©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Chapter 4 The Troubled World into Which Jesus Was Born.
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Transcript of ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Chapter 4 The Troubled World into Which Jesus Was Born.
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Chapter 4
The Troubled World into Which Jesus Was Born
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Key Topics/Themes
• The division of Alexander’s empire after his death
• The influence of Rome in Palestine
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Alexander and His Successors
• The conquests of Alexander
• The Diadochi: Alexander’s successors– The Ptolemies (descendants of Ptolemy I)– The Seleucids (descendants of Seleucus)
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Antiochus’s Persecution and the Maccabean Revolt
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Palestine and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
• The Seleucids gain control of Palestine from the Ptolemies (199 B.C.E.)
• The rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-163 B.C.E.)
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
The Rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-163 B.C.E.)
• Forced Hellenization upon the Jews
• Outlawed the traditions of Judaism
• Made Jerusalem Temple into shrine to Greek god Zeus
• The martyrdoms endured by the Hasidim (“pious ones”)
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Torah Loyalism, Martyrdom, and the Reward of Future Life• Torah loyalism and martyrdom in 2
Maccabees
• Torah loyalism and martyrdom in the Book of Daniel
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
The Maccabean Revolt (166-142 B.C.E.)
• The defiance of Mattathias
• Judas Maccabeus (the “Hammer”)
• Rededication of the Temple, December 164 B.C.E.
• The Feast of Dedication (Hanukkah)
• The Hasmonean dynasty (142-40 B.C.E.)
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
The Domination of Rome
• Roman general Pompey marches on Palestine (63 B.C.E.)
• Jewish Hasmonean kings reduced to client rulers by Roman power
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
The Career of Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.E.)
• Herod’s political expansion
• Herod’s building projects– Fortresses (Masada)– Port city of Caesarea– Refurbishment of Jerusalem Temple
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Herod’s Successors
• Herod’s three sons– Herod Philip (4 B.C.E.-34 C.E.)– Herod Antipas (4 B.C.E.-39 C.E.)– Herod Archelaus (4 B.C.E.-6 C.E.)
• Judea ruled by procurators after 6 C.E.• Other significant descendants
– Herod Agrippa I (41-44 B.C.E.)– Herod Agrippa II
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
The Roman Emperors
• Augustus (27-14 C.E.)• Tiberius (14-37 C.E.)• New Testament attitudes toward Rome
– Jesus’ criticisms of Roman power– Key roles of Roman soldiers in Jesus
ministry– Paul’s accommodating stance– Revelation: Rome an evil “harlot”
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Jewish Revolts Against Rome
• First revolt (66-73 C.E.)– Incited by Jewish nationalists– Crushed by Vespasian and Titus– Jerusalem and Temple destroyed (70 C.E.)– Chief historical source: Flavius Josephus
• The bar Kochba revolt (132-135 C.E.)
©McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Summary
• Jesus’ life framed by Jewish wars for independence– Maccabean revolt (166-142 B.C.E.)– First Jewish revolt (66-73 C.E.)– Bar Kochba revolt (132-135 C.E.)
• Jesus’ words and deeds to be interpreted in the context of seething Jewish nationalism