mean vertical wind. radar observations of the mean vertical wind. J. Appl. MeteorJ. Appl. Meteor., ., 3535, 2210-, 2210-2217.2217.
“ “KHI bias”KHI bias”
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Frehlich, R. G., Y. Meillier, M. L. Jensen, and B. Balsley, 2004: A statistical Frehlich, R. G., Y. Meillier, M. L. Jensen, and B. Balsley, 2004: A statistical description of small-scale turbulence in the low-level nocturnal jet. description of small-scale turbulence in the low-level nocturnal jet. J. Atmos. J. Atmos. SciSci., ., 6161, 1079-1085., 1079-1085.
Small-scale intermittency:Small-scale intermittency:
Lognormality of local epsilon and local CT2Lognormality of local epsilon and local CT2
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Muschinski, A., Frehlich, and B. Balsley, 2004: Small-scale and large-scale Muschinski, A., Frehlich, and B. Balsley, 2004: Small-scale and large-scale intermittency in the nocturnal boundary layer and the residual layer. intermittency in the nocturnal boundary layer and the residual layer. J. Fluid J. Fluid Mech.Mech., , 515515, 319-351., 319-351.
Small-scale intermittency:Small-scale intermittency:
Joint lognormality of local epsilon and local CT2Joint lognormality of local epsilon and local CT2
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Intermittency flux and sodar velocity biasIntermittency flux and sodar velocity bias
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Muschinski, A., M. Behn, V. Hohreiter, and Y. Cheon, 2007: Vertical fluxes of Muschinski, A., M. Behn, V. Hohreiter, and Y. Cheon, 2007: Vertical fluxes of
the temperature structure variable […]. Unpublished manuscript.the temperature structure variable […]. Unpublished manuscript.
Upward flux of local CT2 (sodar reflectivity) Upward flux of local CT2 (sodar reflectivity)
in the lower CBL (measured with sonics)in the lower CBL (measured with sonics)
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Coulter, R. L., and M. A. Kallistratova, 2004: Two decades of progress in Coulter, R. L., and M. A. Kallistratova, 2004: Two decades of progress in
SODAR techniques […]. SODAR techniques […]. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys.Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., , 8585, 3-19., 3-19.
Upward bias in vertical velocities Upward bias in vertical velocities
observed with a sodar in the lower CBLobserved with a sodar in the lower CBL
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OverviewOverview
IntroductionIntroduction
Wave propagation through turbulence: the basicsWave propagation through turbulence: the basics
Anisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulenceAnisotropy in optical surface-layer turbulence
Vertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodarsVertical-velocity biases observed with radars and sodars
OutlookOutlook
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OutlookOutlook
Faster data acquisitionFaster data acquisition Faster computationFaster computation Better sensorsBetter sensors Better theoretical understandingBetter theoretical understanding Better numerical simulationsBetter numerical simulations Better data assimiliation.Better data assimiliation.
Better observations and predictions.Better observations and predictions.
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U.S. Army Research Office (ARO)U.S. Army Research Office (ARO)
National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF)
NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL)NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory (ESRL)
National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR)National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
Jerry and Linda ParosJerry and Linda Paros
… … for their generous support!for their generous support!
Thanks to …Thanks to …