Maurizio Ribera d’Alcalà Stazione Zologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
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Transcript of Maurizio Ribera d’Alcalà Stazione Zologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
Water masses properties, chemical signatures and
biological processes in coastal marine environment
Maurizio Ribera d’Alcalà
Stazione Zologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn
1872
2007
Napoli of...Maradona
Brief overview
Tuning the language: definitions and basic concepts
Coastal environments: main traits, key processes, benthic vs. pelagic, biogeochemistry vs. ecology
General framework: the COSCAT synthesis
Biogeochemical processes: case studies
Cuba case: nitrogen budget
Filling the gaps: observational requirements and tools
1. Coastal areas: from low-tide mark inland extending seaward, including ecosystems near shore: (barrier islands, mangrove swamps, salt marshes, seagrass beds, coral reefs, etc.)
Definitions and basic concepts
1. Coastal areas: from low-tide mark inland extending seaward, including ecosystems near shore: (barrier islands, mangrove swamps, salt marshes, seagrass beds, coral reefs, etc.)
2. The focus is the biotic component of the ecosystem
Definitions and basic concepts
1. Coastal areas: from low-tide mark inland extending seaward, including ecosystems near shore: (barrier islands, mangrove swamps, salt marshes, seagrass beds, coral reefs, etc.)
2. The focus is the biotic component of the ecosystem
3. Biota grow, reproduce and die, and all runs on the continuous transformation of inorganic substances into biomolecules and back, based (dominantly) on oxygenic photosynthesis
Definitions and basic concepts
1. Coastal areas: from low-tide mark inland extending seaward, including ecosystems near shore: (barrier islands, mangrove swamps, salt marshes, seagrass beds, coral reefs, etc.)
2. The focus is the biotic component of the ecosystem
3. Biota grow, reproduce and die, and all runs on the continuous transformation of inorganic substances into biomolecules and back, based (dominantly) on oxygenic photosynthesis
4. Our jargon includes (with the relative units):a. biomass (chlorophyll, dry weight, abundance, etc.),
nutrients (with the constraint of mass balance)
b. primary producers and consumers
c. new production, export production, trophic regime
d. Biodiversity
Definitions and basic concepts
• Steep slopes and rapid changes in topography create small, scattered ecosystems
• Small size of ecosystems
• Concentration of population and activities in small areas intensifies stress conditions
• High frequency and variety of natural disasters
• Close coupling of terrestrial, coastal and marine systems results in fast-spreading impacts among systems
Roger-Mark De Souza
Importance for Caribbean
Vicinity to land implies:
• freshwater runoff
Main traits
Vicinity to land implies:
• freshwater runoff • coastal Ekman transport
Main traits
Vicinity to land implies:
• freshwater runoff • coastal Ekman transport• significant tidal dynamics
Main traits
Terrestrial runoff:modifies the water budget and the
thermohaline circulationconfers a strong signature (amount and ratios)
to nutrient inputs
Key processes
Terrestrial runoff:modifies the water budget and the
thermohaline circulationconfers a strong signature (amount and ratios)
to nutrient inputs
Key processes
Ekman transport:UpwellingTidal dynamics:strong periodic currents, mixing
Terrestrial runoff:modifies the water budget and the
thermohaline circulationconfers a strong signature (amount and ratios)
to nutrient inputs
Key processes
Ekman transport:UpwellingTidal dynamics:strong periodic currents, mixing
Land driven vs. ocean driven systems
barrier islandsmangrove swampssalt marshesseagrass bedscoral reefs
Benthic vs. pelagic
Seasonal cycle of phytoplanktonRed TidesCrustaceans, Jelly fish, Clupeids
Benthic vs. pelagic
Margalef, 1962
Daily Primary production in the Caribbean Region
Benthic vs. pelagic
Margalef, 1962
Distribution of Sardinella and choral reefs
Focus on fluxes and biomassFunctional groupsAlmost always bottom-up driven
Biogeochemistry vs. ecology (a drastic schematization)
Focus on the biology of speciesInteractions among the speciesEmergent properties neither bottom-up or
top-down
Meybeck et al, 2007
The COSCAT (COastal Segmentation and related CATchment)
Endorheic drainage
Exorheic drainage
The land ocean interface
The mega filters
Meybeck et al, 2007
Enclosed sea
Semi-enclosed sea
Open regional sea
Archipelago coast
Extended platform
Meybeck & Vorosmarty, 2005
Zooming in
The COSCAT synthesis
Meybeck et al. , 2006
Meybeck & Vorosmarty, 2005
Anthropocene: a big change
Meybeck et al., 2007
Major regional seas and other megafilters
Meybeck et al., in press
Catchment area (Ab) over basin area (Ars)
Meybeck et al., 2007
Yearly average water runoff
Meybeck et al., 2007
Average population distribution over the catchment area
Meybeck et al., 2007
Population in the coastal areas over that in the catchment area
• 60 percent of the Caribbean population lives less than 100 kilometers from a coast
• 30 percent of the population is under age 15
• 7 percent is over age 65• All capital cities in insular Caribbean are
on coasts• Coastal areas identified with principal
industrial complexes, trade centers, and resort tourism enclaves
Roger-Mark De Souza
Human pressure in the Caribbean
Meybeck et al., 2007
Nitrogen load increase from pre-industrial to industrial time
Eutophication
Vitousek et al., 1997
Vitousek et al., 1997
Riverine transport vs. input in the wtershed
• Other models make use of statistical rules and fuzzy logics (RIVERSTRAHLER, SOIL/SOILN).
• Less direct measurements are needed
• Lower computational demand allows combined N-P tracking in ecological coupled processes
• Most of N-retention occur when agricultural leach passes through riparian wetlands (Billen & Garnier, 2000)
• But low predictive power for changes in individual sources
Garnier et al (2002)
Forsman et al (2003)
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
River nutrient inputs
• Residence time in upper
aquifer 1-2000 yrs (Kunkel &
Wedland, 1997).
• Fertilizers added last
century will continue to
leach from aquifers to rivers
for decades (Grimval et al.,
2002)
• Significant amounts of
nutrients are directly
brought from groundwater
to the sea (Gregerson, 2003)
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
River nutrient inputs
Atmospheric input are intermittent• Large deposition of nitrogen may
occur during short periods (de Leeuw et al., 2003)
• Kattegat Strait: events of high deposition increase chlorophyll by 20% (Hasager et al., 2003)
• About 30% of new production off Ireland supported by atmospheric N-inputs in May 1997 (Spokes et al, 2000)
• 38% of summer new production off Creta sustained by P-deposition (Markaki et al., 2003)
de Leeuw et al (2003)
Atmospheric Nutrient Inputs
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
• Black Sea P, Si benthic regeneration is in the same range as Danube discharge, but intense denitrification occurs (Friedl et al., 1996).
• Intense nutrient regeneration sustains the high productivity in the Black Sea coastal zone (Friedrich et al., 2002)
Friedrich et al (2002)
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Fate of nutrients in coastal areas
• Benthic Fe and Ca act as buffer pools that sequester P, not available for primary production (de Wit et al. 2001)
• Increasing nutrient loadings push the system towards reduced states (Wijsman et al, 2002).
• Eventually toxic H2S and Ca/Fe-bound P are released (Heijs et al., 2000)
• Benthic system reaches a new stable state, highly reactive to nutrient enrichments (Heijs et al., 2000)
H2S
Wijsman et al (2002)
Nutrient enrichmentNutrient enrichment
Stable statesStable states
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Fate of nutrients in coastal areas
• Empirically calculated denitrification rates f(NO3,O2) are no more accurate when
micro/macro- benthic algae and/or macrofauna are active (Nielsen et al., 2001)
• Without model improvement, nitrogen retention should still been estimated by either mass balance or in situ direct measurements (Nielsen et al., 2001).
• Newly evidenced processes (DNRA, AMMANOX) are alternative pathways for denitrification (Welsh et al., 2001, Dalsgaard & Thamdrup, 2002)
Christensen et al. (1990)
AMMANOXAMMANOX
1.-Denitrification1.-Denitrification
2.-DNRA2.-DNRA
3.-Nitrification3.-Nitrification
Kelso et al. (1997)Kelso et al. (1997)
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Fate of nutrients in coastal areas
• Micro-algae efficiently incorporate mineralized nitrogen that is no more available to bacteria for denitrification
• The auto/heterotrophy of the system determines whether it acts as a sink or source of
nutrients.(Risgaard & Petersen, 2003)
DenitrificationDenitrification NitrificationNitrification
NONO33
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Fate of nutrients in coastal areas
• Seagrass beds act as N-sink; biomass is eventually buried or exported (Welsh et al, 2000).
• Denitrification is at low rates in seagrass beds but chemistry there is far to be understood (Welsh et al., 2001)
Welsh et al (2000)
DenitrificationDenitrification FixationFixation DenitrificationDenitrification FixationFixation
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Fate of nutrients in coastal areas
• Six-fold increase of the non-diatom bloom
(1960/1992) in Black Sea with increased
nitrogen discharge (Humborg et al., 1997).
• Unbalanced nutrient additions (N≫P,Si) to
North Sea ecosystem induce Phaeocystis
colony blooms, not grazed by copepods (Rousseau et al., 2000).
• Field observations (Gasparini, 2000) and
mesocosm experiments (Escaravage & Prins,
2002) suggest efficient grazing on Phaeocystis
cells by ciliates after collapse of the colony
bloom
Rousseau et al (2000)
Escaravage & Prins (2002)
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Effect of altered discharge
• Acute eutrophication effects on benthic fauna through habitat alteration are rather well documented (Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978).
• Tracer experiments show that benthic organisms primarily feed on fresh vegetal matter rather than detritus (Herman et al., 2000)
• Macrofauna biomass also show a tight link with benthic primary production (Herman et al., 2000).
Phytoplankton
Detritus
Microphytobenthos
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Effect of altered discharge
Southern California
Red Tides
Red Tides
Florida
The Redfield ratio: a key issue
Klausmeier et al., 2004
Is the Redfield ratio fixed?
New insights
Riverine transport vs. population
Vitousek et al., 1997
Fertilizers
Cuba nitrogen budget
Baisre, 2006
Atmospheric deposition
Anthropogenic biological N fixation
N import (food)
Total fluxes
Cuba nitrogen budget
Baisre, 2006
Trend of anthrogenic impact
Impact on fisheries (?)
Emirical Orhogonal Functions of chlorophyll a proxy
Mode 1
Mode 2
Remote sensing
Empirical Orthogonal Functions of terrestrial load
Remote sensing
30 X 30 km LEO CPSE
An Integrated Observatory
Integrated observing systems
300km x 300km Began in 2001
Integrated observing systems
ELEMENT ISOTOPE ATOMIC
WEIGHT (amu)
ABUNDANCE (atom %)
ABSOLUTE RATIO
HYDROGEN 1.0079
(Z=l) lH (Protium) 1.007825 99.985
2H (Deuterium) 2.014102 0.015 1.557 10-4
CARBON 12.011(Z=6) 12C 12 98.9
13C 13.00335 1.1 1.122 10-2 NITROGEN 14.0067(Z=7) 14N 14.003074 99.63
15N 15.00109 0.37 3.613 10-3
OXYGEN 15.9994(Z=8) 16O 15.994915 99.76
17O 16.999131 0.04 2.0052 10-3
18O 17.99916 0.2 3.76 10-4
Stable isotopes
Walker et al., 1989
Partitioning of stable isotopes of an element amongst different coexisting phases is called FRACTIONATION and is a MASS and TEMPERATURE dependent process
Fractionation leads to variation in the natural abundance of stable isotopes expressed as differences in ISOTOPE RATIOS, R
ALWAYS: R = HEAVY ISOTOPE/ LIGHT ISOTOPE
THAT IS: R = RARE ISOTOPE / ABUNDANT ISOTOPE
e.g. D/H, 13C/12C, 15N/14N , 18O/16O
Rona Mc Gill, www.gla.ac.uk/centres/surrc/index.html
Fractionation
Bonds involving “light” isotopes break more readily than those involving “heavy” isotopes
Rate determining step which includes breaking of bond dictates isotopic fractionation of entire process
Typical of processes which are unidirectional and irreversible
Non-equilibrium isotope fractionation – Kinetic effect
Rona Mc Gill, www.gla.ac.uk/centres/surrc/index.html
Equilibrium isotope fractionation = isotope exchangefor 2 or more phases with a common element, the atomic ratio (R) of heavy to light isotopes differs among the equilibrated phases
Equilibrium fractionations are largest for elements that have low atomic weights and form covalent bonds (vibrational frequency depends on mass unlike ionic bonds charge)
The difference of one or more neutrons creates a relatively large relative difference in mass between the isotopes
Equilibrium isotope fractionation
Rona Mc Gill, www.gla.ac.uk/centres/surrc/index.html
Carbon cycle
White, 2001
13C of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the ocean
Kroopnik, 1985
Phosphate and 13C of DIC in the Pacific Ocean.After Broecker and Peng, 1982
• Present models deserve conceptual refinements:
• dynamic coupling with biological processes
• incorporation of major macronutrient (N,P,Si) and organic matter.
• merging of deterministic and statistic approaches
• incorporation of a groundwater module
Garnier et al (2002)
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
River nutrient inputs
• A generic size structured food web
model captured the patterns for
scaled ecosystem experiments
performed throughout Europa.
• Efficiency of the top-down control
determines when nutrient
accumulate in vegetal biomass or
reach higher trophic levels.
(Olsen et al., 2001)
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Effect of altered discharge
• Much knowledge has been
gathered on benthic nutrient
fluxes that cannot be
analytically solved with a single
set of chemical equations
• Current progresses at the
frontline of process modeling
are developing the tools that
will allow this integrative step (Meysman et al., 2003a,b)Overview of different object types
building blocks within the MEDIA objectorientated modeling environment(Meysman et al., 2003a).
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Fate of nutrients in coastal areas
► The most complex models may not always
be the most suitable; lower boundary
levels has to be considered regarding the
question to be addressed (Soetaert et al.,
2000).
► Simple LOICZ-type box models are well
suited for large scale (e.g. ocean margin)
nutrient budgets (Durrieu de Madron, 2003).
► When processes within the coastal
systems are addressed, more complex
models may be required (Soetaert et al.,
2000).Scheme for a fully coupled model
(Soetaert et al., 2000)
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Integrating modeling skills
Modelling atmospheric inputs• Remarkable spatial
resolution with 17 x 17 km boxes
• 30% of nitrogen input to sea comes from the air
• Wet deposition represents 81% of N-deposition
• 38% from agriculture, 72% from combustion sources
Hertel et al (2002)
Atmospheric Nutrient Inputs
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO
Modelling atmospheric inputs
• Assessment of nutrient deposition
requires a fine grided model
dynamically coupled with a
meteorological model.
• Efforts to be deployed Europe-wide
instead of focus on North Sea and
NW Mediterranean Sea.
• Both N and P-deposition to be
addressed by monitoring efforts
de Leeuw et al (2003)
Atmospheric Nutrient Inputs
Escaravage, Herman, Carlo Heip: NIOO